CN112121174A - 负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统及其制备方法 - Google Patents

负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN112121174A
CN112121174A CN202010275968.0A CN202010275968A CN112121174A CN 112121174 A CN112121174 A CN 112121174A CN 202010275968 A CN202010275968 A CN 202010275968A CN 112121174 A CN112121174 A CN 112121174A
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李方年
石坚
田欣欣
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Jianjin Pharmaceutical Co ltd
NANJING JIANYOU BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACEUTICAL CO Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统,该载药系统为胺基抗肿瘤药物加载在PEG化肝素分子上的偶联物。将生物可降解、相容性好、利用度高的天然多糖肝素作为药物载体,通过结合PEG改性和胺基抗肿瘤药物,纳米粒子在体内治疗中呈现出比游离药物显著增强的抗肿瘤治疗指数和生物安全性。

Description

负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及医药技术领域,具体涉及一种负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统及其制备方法。
背景技术
目前抗肿瘤药物载体发展迅速,各类新兴的载药系统不断出现,以大分子生物材料为基础的纳米给药系统应运而生。大分子生物材料与小分子药物通过物理包埋或化学键结合开发的多功能给药系统,利用大分子载体材料对实体瘤的EPR效应,大分子载体材料可使药物选择性地在肿瘤部位高富集,实现被动靶向。并通过肿瘤部位较正常组织特异的生理特性如pH值、GSH水平或特异酶的浓度,实现肿瘤微环境智能响应性的可控药物释放,进一步在提高化疗药物疗效的同时降低毒副作用。另外有证据表明,纳米载药系统能有效改善化疗药物入胞途径,产生拮抗或抵消肿瘤细胞主动泵出药物的作用,从而降低肿瘤细胞对药物的耐药性,提高治疗水平。这些新型给药系统的出现,有望使抗肿瘤药物新剂型的开发和应用得以实现。
近年来主要研究的大分子给药系统有:树状大分子、聚合物或聚合物胶束、脂质体等。尽管大量的纳米药物载体研究工作已被报道,但依旧存在载体生物相容性差的问题,有些进入体内后,会被网状内皮系统(RES)清除,有些则无法通过细胞膜、核膜等细胞内的屏障,很难作用于靶向位点。因此,如何开发出一种靶向识别的药物载体,通过靶向识别运输药物到达目标肿瘤细胞和肿瘤组织,从而特异性地杀死癌细胞,是纳米制剂研究的首要任务。
发明内容
基于目前纳米制剂研究存在的问题,本发明提供了一种负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统,将生物可降解、相容性好、利用度高的天然多糖肝素作为药物载体,通过结合PEG改性和胺基抗肿瘤药物,纳米粒子在体内治疗中呈现出比游离药物显著增强的抗肿瘤治疗指数和生物安全性。
为了实现本发明的目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:
负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统,该载药系统为胺基抗肿瘤药物加载在PEG化肝素分子上的偶联物;具体结构如下:
Figure 194740DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
其中,R为PEG基团和D基团;
所述的PEG基团为:
Figure 400594DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
,该基团是酰基与聚乙二醇末端的羟基通过酯键连接,
