CN112128798A - Ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency - Google Patents
Ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency Download PDFInfo
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- CN112128798A CN112128798A CN202011034714.6A CN202011034714A CN112128798A CN 112128798 A CN112128798 A CN 112128798A CN 202011034714 A CN202011034714 A CN 202011034714A CN 112128798 A CN112128798 A CN 112128798A
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- resistor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q13/00—Igniters not otherwise provided for
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q23/00—Testing of ignition installations
Abstract
The invention relates to an ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency, which comprises an igniter and a control circuit thereof, wherein the igniter comprises a lead, an electrode fixing metal shell, a flange metal shell, a sealing ring and a single-hole ceramic tube, the control circuit comprises a low-voltage unit, a transformer unit, a current-limiting resistor, a voltage measuring unit and a current measuring unit, the low-voltage unit comprises a direct-current power supply, a power switch and a high-speed switch, the power switch, the direct-current power supply, the high-speed switch and the input end of the transformer unit form a series circuit, the output end of the transformer unit, the current-limiting resistor, the igniter and the current measuring unit form a series circuit, and the voltage measuring unit is connected in parallel. Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages of adjustable ignition energy, pulse width and frequency, wide working range and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of ignition devices, in particular to an ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency.
Background
The existing ignition experimental research generally and directly purchases the existing igniter and the corresponding control module for experiment, the parameters such as ignition energy, pulse width and the like of the igniter are relatively single and cannot be adjusted in a certain range according to experimental needs, so that the existing ignition experimental research cannot be used for analyzing the influence of the ignition energy and the pulse width on the ignition process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects that parameters such as ignition energy, pulse width and the like are relatively single and cannot be used for analyzing the influence of the ignition energy and the pulse width on an ignition process in the prior art, and the invention provides the ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a controllable ignition of energy, pulse width and frequency, includes some firearm and control circuit thereof, control circuit includes low pressure unit, transformer unit, current-limiting resistance, voltage measurement unit and current measurement unit, the low pressure unit includes DC power supply, switch and high speed switch, DC power supply, switch, high speed switch and transformer unit's input constitute the series circuit, transformer unit's output, current-limiting resistance, some firearm and current measurement unit constitute the series circuit, some firearm and current measurement unit's holistic both ends are parallelly connected have voltage measurement unit.
Further, the on-time and frequency of the high-speed switch are controlled by a pulse signal.
Further, the transformer unit comprises a transformer and a first diode, wherein the first diode is connected in parallel with an input end of the transformer.
Further, the voltage measuring unit comprises a first measuring probe, a second resistor and a third resistor which are connected in series, the resistance ratio of the second resistor to the third resistor is 500:1, and the first measuring probe is connected with the third resistor in parallel.
Further, the third resistor is also connected in parallel with a second diode, and the third resistor is also connected in parallel with a second capacitor.
Further, the current measuring unit comprises a fourth resistor and a second measuring probe, and the second measuring probe is connected with the fourth resistor in parallel.
Furthermore, the fourth resistor is also connected in parallel with a third diode, and the fourth resistor is also connected in parallel with a third capacitor.
Furthermore, the igniter comprises a lead, an electrode fixing metal shell and a flange metal shell, the number of the lead and the number of the electrode are two, a breakdown gap is formed at one end of each of the two electrodes, the other end of each of the two electrodes is connected with one of the lead, the electrode fixing metal shell is fixedly connected with the electrode, and the flange metal shell is fixedly connected with the electrode fixing metal shell and the lead respectively.
Furthermore, the joint of the electrode fixing metal shell and the electrode and the joint of the flange metal shell and the lead are both provided with single-hole ceramic tubes.
Further, flange metal casing is equipped with the bolt hole for through bolted connection combustion chamber with flange metal casing, flange metal casing with the junction of combustion chamber still is equipped with the sealing washer, use sealed glue to fill between flange metal casing and the wire.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) ignition energy and pulse width are adjustable: the ignition circuit can control the igniter, and the ignition energy of the igniter can be adjusted through the direct-current power supply and the current-limiting resistor; the size of the working pulse width of the igniter can be controlled by controlling the conducting time of the high-speed switch; the current and voltage of the igniter can be measured through the designed voltage division circuit, and the ignition energy and pulse width can be calculated, so that the influence of the ignition energy and pulse width on the ignition process can be analyzed conveniently.
(2) The ignition frequency is adjustable: the ignition circuit can control the igniter, and can control the working frequency of the igniter by controlling the conduction frequency of the high-speed switch.
