CN112147557A - Method for testing repeatability and reproducibility - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for testing repeatability and reproducibility, which comprises the following steps: performing light stabilization treatment on the test sample to obtain a light-stabilized sample; testing the light stable sample to obtain test data; calculating the range mean value and the mean range according to the test data; and calculating the repeatability and reproducibility according to the range mean and the mean range. The invention is greatly helpful for improving the quality of the test system and improving the confidence coefficient of the test result of the product; the test method avoids large test errors or wrong tests caused by incompatible mismatching among modules of the power tester; a test quality analysis control channel is provided, and product quality risks are reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of photovoltaics, in particular to a method for testing repeatability and reproducibility.
Background
Currently, in the photovoltaic industry, a cell manufacturer or a component manufacturer or a laboratory often has to check some indexes of a power tester when purchasing a solar simulator power tester device, including repeatability of the power tester, and the repeatability required here generally does not restrict a test method or a simpler test method, and most typically, a standard cell or a standard component is repeatedly flashed for a plurality of times in a state of keeping a static state in the power tester, and a difference value of a maximum value minus a minimum value of the power test obtained after the flashing for a plurality of times is taken as a test average value, or the maximum value plus the minimum value is taken as a test average value. In addition, in addition to the regular calibration and the daily calibration of the power tester during the use of the solar simulator power tester by the cell manufacturer or the component manufacturer or the laboratory, the repeatability monitoring of the power tester is also performed by using the two typical test analysis methods, as shown in fig. 1, and fig. 1 is a flowchart of the method for monitoring the repeatability of the power tester, as shown in fig. 1, the method includes the following steps:
step S11: standing the standard component in a solar simulator power tester;
step S12: standard test conditions STC, which includes three conditions, i.e., temperature: 25 +/-2 ℃, the light intensity irradiance of 1000W/m2 +/-5 percent and the spectrum AM1.5G solar spectrum;
step S13: repeating the flash test for 10-100 times;
step S14: the repeatability calculation comprises two typical methods, respectively:
typical method 1: power repeatability R% ((maximum test power-minimum test power) ÷ average test power);
typical method 2: power repeatability ═ R% (maximum test power-minimum test power) ÷ (maximum test power-minimum test power).
At present, a cell manufacturer or a component manufacturer or a laboratory only carries out verification analysis on the repeated performance of a solar simulator in a static state when purchasing and using the power tester of the solar simulator, the power tester is greatly related to a tester, a test sample, a test method, a test environment temperature and a test standard in different use environments, the power tester is in a motion process in the use process, in the process, the error formed by the system set of a test transmission mechanism, a sensing mechanism, a test tightening mechanism, a positioning mechanism and the like of the power tester is the maximum test for a manufacturer who is configured with an automatic line to produce the solar cell and the component, the error of the part is directly introduced into the test result of a product, and the repeatability and reproducibility error of the whole test system cannot be identified by the existing repeatability test analysis technology as shown in the figure, are by far vacant. The existing power tester repeatability test analysis can not reflect the error of the whole test system, and certain quality risk and cost waste are caused by the lack of monitoring of the test capability of equipment in the process of purchasing the solar simulator power tester by a manufacturer and using the solar simulator power tester.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a method for testing repeatability and reproducibility, comprising:
performing light stabilization treatment on the test sample to obtain a light-stabilized sample;
testing the light stability sample to obtain test data;
calculating the range mean and the mean range according to the test data;
and calculating the repeatability and reproducibility according to the range mean and the mean range.
Optionally, the light stabilizing treatment is performed on the test sample, and obtaining the light-stabilized sample includes:
after the test sample is exposed to the first irradiance for a preset time, testing the power of the test sample and recording as P1;
increasing preset irradiance on the basis of the first irradiance to obtain second irradiance, placing the test sample under the second irradiance for a preset time, testing the power of the test sample, and recording the power as P2;
calculating a power change rate of the test sample according to equation (1);
and judging whether the power change rate is smaller than a preset threshold value, if not, continuing to increase preset irradiance to expose the test sample until the power change rate is smaller than the preset threshold value, and obtaining a photostable sample.