其中,R1为
Figure 189558DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
或者-S-;
所述的D基团结构为:
Figure 88244DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
,该基团是酰基与药物分子中的胺基通过酰胺键连接。
本发明的肝素纳米载药系统形成纳米胶束,将药物负载于胶束内,可以改变药物的代谢动力学,提高药物的效应动力学,降低药物的使用量,提高患者依从性。精准靶向作用于目标部位,既能增加治疗效果,也可以降低非必要的毒副总用。载体肝素为内源性结构,安全剂量大;通过化学键与药物分子结合,避免了药物和配体在使用前的分离;同时,到了靶部位再经过专属水解产生作用,提高了靶向性和安全性。
聚乙二醇(PEG)能增强材料的水溶性及血浆蛋白的稳定性,同时降低免疫原性。利用聚乙二醇来修饰改性肝素纳米载体,从而降低单核巨噬细胞系统(MPS)对纳米载体的非特异细胞吞噬,与此同时也可以调节纳米粒子的循环半衰期。
载体为水溶性肝素结构,引入PEG后转变成水油两亲性结构;再引入柔性的乙基巯基链做为连接键,既可以降低肝素糖环位阻效应对后续接合化合物的位阻,又有利于药物分子调节在胶束中的分布状态;以巯基为结合位点,可以扩大药物分子的结合种类。
本发明所述的药物为含伯胺基或者仲胺基的抗肿瘤药物。
本发明所述的聚乙二醇为mPEG2000(MeO-PEG2000-OH)。
本发明还提供了负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下合成路线:
(1)制备PEG衍生物
Figure 533132DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
(2)制备中间体A
Figure 277097DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
(3)将中间体A与制得的PEG衍生物反应,得到PEG化的肝素;
(4)将 PEG化的肝素与氯甲酸对硝基苯酯反应后,再将胺基药物加入到反应体系中,得到加载有药物的肝素纳米载药系统。
在步骤(1)的反应A和反应B中加入催化剂DIEA,中和反应中生成的HCl,提供碱性环境促进反应。
在步骤(1)的反应C中加入催化剂DIEA和DMAP,中和反应中生成的HCl,提供碱性环境促进反应。
优选地,所述反应D,将依诺肝素钠溶于喹啉-8-磺酸(MeS)缓冲液中,加入4-(4,6-二甲氧基三嗪-2-基)-4-甲基吗啉盐酸盐(DMTMM)活化,另取S-(2-胺基乙硫基)-2-硫代吡啶(Py-SS-NH2·HCl)溶于MeS缓冲液,滴加入体系中反应,得中间体A。
进一步优选地,所述MeS缓冲液的制备方法:称取喹啉-8-磺酸溶于纯化水中,滴加氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至5.5,定容,得到MeS缓冲溶液。
在步骤(3)的反应中,中间体A与聚合物Ⅲ反应,加入催化剂三乙胺。巯基显示弱酸性,加入三乙胺增加巯基的电离程度,提高亲核加成的活性。
本发明的肝素纳米载药系统,含有伯胺基或仲胺基的药物都可以接上去,如柔红霉素、来那度胺、拉帕替尼、甲基苄肼、米托蒽醌、氯法拉滨、奈拉滨等。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1、本发明的纳米载药系统为肝素结构,肝素是天然生物内源性多糖结构,本身就可以注射药用,回避了合成/半合成材料的代谢毒性;对载体进行PEG修饰,降低载体的刚性,提高了载体的两亲性以及成胶束能力,克服了现有大分子载药系统生物相容性差的问题。
2、载药系统利用柔性脂肪链连接药物分子,更有利于体系在水中自组装成合适的胶束,使药物分子稳定地包裹于胶束内部,可以防止外界因素的降解或是非必要性代谢失活,克服了现有大分子载药系统自身稳定性差的问题;利用碳酸酯键连接载体和药物分子,在正常的生产/储存条件下可以避免药物分子和载体的分离,并且进入体内后,经过水解酶催化,可以在指定部位释放出药物,实现靶点给药。
3、PEG为高分子化合物,端头OH活性不高,不利于后续反应。本发明采用合成反应中用高活性的酰氯去反应,可以高产率的得到中间体I。对硝基酚是一个好的离去基团,可以在后续反应中方便的发生亲核取代,连接目标分子。