(3) The invention can realize that when the pulse width of the high-speed switch is 0-4 ms, the voltage of a direct-current power supply provided for testing is 60-300V, and the resistance value of the current-limiting resistor is 0-50 k omega, the ignition energy range of the igniter is 0.015J-0.44J, and the ignition time range is 100us E8.4ms, ignition frequency can reach 105Hz。
(4) The working range is wide: the igniter is guaranteed to have good insulativity, reliability, sealing performance and temperature resistance through the structural design and the selection of materials, and the igniter can be used for ignition experiments under normal temperature and normal pressure working conditions and can also be used for ignition experiments under practical low-temperature and low-pressure working conditions of re-ignition.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an ignition circuit of the ignition device of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the ignition circuit of the ignition device of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the igniter of the ignition device of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a first assembly view of the igniter and combustion chamber of the ignition device of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a second assembly view of the igniter and combustion chamber of the ignition device of the present invention;
in the figure, 1, a low-voltage unit, 101, a direct-current power supply, 102, a power switch, 103, a high-speed switch, 104, a fuse, 105, a first capacitor, 106, a signal generator, 2, a transformer unit, 201, a transformer, 202, a first diode, 3, a current-limiting resistor, 4, a voltage measuring unit, 401, a second resistor, 402, a third resistor, 403, a first measuring probe, 404, a second capacitor, 405, a second diode, 5, a current measuring unit, 501, a fourth resistor, 502, a second measuring probe, 503, a third capacitor, 504, a third diode, 6, an igniter, 601, an electrode, 602, a first single-hole ceramic tube, 603, an electrode fixing metal shell, 604, a second single-hole ceramic tube, 605, a sealing ring, 606, a flange metal shell, 607, a third single-hole ceramic tube, 608, a sealant, 609, a lead, 7, a single-swirl combustion chamber, 701, a voltage measuring unit, a second capacitor, a, Combustor inlet 702, combustor outlet 703, combustor sidewall.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the present embodiment provides an ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency, which includes an igniter 6 and a control circuit thereof, where the control circuit includes a low voltage unit 1, a transformer unit 2, a current limiting resistor 3, a voltage measuring unit 4 and a current measuring unit 5, the low voltage unit 1 includes a dc power supply 101, a power switch 102 and a high speed switch 103, the power switch 102, the dc power supply 101, the high speed switch 103 and an input end of the transformer unit 2 form a series circuit, an output end of the transformer unit 2, the current limiting resistor 3, the igniter 6 and the current measuring unit 5 form a series circuit, and both ends of the whole of the igniter 6 and the current measuring unit 5 are connected in parallel with the voltage measuring unit 4.
The power switch 102, the dc power supply 101, the high-speed switch 103 and the input of the transformer unit 2 form a series circuit and a re-series fuse 104.
The following describes the elements, operation principle and implementation of the ignition device of the present embodiment in detail.
1. Low-voltage unit 1
The on-time and frequency of the high-speed switch 103 are controlled by the pulse signal, and can be repeatedly turned on, so that the discharge interval can be adjusted. A fuse 104 is also connected in series to a connection line of the dc power supply 101. The power switch 102 and the dc power supply 101 are also connected in parallel to a first capacitor 105.
The first capacitor 105 is an energy storage capacitor, and has a large capacitance, so that the voltage can be kept stable during discharging.
The voltage range of the dc power supply 101 (i.e., the total voltage range of the power supply) is 0 to 300V, and the capacitor C1 is used for stabilizing the voltage.
The high-speed switch 103 is a triode which can be used for controlling the conduction time of a low-voltage part circuit, the working pulse width can reach the order of mu s, the signal generator 106 is connected, and the working time and frequency of the circuit can be controlled by using input pulse signals such as a single chip microcomputer, the signal generator and the like, so that the working pulse width and the ignition frequency of the igniter can be controlled.
2. Transformer unit 2
The transformer unit 2 includes a transformer 201 and a first diode 202, and the first diode 202 is connected in parallel to an input terminal of the transformer 201.
The circuit of the transformer 201 is an zvs oscillating circuit or a common transformer, the voltage amplification factor is 100, and the first diode 202 is connected to the low-voltage circuit for suppressing the secondary reflection, i.e. the first diode 202 plays a role of protection, and prevents the induced voltage (up to more than 300V) after discharge from damaging circuit elements such as a high-speed switch.
3. Current limiting resistor 3
The current limiting resistor 3 is used for controlling the current of the high-voltage circuit and further controlling the ignition energy of the igniter, and the value range is 0-50 k omega.