Optionally, the testing the light-stabilized sample, and obtaining the test data includes:
numbering the light-stable samples with numbers of 1, 2, 3, … … and n, wherein n is more than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 20,
selecting p testing persons, testing the light stability sample by each testing person according to the number, recording all the light stability samples as one time after testing, testing m times by each testing person, and obtaining n groups of testing data, wherein m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, the light stability samples with the same number correspond to one group of testing data, and the group of testing data comprises m testing data, so that the p testing persons obtain n multiplied by p groups of testing data.
Optionally, the calculating, according to the test data, the range mean and the mean range includes:
calculating the range of each group of test data according to n groups of test data obtained by each tester;
calculating a first range mean according to equation (2)
Wherein R isiI is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n,
j is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to p, which is the first range mean value of the jth test person;
calculating the second pole difference mean value according to the formula (3)
Recording the test data obtained by testing the ith light stabilization sample for the a time of each tester as PaiWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n,
calculating the first average value of the a-th test of each tester according to the formula (4)
Calculating a second average of m tests per test person according to equation (5)Mean value
Calculating a second mean range X according to equation (6)DIEF：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the second average value,
is the minimum value of the second average value,
optionally, calculating the repeatability and reproducibility according to the range mean and the mean range comprises:
the repeatability parameter EV is calculated according to equation (7):
wherein K1 is a coefficient;
the reproducibility parameter is calculated according to equation (8):
wherein n is the number of samples, r is the total number of tests, r is mxp, K2As a function of the number of the coefficients,
the repeatability and reproducibility R & R were calculated according to equation (9):
optionally, the calculating the range mean and the mean range according to the test data further includes:
recording the test data obtained by the a-th test of each tester on the ith light-stable sample as PiaWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the test data obtained by the jth test person in the ith test on the ith light-stable sample in the a-th test is
Calculating a third average value of the ith light-stabilized sample tested r times according to formula (10)
Calculating a second mean range R according to equation (11)p：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the third average value,
is the minimum value in the third average value.
Optionally, the testing method further comprises: calculating a process total variation from the second mean range and the repeatability and reproducibility:
the inter-sample variation PV is calculated according to equation (12):
PV＝Rp×K3…………………(12)
wherein, K3As a function of the number of the coefficients,
the process total variation TV is calculated according to equation (13):
optionally, the testing method further comprises:
the percent EV% repeatability over total process variation is calculated according to equation (14):
EV％＝100[EV÷TV]…………………(14)；
the percent AV% reproducibility versus total process variation is calculated according to equation (15):
AV％＝100[AV÷TV]…………………(15)；
the percentage R & R% of the total process variation for repeatability and reproducibility was calculated according to equation (16):
R&R％＝100[R&R÷TV]…………………(16)；
the percent PV% of the inter-sample variation to the total variation of the process is calculated according to equation (17):
PV％＝100[PV÷TV]…………………(17)；
the discrimination classification number ndc is calculated according to formula (18):
ndc＝1.41*(PV/R&R)…………………(18)；
optionally, the testing method further comprises:
determining a control limit upper limit and a control limit lower limit according to the second pole difference average value,
processing the test data according to the comparison result of the range of each group of test data of each tester and the upper limit of the control limit,
and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the processing of the test data according to the comparison result of the range of each group of test data of each tester and the control limit upper limit comprises:
and when the range is larger than the upper limit of the control limit, eliminating the test data corresponding to the range, or retesting the photostable sample by the tester corresponding to the range.
Optionally, the test sample is a solar cell or solar module,
and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the test data includes at least one of a short circuit current, an open circuit voltage, a fill factor, a maximum power, and a conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
The repeatability and reproducibility testing method provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the method has the advantages that the overall repeatability and reproducibility of the solar cell or module power tester can be directly and effectively tested, sample variation, equipment variation or artificial variation can be identified, and the method is greatly helpful for improving the quality of a test system and improving the confidence of a product test result.
2) For a purchasing party of the solar simulator power tester and new equipment type selection acceptance purchasing, the technical method avoids large testing errors or wrong testing caused by incompatible mismatching among modules of the power tester.