4、由于肝素的糖环上羧基受糖环位阻影响,合成的活性偏低,影响收率,本发明引入柔性巯基脂肪链,不仅增加反应活性,还有助于扩大和药物结合的类型,得到的中间体A带2-巯基吡啶,是一个极好的离去基,碰到更有亲和性的脂肪巯基时会因亲核取代被置换下来,方便在PEG衍生物反应中,2-巯基吡啶被取代得到PEG化的肝素。
5、胺基药物的加载反应中,反应原料选用氯甲酸对硝基苯酯,其活性部位是酰氯,可以迅速地和PEG化的肝素的巯基结合成硫酯,剩下的对硝基苯酯为一个极好的离去基团,遇到药物中亲核性更好地胺基,通过亲核加成生成酰胺,从而顺利地将药物加载到系统中。
附图说明
图1为采用场发射透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察纳米载药系统样品外观的形态学分析,a(1)为柔红霉素-Py-PEG-HP,a(2)为柔红霉素-Mal-PEG-HP;b(1) 为来那度胺-Py-PEG-HP,b(2) 为来那度胺-Mal-PEG-HP;c(1) 为拉帕替尼-Py-PEG-HP的,c(2) 为拉帕替尼-Mal-PEG-HP。
图2为本发明纳米载药系统的体外溶血试验结果图,a(1)为柔红霉素-Py-PEG-HP,a(2)为柔红霉素-Mal-PEG-HP;b(1) 为来那度胺-Py-PEG-HP,b(2) 为来那度胺-Mal-PEG-HP;c(1) 为拉帕替尼-Py-PEG-HP的,c(2) 为拉帕替尼-Mal-PEG-HP。
图3为柔红霉素肝素纳米载药系统的乳腺癌细胞的体内实验结果柱形图。
图4为来那度胺和拉帕替尼的纳米载药系统的乳腺癌细胞的体内实验结果柱形图。
具体实施方式
为了更加清楚、详细地说明本发明的目的技术方案,下面通过相关实施例对本发明进行进一步描述。以下实施例仅为具体说明本发明的实施方法,并不限定本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
将柔红霉素加载在PEG化的肝素分子上,结构如下:
Figure 389409DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
其中,
Figure 990155DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
PEG-HP代表PEG化的肝素聚合物,结构为:
Figure 187918DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
也可以是
Figure 935907DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
其中,酰基与聚乙二醇末端的羟基通过酯键连接。
实施例2
将来那度胺加载在PEG化的肝素分子上,结构如下:
Figure 168305DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
PEG-HP代表PEG化的肝素聚合物,结构为:
Figure 877635DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
也可以是
Figure 562694DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
其中,酰基与聚乙二醇末端的羟基通过酯键连接。
实施例3
将拉帕替尼加载在PEG化的肝素分子上,结构如下:
Figure 710779DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
PEG-HP代表PEG化的肝素聚合物,结构为:
Figure 532104DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
也可以是
Figure 677915DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
其中,酰基与聚乙二醇末端的羟基通过酯键连接。
实施例4
负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,包括以下合成路线:
(1)制备PEG衍生物
Figure 584691DEST_PATH_IMAGE015
(2)制备中间体A
Figure 270887DEST_PATH_IMAGE016
肝素聚合物中部分单元的酰基与4-(4,6-二甲氧基三嗪-2-基)-4-甲基吗啉盐酸盐(DMTMM)作用,得到聚合物Ⅳ,进一步脱硫,得到中间体A。中间体A的具体结构式为:
Figure 212298DEST_PATH_IMAGE017
(3)将中间体A与制得的PEG衍生物反应,得到PEG化的肝素(即PEG化的中间体A);
(4)将 PEG化的肝素与氯甲酸对硝基苯酯反应,中间体A的聚合物单元中未被PEG基团取代的-SH与氯甲酸对硝基苯酯的酰氯发生反应,得到-OCOS-键,再将胺基药物加入到反应体系中,生成-NCOS-,从而得到加载有药物的PEG化肝素纳米载药系统。
实施例5
本实施例在实施例4的基础上:
在步骤(1)的反应A和反应B中加入催化剂DIEA,中和反应中生成的HCl,提供碱性环境促进反应。
所述反应D,将依诺肝素钠溶于喹啉-8-磺酸(MeS)缓冲液中,加入4-(4,6-二甲氧基三嗪-2-基)-4-甲基吗啉盐酸盐(DMTMM)活化,另取S-(2-胺基乙硫基)-2-硫代吡啶(Py-SS-NH2·HCl)溶于MeS缓冲液,滴加入体系中反应,得中间体A。
在步骤(3)的反应中,中间体A与聚合物Ⅲ反应,加入催化剂三乙胺。巯基显示弱酸性,加入三乙胺增加巯基的电离程度,提高亲核加成的活性。
实施例6
本实施例在实施例4的基础上:
在步骤(1)的反应A中加入催化剂DIEA,中和反应中生成的HCl,提供碱性环境促进反应。
在步骤(1)的反应C中加入催化剂DIEA和DMAP,中和反应中生成的HCl,提供碱性环境促进反应。
所述反应D,将依诺肝素钠溶于喹啉-8-磺酸(MeS)缓冲液中,加入4-(4,6-二甲氧基三嗪-2-基)-4-甲基吗啉盐酸盐(DMTMM)活化,另取S-(2-胺基乙硫基)-2-硫代吡啶(Py-SS-NH2·HCl)溶于MeS缓冲液,滴加入体系中反应,得中间体A。
所述MeS缓冲液的制备方法:称取喹啉-8-磺酸溶于纯化水中,滴加氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至5.5,定容,得到MeS缓冲溶液。
在步骤(3)的反应中,中间体A与聚合物Ⅲ反应,加入催化剂三乙胺。巯基显示弱酸性,加入三乙胺增加巯基的电离程度,提高亲核加成的活性。
实施例7
PEG衍生物的合成
反应A:
Figure 529010DEST_PATH_IMAGE018
将mPEG2000 20g溶于100mL DCM中,冰浴下滴入二异丙基乙基胺(DIEA)8mL,体系呈无色透明状。将氯甲酸对硝基苯酯8g溶于50mL DCM中,冰浴下滴入前述溶液中,滴毕,体系缓慢升至室温。体系此时未见明显变化,反应过夜。
分离纯化:体系为亮黄色微混状,过滤后旋干,得到黄色粘稠液体。向体系中先加入200mL醋酸乙酯(EA),室温下剧烈搅拌,黄色液体逐渐变为白色固体分散于体系中,液体变为亮黄色,再于搅拌下滴加100mL Et2O,保持室温下打浆0.5h,搅拌,得白色固体。白色固体转移至烧杯中,搅拌下先加入200mL EA,15min后滴入100mL Et2O,打浆0.5h,抽滤得白色固体,固体减压干燥得白色固体16.1g(聚合物Ⅰ)。
反应B:
Figure 923082DEST_PATH_IMAGE019
将DIEA 0.65g称入圆底烧瓶中,冰浴下加入DCM溶液,再加入Maleic-NH2·TFA(N-(2-氨基乙基)马来酰亚胺三氟乙酸盐) 0.47g 搅拌0.5h,最后滴加聚合物I 4.3g于DCM溶液,滴毕自然升温过夜。第二天,抽滤,滤液旋干后得黄色油状物。用EA/叔甲醚=2/1的液体300mL 打浆两次,产品减压干燥,得白色固体3.9g(聚合物Ⅱ)。
实施例8
PEG衍生物的合成
聚合物Ⅰ的制备同实施例7。
反应C:
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将DIEA 0.65g和DMAP(4-二甲胺基吡啶) 0.12g称入圆底烧瓶中,冰浴下加入DCM溶液,再加入S-(2-胺基乙硫基)-2-硫代吡啶(Py-SS-NH2)0.45g搅拌0.5h,最后滴加聚合物I4.3g的DCM溶液,滴毕自然升温过夜。第二天,抽滤后旋干液体得到黄色油状物,用EA/叔甲醚=2/1的液体300mL 打浆两次,产品减压干燥,得产品4.2g(聚合物Ⅲ)。
实施例9
中间体A的合成
Figure 146570DEST_PATH_IMAGE021
将依诺肝素钠(HPCOONa)2.88g溶于MeS 10mL缓冲液中,加入4-(4,6-二甲氧基三嗪-2-基)-4-甲基吗啉盐酸盐(DMTMM)4.14g活化10min,另取Py-SS-NH2·HCl 3.34g溶于10mLMeS缓冲液,滴加入体系中反应24h之后透析三天,冻干得1.5g产品(聚合物Ⅳ)。