4. Voltage measuring unit 4
The voltage measuring unit 4 comprises a first measuring probe 403, and a second resistor 401 and a third resistor 402 connected in series, the first measuring probe 403 being connected in parallel with the third resistor 402. The ratio of the resistances of the second resistor 401 and the third resistor 402 can be adjusted by replacing the resistors, and in this embodiment, the ratio of the resistances of the second resistor 401 and the third resistor 402 is 500: 1.
The third resistor 402 is further connected in parallel with a second diode 405, and the third resistor 402 is further connected in parallel with a second capacitor 404.
The voltage measurement part is formed by connecting two power resistors with the resistance ratio of 500:1 in series, namely a second resistor 401 and a third resistor 402, a TVS diode is connected in parallel to a small-resistance resistor, namely a second diode 405 is used for weakening damage of surge to elements, a 680pF second capacitor 404 is connected in parallel and used for filtering and controlling signal attenuation time, and a first measurement probe 403 is used for voltage collection.
5. Current measuring unit 5
The current measuring unit 5 comprises a fourth resistor 501 and a second measuring probe 502, the second measuring probe 502 is connected in parallel with the fourth resistor 501, the fourth resistor 501 is also connected in parallel with a third diode 504, and the fourth resistor 501 is also connected in parallel with a third capacitor 503.
The current measurement section uses a 10 Ω power resistor, i.e., a fourth resistor 501 in series with the igniter 6, a TVS diode, i.e., a third diode 504, in parallel with the resistor to reduce the damage of the surge to the element, a third capacitor 503 in parallel with 1nF to filter and control the signal decay time, and a second measurement probe 502 for voltage acquisition.
The second diode 405 and the third diode 504 are TVS diodes, which protect the second measurement probe 502 from excessive voltage and damage to the measurement elements.
The first measurement probe 403 and the second measurement probe 502 may be high voltage probes or low voltage probes, and are determined according to actual voltage conditions.
6. Igniter 6
At present, most of ignition experimental researches on an aero-engine combustion chamber are carried out under the conditions of normal temperature and normal pressure, but in the high-altitude practical operation, the combustion chamber is easy to extinguish, the working condition of re-ignition is low temperature and low pressure, and the ignition experimental researches need to be developed under the practical working condition for widening the ignition envelope of the combustion chamber. The working conditions of low temperature and low pressure put new requirements on the design of the ignition device, namely the ignition device is required to further consider the problems of sealing property, temperature resistance and the like on the basis of meeting the insulation property and reliability.
As shown in fig. 3, the igniter 6 includes a lead 609, two electrodes 601, an electrode fixing metal housing 603 and a rankine housing 606, the number of the lead 609 and the number of the electrodes 601 are both two, one end of each of the two electrodes 601 forms a breakdown gap, the other end is connected with one lead 609, the electrode fixing metal housing 603 is fixedly connected with the electrodes 601, and the flange metal housing 606 is fixedly connected with the electrode fixing metal housing 603 and the lead 609 respectively;
the joint of the electrode fixing metal shell 603 and the electrode 601, and the joint of the flange metal shell 606 and the lead 609 are provided with single-hole ceramic tubes.
The flange metal housing 606 is provided with bolt holes for connecting the combustion chamber and the rankine housing 606 by bolts, and a seal ring is further provided at the joint of the flange metal housing 606 and the combustion chamber.
And a sealant 608 is filled between the flange metal shell 606 and the lead 609 to ensure the sealing property of the internal structure of the igniter, and the sealant 608 is high-temperature glass cement.
The electrode is a tungsten wire with the diameter of 0.8mm, the shape of the electrode is L-shaped, the electrodes at two ends are oppositely arranged, the electrode distance is 2mm, and the breakdown voltage of the electrode is about 5 kV.
The single-hole ceramic tube is made of alumina with the purity of more than 95%, the inner diameter and the outer diameter are respectively 1 multiplied by 2mm, 2 multiplied by 4mm and 5 multiplied by 7mm, the breakdown voltage is 10kV/mm at room temperature, and the highest service temperature is 1000-1500 ℃.
The metal shell is made of aluminum alloy and has a low heat conductivity coefficient; the metal housing is formed by two parts, the first section is a double-hole aluminum alloy pipe for fixing the electrode, the second section is a flange, the igniter and the side wall 703 of the combustion chamber are connected through a bolt of M4, and the igniter and the side wall are coaxially assembled and limited through a step.
The sealing washer is a graphite metal flange wound gasket, and the temperature resistance range can reach-100 to 800 ℃;
the sealant is high-temperature glass cement, and the working temperature range of the sealant is-80-1300 ℃.