3) A test quality analysis control channel is provided, and product quality risks are reduced.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the example serve to explain the principles of the invention and not to limit the invention.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for repeatability monitoring of a power tester;
fig. 2 is a flowchart of a method for testing repeatability and reproducibility according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the embodiments described are only a few embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the described embodiments of the invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of protection of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a flowchart of a method for testing repeatability and reproducibility according to an embodiment of the present invention, and is applicable to a solar simulator power tester, also called an IV tester, used in a solar cell, a device manufacturer, and a third-party laboratory. As shown in fig. 2, the test method includes the steps of:
s22: performing light stabilization treatment on the test sample to obtain a light-stabilized sample;
s22: testing the light stability sample to obtain test data;
s23: calculating the range mean and the mean range according to the test data;
s24: and calculating the repeatability and reproducibility according to the range mean and the mean range.
The above steps need to be performed under standard test conditions, which include three conditions, i.e., temperature: 25 +/-2 ℃, light intensity irradiance of 1000W/m2 +/-5 percent and spectrum AM1.5G solar spectrum.
The repeatability and reproducibility testing method provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the method has the advantages that the overall repeatability and reproducibility of the solar cell or module power tester can be directly and effectively tested, sample variation, equipment variation or artificial variation can be identified, and the method is greatly helpful for improving the quality of a test system and improving the confidence of a product test result.
2) For a purchasing party of the solar simulator power tester and new equipment type selection acceptance purchasing, the technical method avoids large testing errors or wrong testing caused by incompatible mismatching among modules of the power tester.
3) A test quality analysis control channel is provided, and product quality risks are reduced.
Further, performing a light stabilization treatment on the test sample to obtain a light-stabilized sample includes:
after the test sample is exposed to the first irradiance for a preset time, testing the power of the test sample and recording as P1;
increasing preset irradiance on the basis of the first irradiance to obtain second irradiance, placing the test sample under the second irradiance for a preset time, testing the power of the test sample, and recording the power as P2;
calculating a power change rate of the test sample according to equation (1);
and judging whether the power change rate is smaller than a preset threshold value, if not, continuing to increase preset irradiance to expose the test sample until the power change rate is smaller than the preset threshold value, and obtaining a photostable sample.
Further, testing the photostable sample, and obtaining test data includes:
numbering the light-stable samples with numbers of 1, 2, 3, … … and n, wherein n is more than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 20,
selecting p testing persons, testing the light stability sample by each testing person according to the number, recording all the light stability samples as one time after testing, testing m times by each testing person, and obtaining n groups of testing data, wherein m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, the light stability samples with the same number correspond to one group of testing data, and the group of testing data comprises m testing data, so that the p testing persons obtain n p groups of testing data.
Further, the calculating the range mean and the mean range according to the test data includes:
calculating the range of each group of test data according to n groups of test data obtained by each tester;
calculating a first range mean according to equation (2)
Wherein R isiI is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n,
j is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to p, which is the first range mean value of the jth test person;
calculating the second pole difference mean value according to the formula (3)
Recording the test data obtained by testing the ith light stabilization sample for the a time of each tester as PaiWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n,
calculating the first average value of the a-th test of each tester according to the formula (4)
Calculating a second average value of m tests of each tester according to the formula (5)
Calculating a second mean range X according to equation (6)DIEF：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the second average value,
is the minimum value of the second average value,
further, calculating the repeatability and reproducibility according to the range mean and the mean range comprises:
the repeatability parameter EV is calculated according to equation (7):
wherein K1 is a coefficient;
the reproducibility parameter is calculated according to equation (8):
wherein n is the number of samples, r is the total number of tests, r is mxp, K2As a function of the number of the coefficients,
the repeatability and reproducibility R & R were calculated according to equation (9):
further, the calculating the range mean and the mean range according to the test data further comprises:
recording the test data obtained by the a-th test of each tester on the ith light-stable sample as PiaWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the test data obtained by the jth test person in the ith test on the ith light-stable sample in the a-th test is
Calculating a third average value of the ith light-stabilized sample tested r times according to formula (10)
Calculating a second mean range R according to equation (11)p：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the third average value,
is the minimum value in the third average value.