MeS缓冲液的制备:称取2g氢氧化钠溶于20mL纯化水中冷却待用。称取喹啉-8-磺酸9.8g溶于250mL纯化水中,滴加氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至5.5,定容至500mL。
Figure 696500DEST_PATH_IMAGE022
将聚合物Ⅳ 1.5g溶于水中,室温下加入二硫苏糖醇 (DTT) 1.5g,反应过夜,第二天用1KDo的半透膜透析三天,冻干后得1.1g白色固体(中间体A)。
实施例10
Py-PEG-HP的合成
Figure 577869DEST_PATH_IMAGE023
将中间体A 3.1g溶于水中,35℃下加入聚合物Ⅲ 1.2g,反应过夜,第二天用1KDo的半透膜透析两天,冻干后得3.7g白色固体(Py-PEG-HP)。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO):2.8-3.0(SCH2CH2N),3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-)。
实施例11
Mal-PEG-HP的合成
Figure 543551DEST_PATH_IMAGE024
将中间体A 3.1g溶于水中,室温下加入聚合物Ⅱ1.3g,再加入0.05g三乙胺做催化剂。反应过夜,第二天用1KDo的半透膜透析两天,冻干后得3.9g白色固体(Mal-PEG-HP)。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO):2.7(CO-CH2),2.9(与NH相连的CH2)3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-),3.9(S-CH2-CO)。
实施例12
柔红霉素与Py-PEG-HP偶联物的合成
Figure 193975DEST_PATH_IMAGE025
将Py-PEG-HP(PEG化的中间体A)0.3g溶于DMSO 20mL,冰浴下加入二异丙基乙基胺(DIEA)0.13g,体系呈无色微浑状。再将氯甲酸对硝基苯酯0.21g加入前述溶液中。加毕,体系缓慢升至室温。反应12h后,将柔红霉素 0.53g加入体系中,保持35℃反应24h。体系用3.5KDo的半透膜透析三天,液体过滤后冻干得到红色固体0.38g。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO):1.2(API环上单甲基氢),1.9-2.4(API脂肪碳环氢),2.5(API羰基a-甲基),2.8-3.0(SCH2CH2N),3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-),4.5(API氧两端氢),7.5-7.9(苯环氢)。
采用UV(SP-1920UV,上海光谱仪器有限公司),测得柔红霉素-Py-PEG-HP载药量为8.2%。
实施例13
柔红霉素与Mal-PEG-HP偶联物的合成
Figure 914806DEST_PATH_IMAGE026
将Mal-PEG-HP (PEG化的中间体A)0.3g溶于DMSO 20mL,冰浴下加入二异丙基乙基胺(DIEA)0.13g,体系呈无色微浑状。再将氯甲酸对硝基苯酯0.21g加入前述溶液中。加毕,体系缓慢升至室温。反应12h后,将柔红霉素 0.53g加入体系中,保持35℃反应24h。体系用3.5KDo的半透膜透析三天,液体过滤后冻干得到红色固体0.42g。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO):1.2(API环上单甲基氢),1.9-2.4(API脂肪碳环氢),2.5(API羰基a-甲基),2.7(CO-CH2),2.9(与NH相连的CH2),3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-),3.9(S-CH2-CO),4.5(API氧两端氢),7.5-7.9(苯环氢)。
采用UV(SP-1920UV,上海光谱仪器有限公司),测得柔红霉素-Mal-PEG-HP载药量为6.8%。
实施例14
来那度胺与Py-PEG-HP偶联物的合成
Figure 283471DEST_PATH_IMAGE027