7. Principle of operation
According to the invention, the DC power supply 101 is increased to kV magnitude by using the transformer, so that an air gap between electrodes is broken down to form electric sparks; the current and voltage of the igniter can be measured through the designed voltage division circuit, and the ignition energy and the pulse width can be calculated. The conducting time of the high-speed switch 103 can control the magnitude of the working pulse width of the igniter, and the direct-current power supply 101 and the current-limiting resistor 3 can adjust the magnitude of the ignition energy of the igniter.
The structure of the flange and the sealing performance of the joint of the sealing ring igniter and the wall surface of the combustion chamber are adopted, the sealing performance of the internal structure of the igniter is guaranteed by the sealant, the electrode is isolated from the metal shell by the ceramic tube with good insulating performance, the insulating performance of the igniter is improved, and in addition, the selected materials have wider working temperature range and can meet the temperature requirement of igniter design.
8. Detailed description of the preferred embodiment
The combustion chamber ignition device of the present embodiment is mainly composed of the ignition circuit of fig. 2 and the igniter of fig. 3.
The ignition circuit of fig. 2 is composed of a low voltage unit 1, a transformer unit 2, a current limiting resistor 3, a voltage measuring unit 4, a current measuring unit 5 and an igniter 6, the low voltage part is connected to one side of a primary coil of the transformer unit 2, the current limiting resistor 3, the current measuring unit 5, the voltage measuring unit 4 and the igniter 6 are connected to one side of a secondary coil of the transformer unit 2, the current limiting resistor 3 is connected in series with the current measuring unit 5 and the igniter 6, and the voltage measuring unit 4 is connected in parallel with the current measuring unit 5 and the igniter 6.
The low-voltage unit 1 is composed of a direct-current power supply 101, a power supply switch 102, a high-speed switch 103, a fuse 104 and a first capacitor 105, the direct-current power supply 101, the power supply switch 102 and the fuse 104 are connected in series and then connected in parallel with the first capacitor 105 and then connected in series with the high-speed switch 103, the high-speed switch 103 and an external signal generator 106 are connected, the transformer unit 2 is composed of a first diode 202 and a transformer 201, and the first diode 202 is connected in parallel with a primary coil of the transformer 201. The current limiting resistor 3 is formed by a resistor. The voltage measuring unit 4 is composed of a second resistor 401 and a third resistor 402, a first measuring probe 403 (voltage measuring probe), a second capacitor 404, and a second diode 405(tvs diode), wherein the second resistor 401 is connected in series with the third resistor 402, and the first measuring probe 403, the second capacitor 404, and the second diode 405 are all connected in parallel with the third resistor 402. The current measuring unit 5 is composed of a fourth resistor 501, a second measuring probe 502, a third capacitor 503 and a third diode 504(tvs diode), and the second measuring probe 502, the third capacitor 503 and the third diode 504 are all connected with the fourth resistor 501 in parallel.
The direct current power supply 101 is used for changing the voltage value at two ends of an electrode of the igniter, and the voltage value can be adjusted within the range of 0-300V. The high-speed switch 103 is used for changing ignition pulse width and frequency, the conduction time and frequency of the high-speed switch can be respectively controlled by the pulse width and frequency of an input pulse signal, the minimum pulse width can reach the order of mu s, and the frequency can reach 105Hz, the pulse signal may be generated by a single chip, signal generator 106, or the like. The current limiting resistor 3 is used for limiting the current of the secondary coil and adjusting the ignition energy of the igniter. Voltage measuring unit 4 and current measuring unit 5 for measuring ignitionThe operating voltage and operating current of the device 6, and thus the magnitude of the ignition energy and pulse width.
The igniter 6 of fig. 3 is mainly configured by an electrode 601 and a lead wire 609, the lead wire 609 is connected to the igniter 6 of fig. 2, a metal housing is configured by an electrode fixing metal housing 603 and a rankine metal housing 606, an insulating material is configured by coaxially nesting a first single-hole ceramic tube 602, a second single-hole ceramic tube 604 and a third single-hole ceramic tube 607, and a gap between the igniter and a combustion chamber is sealed by a seal ring 605 and a sealant 608. When the electrode fixing device works, a lead 609 is connected into a circuit, the electrode 601 generates high voltage and breaks through air to form electric sparks, the first single-hole ceramic tube 602 is arranged on the electrode 601, the second single-hole ceramic tube 604 is arranged on the outer side of the first single-hole ceramic tube 602 and is arranged on the electrode fixing metal shell 603, and the electrode 601 is isolated from the electrode fixing metal shell 603; the third single-hole ceramic tube 607 is arranged outside the connection part of the electrode 601 and the lead 609, so that the connection part of the electrode 601 and the lead 609 is isolated from the flange metal shell 606, and breakdown or electric leakage is avoided.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, in this embodiment, an igniter is used in the single swirl combustor 7, the single swirl combustor 7 includes a combustor inlet 701, a combustor outlet 702, and a combustor side wall 703, the igniter connects a flange metal housing 606 and the combustor side wall 703 with bolts, and a seal ring 605 is provided between the two to prevent gas leakage due to a pressure difference.