Further, the test method further comprises: calculating a process total variation from the second mean range and the repeatability and reproducibility:
the inter-sample variation PV is calculated according to equation (12):
PV＝Rp×K3…………………(12)
wherein, K3As a function of the number of the coefficients,
the process total variation TV is calculated according to equation (13):
further, the test method further comprises:
the percent EV% repeatability over total process variation is calculated according to equation (14):
EV％＝100[EV÷TV]…………………(14)；
the percent AV% reproducibility versus total process variation is calculated according to equation (15):
AV％＝100[AV÷TV]…………………(15)；
the percentage R & R% of the total process variation for repeatability and reproducibility was calculated according to equation (16):
R&R％＝100[R&R÷TV]…………………(16)；
the percent PV% of the inter-sample variation to the total variation of the process is calculated according to equation (17):
PV％＝100[PV÷TV]…………………(17)；
the discrimination classification number ndc is calculated according to formula (18):
ndc＝1.41*(PV/R&R)…………………(18)；
further, the test method further comprises:
determining a control limit upper limit and a control limit lower limit according to the second pole difference average value,
processing the test data according to the comparison result of the range of each group of test data of each tester and the upper limit of the control limit,
and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the processing of the test data according to the comparison result of the range of each group of test data of each tester and the control limit upper limit comprises:
and when the range is larger than the upper limit of the control limit, eliminating the test data corresponding to the range, or retesting the photostable sample by the tester corresponding to the range.
Further, the test sample is a solar cell or a solar module,
and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the test data includes at least one of a short circuit current, an open circuit voltage, a fill factor, a maximum power, and a conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
In other words, in order to realize the repeatability and reproducibility test analysis of the photovoltaic solar cell or module power tester, the standard test condition STC needs to be confirmed first, wherein the standard test condition STC includes three conditions, namely temperature: 25 +/-2 ℃ and light intensity irradiance of 1000W/m2± 5%, spectrum am1.5g solar spectrum.
Further, the solar cell or solar module for the repeatability and reproducibility test analysis of the power tester is selected as the test sample according to the principle that the difference of the interval between samples must cover the precision error of the equipment, which is provided by the manufacturer, typically 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1%, for example, the precision error of the equipment is 0.3%, and the interval between samples is at least 0.3%. The number of the samples is 10-20 solar cells or assemblies, the number of the samples is too large, calculation difficulty and responsibility are increased, calculation cost and time cost are increased, the number of the samples is too small, the samples are not representative, large errors exist, and accuracy is reduced. The cell or assembly is selected to be as similar or identical as possible to the test product configuration, model, which is prevalent in manufacturing tests, laboratory tests, and to ensure that the sample is representative.
Further, performing light stabilization treatment on the selected sample, and performing outdoor 60kWh/m2 photo-aging exposure treatment on the sample in an open circuit state, wherein the irradiance meter and the battery or assembly are on the same plane during the outdoor photo-aging treatment, and the total irradiance can be counted only when the instantaneous irradiation intensity is more than 500W/m 2; the sample can also be subjected to 60kWh/m2 photo-aging treatment in a steady state simulator at the indoor C level and above, wherein the temperature of a battery or a component is 50 +/-10 ℃, and the irradiance is 800-2The uniformity of the intensity of the irradiated area must be better than +/-10%; after the battery or the assembly is subjected to photo-aging exposure for 60kWh/m2, the power of the test sample is recorded as P1, the test sample is exposed to light and tested by adding 10kWh/m2 to 60kWh/m2, and the power is recorded as P2Calculating the power change rate of the sample according to the formula (1);
in formula (1):
P1-Power, w, after exposure of the sample to 60kWh/m 2;
P2-Power, w, after exposure of the sample to 70kWh/m 2;
Δ P-rate of change of sample power,%.
Further, when the power change rate of the crystalline silicon solar cell or module is less than 1%, and the power change rate of the thin film cell or module is less than 2%, the sample is in a stable state, otherwise, the light exposure treatment is continued, and the sample is exposed and tested at the increasing rate of 10kWh/m2 each time until the power change rate of the sample is stabilized within 1% or 2%.
Further, numbering 10-20 samples after stabilizing treatment in sequence, recording a component bar code or a mark number on the back surface of the battery to identify a unique number of the component, such as the numbers 1-20, and sequentially arranging the numbers in sequence.
Furthermore, on the power tester for determining test analysis, 3 test operators, a test operator A, a test operator B and a test operator C are determined, each test operator is ensured to be unaware of the known data of the numbered samples, and habitual deviation rectification of the known sample data by the test operators in the test process is avoided. Further, the test operator A tests the 10-20 samples in a sequence of 1-20, and the test operation method is kept consistent with normal production test and laboratory test during testing, and the test operation method comprises a used production line, a used conveyor track, a used clamping device, a used test mode, a used test software mode and a used test software mode. And testing 10-20 samples for 1 time according to the sequence of 1 to 20, wherein the test time is 1, each test data is stored, and the number corresponding to each test data and the test time can be distinguished.
Further, the test operator B and the test operator C continue to use the above samples to perform the test 1 time respectively in sequence according to the method of the test operator a. 3 test operators A, B, C test for 3 times by each person alternately, 9 times by 3 persons, and 90-180 test data, wherein each test data is unique and can correspond to the data of each sample tested in the first time, and the data content at least comprises the short-circuit current ISC, the open-circuit voltage VOC, the fill factor FF, the maximum power Pmax, the conversion efficiency Eff and the like of the solar cell. The testing environment is ensured to be consistent in the testing process of each tester, including that all testing hardware cannot be changed in the testing process, such as repair or replacement, the testing temperature is stable, and the tested sample is kept unchanged.
Further, 90 to 180 pieces of test data of the above tests were sequentially arranged and the mean and the range were calculated, and the results were recorded in table 1 as follows, where table 1 is a test data table of reproducibility and reproducibility. In some embodiments, 3 test subjects, 10 test samples, are selected, and each test subject is cycled 3 times to obtain 30 sets of test data, 90 test data.
(1) Let tester a test n samples in random order and record the results in row 1.
(2) Let testers B and C test these same n samples in turn, not let them know the readings of others; the results are then recorded in lines 6 and 11, respectively.
(3) Repeating the above cycle with different random test sequences and recording the data in rows 2, 7 and 12; note that these data are recorded in the appropriate fields, and if three tests are required, the above cycle is repeated and the results are recorded in lines 3, 8, 13.
(4) Calculating the range of each group of test data according to 10 groups of test data obtained by each tester;
i.e. subtracting their minimum values from the maximum values in lines 1, 2, 3, recording the result in line 5, repeating the above steps in lines 6, 7, 8 and lines 11, 12, 13, and recording the results in lines 10 and 15, respectively. The data filled in rows 5, 10 and 15 are very bad so they are always positive.
(5) Calculating a first range mean according to equation (2)
Wherein R isiI is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 10,
j is a first range average value of the jth test person, and j is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3;
that is, the data in row 5 are added and then divided by the sample number to obtain the range average of the first tester test
The same calculation is performed for the 10 th and 15 th rows to obtain
And
(6) calculating the second pole difference mean value according to the formula (3)
Testing the ith light-stable sample for the a time of each testerData is recorded as PaiWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 10,
i.e. the average value of lines 5, 10 and 15
Go to line 17. Dividing the sum by the number of test persons, and recording the result
Column (average of all range).
(7) Will be provided with
Lines 19 and 20 are input and multiplied by D4 to get the upper limit of the control limit and by D3 to get the lower limit of the control limit:
d4 is 3.27 if two tests are performed, and D4 is 2.58 if three tests are performed. Upper Control Limit (UCL) of the single extreme valueR) Fill in line 19, D3 is 0, very poor Lower Control Limit (LCL)R) Is zero.
(8) For any readings with range results greater than the UCLR calculation results, the original tester can retest the original sample, or reject those readings, and then recalculate the range average
And a control limit UCLR.
(9) Calculating the first average value of the a-th test of each tester according to the formula (4)
I.e. adding the readings of lines 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 and 13, then dividing the sum of each line by the number of samples and filling the result in the rightmost field of that line marked with the "average".
(10) Calculating a second average value of m tests of each tester according to the formula (5)
By adding the average values of rows 1, 2 and 3, dividing the sum by the number of tests, and filling the result in row 4
In the column. Repeating the above steps for lines 6, 7, 8 and lines 11, 12, 13 and recording the results in lines 9 and 14, respectively
And
in the column.