In this embodiment, the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the first single-hole ceramic tube 602 are 1 × 2mm, the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the second single-hole ceramic tube 604 are 2 × 4mm, and the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the third single-hole ceramic tube 607 are 5 × 7 mm.
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions available to those skilled in the art through logic analysis, reasoning and limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concept of the present invention should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.
Claims (10)
1. An ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency comprises an igniter (6) and a control circuit thereof, it is characterized in that the control circuit comprises a low-voltage unit (1), a transformer unit (2), a current-limiting resistor (3), a voltage measuring unit (4) and a current measuring unit (5), the low-voltage unit (1) comprises a direct-current power supply (101), a power switch (102) and a high-speed switch (103), the input ends of the direct current power supply (101), the power switch (102), the high-speed switch (103) and the transformer unit (2) form a series circuit, the output end of the transformer unit (2), the current-limiting resistor (3), the igniter (6) and the current measuring unit (5) form a series circuit, the voltage measuring unit (4) is connected in parallel to both ends of the whole of the igniter (6) and the current measuring unit (5).
2. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 1, characterized in that the on-time and frequency of the high speed switch (103) is controlled by a pulse signal.
3. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 1, characterized in that the transformer unit (2) comprises a transformer (201) and a first diode (202), the first diode (202) being connected in parallel to the input of the transformer (201).
4. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 1, characterized in that the voltage measuring unit (4) comprises a first measuring probe (403), and a second resistor (401) and a third resistor (402) connected in series, the resistance ratio of the second resistor (401) and the third resistor (402) is 500:1, and the first measuring probe (403) is connected in parallel with the third resistor (402).
5. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 4, characterized in that said third resistor (402) is further connected in parallel with a second diode (405), and said third resistor (402) is further connected in parallel with a second capacitor (404).
6. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 1, characterized in that the current measuring unit (5) comprises a fourth resistor (501) and a second measuring probe (502), the second measuring probe (502) being connected in parallel with the fourth resistor (501).
7. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 6, characterized in that said fourth resistor (501) is further connected in parallel with a third diode (504), and said fourth resistor (501) is further connected in parallel with a third capacitor (503).
8. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 1, characterized in that the igniter (6) comprises a lead (609), an electrode (601), an electrode fixing metal casing (603) and a Rankine metal casing (606), the number of the lead (609) and the number of the electrode (601) are both two, one end of the two electrodes (601) jointly form a breakdown gap, the other end is respectively connected with one lead (609), the electrode fixing metal casing (603) is fixedly connected with the electrode (601), and the flange metal casing (606) is respectively fixedly connected with the electrode fixing metal casing (603) and the lead (609).
9. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 8, characterized in that the junction of the electrode fixing metal housing (603) and the electrode (601), and the junction of the flange metal housing (606) and the lead wire (609) are provided with single-hole ceramic tubes.
10. An energy, pulse width and frequency controllable ignition device according to claim 8, characterized in that said flange metal casing (606) is provided with bolt holes for bolting a combustion chamber and said flange metal casing (606), a sealing ring is further provided at the joint of said flange metal casing (606) and said combustion chamber, and a sealant (608) is filled between said flange metal casing (606) and a lead wire (609).
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| CN202011034714.6A CN112128798A (en) | 2020-09-27 | 2020-09-27 | Ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency |
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| CN202011034714.6A CN112128798A (en) | 2020-09-27 | 2020-09-27 | Ignition device with controllable energy, pulse width and frequency |
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Cited By (2)
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| CN112378995A (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2021-02-19 | 矿冶科技集团有限公司 | Electric spark generating device, energy testing device and electric spark generating system |
| CN114321975A (en) * | 2022-03-17 | 2022-04-12 | 合肥航太电物理技术有限公司 | But continuous adjustment formula triggers little joule ignition |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112378995A (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2021-02-19 | 矿冶科技集团有限公司 | Electric spark generating device, energy testing device and electric spark generating system |
| CN112378995B (en) * | 2021-01-14 | 2021-04-30 | 矿冶科技集团有限公司 | Electric spark generating device, energy testing device and electric spark generating system |
| CN114321975A (en) * | 2022-03-17 | 2022-04-12 | 合肥航太电物理技术有限公司 | But continuous adjustment formula triggers little joule ignition |
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Application publication date: 20201225 |