(11) Calculating a second mean range X according to equation (6)DIEF：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the second average value,
is the minimum value of the second average value,
i.e. find the average value of the 4 th, 9 th and 14 th lines
Maximum and minimum values ofAnd fill the result in the appropriate position of row 18 and find their difference; filling the difference into the X labeled in line 18DIFFAnd (6) blank.
(12) Upper limit of mean
Lower limit of mean value
A2 ═ 1.8 if two tests were run, a2 ═ 1.02 if three tests were run, and the results were greater than UCR for the second averageXCalculating any readings of the result, allowing the original tester to retest the original sample, or rejecting those readings, and then recalculating the second average
And a control limit UCRX。
(12) Recording the test data obtained by the a-th test of each tester on the ith light-stable sample as PiaWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the test data obtained by the jth test person in the ith test on the ith light-stable sample in the a-th test is
Calculating a third average value of the ith light-stabilized sample tested r times according to formula (10)
Calculating the sum of the readings of each sample of each test, and dividing the sum by the total number of tests (the number of testers multiplied by the number of tests of each tester); the results are filled in the blank provided by the mean value of each sample for line 16.
(13) Calculating a second mean pole according to equation (11)Difference Rp：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the third average value,
is the minimum value in the third average value.
I.e., the maximum value of the sample average is subtracted by the minimum value of the sample average and the result is filled in the column labeled Rp in row 16. Rp is the range of the mean of the samples.
(14) From the second mean range and the repeatability and reproducibility, the process total variation was calculated:
the inter-sample variation PV is calculated according to equation (12):
PV＝Rp×K3…………………(12)
wherein, K3The coefficient is shown in table 2, and table 2 is a value when the number of samples is not greater than 10:
when the number of samples is more than 10, K3 is 5.15/d2(at this time, d)2Get d2Instead), as shown in table 3, table 3 is a value when the number of samples is greater than 10.
| n | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| K3 | 1.623 | 1.581 | 1.544 | 1.512 | 1.483 | 1.458 | 1.435 | 1.415 | 1.396 | 1.379 |
(15) The process total variation TV is calculated according to equation (13):
the percent EV% repeatability over total process variation is calculated according to equation (14):
EV％＝100[EV÷TV]…………………(14)；
the percent AV% reproducibility versus total process variation is calculated according to equation (15):
AV％＝100[AV÷TV]…………………(15)；
the percentage R & R% of the total process variation for repeatability and reproducibility was calculated according to equation (16):
R&R％＝100[R&R÷TV]…………………(16)；
the percent PV% of the inter-sample variation to the total variation of the process is calculated according to equation (17):
PV％＝100[PV÷TV]…………………(17)；
the discrimination classification number ndc is calculated according to formula (18):
ndc＝1.41*(PV/R&R)…………………(18)；
and analyzing according to the calculation result:
(1) and (3) analysis of variation components: in the variation component percentage, the smaller the repeatability reproducibility R & R percentage is, the better the repeatability reproducibility performance of the identification power tester is, the higher the repeated testing capability of the equipment is, and the better the concentration of the testing result is. Otherwise, the worse. The smaller the repeatability percentage is, the smaller the dispersion of the power tester is, the better the matching coordination capability among all the components of the test system is, and otherwise, the worse the dispersion is. The smaller the reproducibility percentage, the smaller the difference between the testers, the testers belonging to a part of the test system, and the operation method between the testers being approximately consistent, otherwise, the larger the difference between the testers, and the test method being inconsistent. The percent between samples difference illustrates the rate of contribution of the sample to the test system. If the repeatability of the power tester is relatively small, the percent of the variation among the samples is large, which shows that the variation is a natural characterization of the test sample, and the test system can clearly characterize the characteristic of the tested sample. Conversely, if the more repetitive re-linearity, the less the percent variation between samples, the more vague the test system will be in characterizing the sample being tested.
(2) Analyzing the corresponding relation between the sample range and the tester: for the same 10-20 samples tested by three different testers, after the tests are carried out for 9 times in total, each tester tests the 10-20 samples for 3 times, each sample number corresponds to 3 test results, the difference value between the 3 test results is extremely poor, the larger the extremely poor is, the situation that the operation method of the tester is not uniform or the used test hardware is changed in the 3 times of retesting process is shown, and the like, the difference is caused by the single tester. Conversely, the smaller the range, the consistent the manipulations in the repeated tests of a single tester. Meanwhile, the extremely poor results of the 10-20 samples tested by a single tester are better consistent with other 2 testers, which indicates that the more consistent the method with other 2 testers is, and vice versa, the more inconsistent the method is.
(3) Analyzing the corresponding relation between the sample mean value and the test person pair: for the same 10-20 samples tested by three different testers, after 9 times of alternate tests, 3 times of tests are carried out on the 10-20 samples tested by each tester, the number of each sample corresponds to 3 test results, the consistency between the mean value of the 3 test results and other 2 testers is better, the consistency between the mean value of the 10-20 samples tested by a single tester and other 2 testers is better, the more consistent the method with other 2 testers is, and the more inconsistent the method is. Meanwhile, the larger the span between the test mean values of each sample is, the more clearly the precision of the test equipment covered by the test sample can be reflected.
(4) Analyzing the corresponding relation between the test data and the sample number in the sequential test process: the 10-20 samples are tested by the 3 testers, the test results are consistent after the samples are numbered in sequence, and the difference of a certain sample to the different 3 testers can be clearly seen.
(5) Analyzing the corresponding relation between the test data and the tester in the sequential test process: and 3 testers respectively compare the overall deviation of the same group of samples after testing, and observe whether a certain tester or a certain sample has obvious deviation or not.
(6) And (3) analyzing the interaction between the tester and the sample number in the sequential test process: the average value of each tester tested for 3 times corresponds to 10-20 samples and is compared with the trend of other 2 testers after the samples are arranged according to the sequence, if the average values of each numbered sample of 3 testers are matched, the repeatability reproducibility of the test system is better, otherwise, the repeatability is poor.
(7) Effective resolution analysis: the classification number can be distinguished. The larger the distinguishable category number is, the higher the minimum recognition capability of the test system is, and the smaller the test repeatability reproducibility is, otherwise, the lower the recognition capability of the test system is, and the larger the test repeatability reproducibility is.
The repeatability and reproducibility testing method provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the method has the advantages that the overall repeatability and reproducibility of the solar cell or module power tester can be directly and effectively tested, sample variation, equipment variation or artificial variation can be identified, and the method is greatly helpful for improving the quality of a test system and improving the confidence of a product test result.
2) For the purchasing party of the solar simulator power tester and the type selection acceptance of new equipment, the technical method avoids large test errors or wrong tests caused by incompatible mismatch among modules of the power tester.
3) A test quality analysis control channel is provided, and product quality risks are reduced.
Although the terms first, second, and the like may be used herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, they are not intended to be limited to the particular elements shown. It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The embodiments of the present invention are described above, but the descriptions are only for the convenience of understanding the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for testing repeatability and reproducibility, comprising:
performing light stabilization treatment on the test sample to obtain a light-stabilized sample;
testing the light stability sample to obtain test data;
calculating the range mean and the mean range according to the test data;
and calculating the repeatability and reproducibility according to the range mean and the mean range.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of light-stabilizing the test sample to obtain a light-stabilized sample comprises:
after the test sample is exposed to the first irradiance for a preset time, testing the power of the test sample and recording as P1;
increasing preset irradiance on the basis of the first irradiance to obtain second irradiance, placing the test sample under the second irradiance for a preset time, testing the power of the test sample, and recording the power as P2;
calculating a power change rate of the test sample according to equation (1);
and judging whether the power change rate is smaller than a preset threshold value, if not, continuing to increase preset irradiance to expose the test sample until the power change rate is smaller than the preset threshold value, and obtaining a photostable sample.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein testing the photostable sample and obtaining test data comprises:
numbering the light-stable samples with numbers of 1, 2, 3, … … and n, wherein n is more than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 20,
selecting p testing persons, testing the light stability sample by each testing person according to the number, recording all the light stability samples as one time after testing, testing m times by each testing person, and obtaining n groups of testing data, wherein m is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, the light stability samples with the same number correspond to one group of testing data, and the group of testing data comprises m testing data, so that the p testing persons obtain n multiplied by p groups of testing data.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein calculating the range mean and mean range from the test data comprises:
calculating the range of each group of test data according to n groups of test data obtained by each tester;
calculating a first range mean according to equation (2)
Wherein R isiI is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n,
j is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to p, which is the first range mean value of the jth test person;
calculating the second pole difference mean value according to the formula (3)
Recording the test data obtained by testing the ith light stabilization sample for the a time of each tester as PaiWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n,
calculating the first average value of the a-th test of each tester according to the formula (4)
Calculating a second average value of m tests of each tester according to the formula (5)
Calculating a second mean range X according to equation (6)DIEF：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the second average value,
is the minimum of the second average.
5. The test method of claim 4, wherein calculating the repeatability and reproducibility from the range mean and the mean range comprises:
the repeatability parameter EV is calculated according to equation (7):
wherein K1 is a coefficient;
the reproducibility parameter is calculated according to equation (8):
wherein n is the number of samples, r is the total number of tests, r is mxp, K2As a function of the number of the coefficients,
the repeatability and reproducibility R & R were calculated according to equation (9):
6. the method of claim 5, wherein calculating the range mean and mean range from the test data further comprises:
recording the test data obtained by the a-th test of each tester on the ith light-stable sample as PiaWherein a is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m, i is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n, the sum of the test data obtained by the jth test person in the ith test on the ith light-stable sample in the a-th test is
Calculating a third average value of the ith light-stabilized sample tested r times according to formula (10)
Calculating a second mean range R according to equation (11)p：
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
is the maximum value in the third average value,
is the minimum value in the third average value.
7. The testing method of claim 6, further comprising: calculating a process total variation from the second mean range and the repeatability and reproducibility:
the inter-sample variation PV is calculated according to equation (12):
PV＝Rp×K3…………………(12)
wherein, K3As a function of the number of the coefficients,
the process total variation TV is calculated according to equation (13):
8. the testing method of claim 7, further comprising:
the percent EV% repeatability over total process variation is calculated according to equation (14):
EV％＝100[EV÷TV]…………………(14)；
the percent AV% reproducibility versus total process variation is calculated according to equation (15):
AV％＝100[AV÷TV]…………………(15)；
the percentage R & R% of the total process variation for repeatability and reproducibility was calculated according to equation (16):
R&R％＝100[R&R÷TV]…………………(16)；
the percent PV% of the inter-sample variation to the total variation of the process is calculated according to equation (17):
PV％＝100[PV÷TV]…………………(17)；
the discrimination classification number ndc is calculated according to formula (18):
ndc＝1.41*(PV/R&R)…………………(18)。
9. the testing method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining a control limit upper limit and a control limit lower limit according to the second pole difference average value,
processing the test data according to the comparison result of the range of each group of test data of each tester and the upper limit of the control limit,
and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the processing of the test data according to the comparison result of the range of each group of test data of each tester and the control limit upper limit comprises:
and when the range is larger than the upper limit of the control limit, eliminating the test data corresponding to the range, or retesting the photostable sample by the tester corresponding to the range.
10. The test method according to claim 1, wherein the test specimen is a solar cell or a solar module,
and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the test data includes at least one of a short circuit current, an open circuit voltage, a fill factor, a maximum power, and a conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
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| CN112891098A (en) * | 2021-01-19 | 2021-06-04 | 重庆火后草科技有限公司 | Body weight measuring method for health monitor |
| CN114526993A (en) * | 2022-01-19 | 2022-05-24 | 北京理工大学重庆创新中心 | Repeatability quantitative evaluation method for material fracture performance test in complex stress state |
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| CN112891098A (en) * | 2021-01-19 | 2021-06-04 | 重庆火后草科技有限公司 | Body weight measuring method for health monitor |
| CN112891098B (en) * | 2021-01-19 | 2022-01-25 | 重庆火后草科技有限公司 | Body weight measuring method for health monitor |
| CN114526993A (en) * | 2022-01-19 | 2022-05-24 | 北京理工大学重庆创新中心 | Repeatability quantitative evaluation method for material fracture performance test in complex stress state |
| CN114526993B (en) * | 2022-01-19 | 2023-09-15 | 北京理工大学重庆创新中心 | Quantitative evaluation method for repeatability of material fracture performance test under complex stress state |
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