将Py-PEG-HP(PEG化的中间体A)0.3g溶于DMSO 20mL,冰浴下加入二异丙基乙基胺(DIEA)0.13g,体系呈无色微浑状。再将氯甲酸对硝基苯酯0.21g加入前述溶液中。加毕,体系缓慢升至室温。反应12h后,将来那度胺 0.26g加入体系中,保持室温反应24h。体系用3.5KDo的半透膜透析三天,液体过滤后冻干得到浅黄色固体0.34g。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO):2.0-2.4(API氮-羰基之间乙基),2.5(API羰基a-甲基),2.8-3.0(SCH2CH2N),3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-),4.4(API氮两端氢),6.8-7.4(苯环氢)。
采用UV(SP-1920UV,上海光谱仪器有限公司),测得来那度胺-Py-PEG-HP载药量为11.8%。
实施例15
来那度胺与Mal-PEG-HP偶联物的合成
Figure 49914DEST_PATH_IMAGE028
将Mal-PEG-HP(PEG化的中间体A)0.3g溶于DMSO 20mL,冰浴下加入二异丙基乙基胺(DIEA)0.13g,体系呈无色微浑状。再将氯甲酸对硝基苯酯0.21g加入前述溶液中。加毕,体系缓慢升至室温。反应12h后,将来那度胺 0.26g加入体系中,保持室温反应24h。体系用3.5KDo的半透膜透析三天,液体过滤后冻干得到浅黄色固体0.38g。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO:2.0-2.4(AP API氮-羰基之间乙基),2.7(CO-CH2),2.9(与NH相连的CH2),3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-),3.9(S-CH2-CO),4.4(API氮两端氢),6.8-7.4(苯环氢)。
采用UV(SP-1920UV,上海光谱仪器有限公司),测得来那度胺-Mal-PEG-HP载药量为13.1%。
实施例16
拉帕替尼与Py-PEG-HP偶联物的合成
Figure 554845DEST_PATH_IMAGE029
将Py-PEG-HP(PEG化的中间体A)0.3g溶于DMSO 20mL,冰浴下加入二异丙基乙基胺(DIEA)0.13g,体系呈无色微浑状。再将氯甲酸对硝基苯酯0.21g加入前述溶液中。加毕,体系缓慢升至室温。反应12h后,将拉帕替尼 0.58g加入体系中,保持50℃反应24h。体系用3.5KDo的半透膜透析三天,液体过滤后冻干得到浅黄色固体0.34g。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO):2.7(API砜基邻位甲基),2.5(API羰基a-甲基),2.8-3.0(SCH2CH2N),3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-),4.4(API氮两端氢),5.2(O-CH2-Ph),6.8-7.5(呋喃环、氯取代环、氟取代环),8.0-8.4(苯并嘧啶环)。
采用UV(SP-1920UV,上海光谱仪器有限公司),测得拉帕替尼-Py-PEG-HP载药量为9.2%。
实施例17
拉帕替尼与Mal-PEG-HP偶联物的合成
Figure 446577DEST_PATH_IMAGE030
将Mal-PEG-HP(PEG化的中间体A)0.3g溶于DMSO 20mL,冰浴下加入二异丙基乙基胺(DIEA)0.13g,体系呈无色微浑状。再将氯甲酸对硝基苯酯0.21g加入前述溶液中。加毕,体系缓慢升至室温。反应12h后,将拉帕替尼 0.58g加入体系中,保持50℃反应24h。体系用3.5KDo的半透膜透析三天,液体过滤后冻干得到浅黄色固体0.41g。HNMR(D2O+D-DMSO):2.7(AP I砜基邻位甲基),2.7(CO-CH2),2.9(与NH相连的CH2),3.0-3.3(肝素钠糖环碳氢),3.4-3.7(PEG中亚甲基氢),3.8(CH3O-),3.9(S-CH2-CO),4.4(API氮两端氢),5.2(O-CH2-Ph),6.8-7.5(苯环氢),6.8-7.5(呋喃环、氯取代环、氟取代环),8.0-8.4(苯并嘧啶环)。
采用UV(SP-1920UV,上海光谱仪器有限公司),测得拉帕替尼-Mal-PEG-HP载药量为10.8%。
本发明的肝素纳米载药系统,除了可加载柔红霉素、来那度胺和拉帕替尼,还可加载如甲基苄肼、米托蒽醌、氯法拉滨、奈拉滨等其它含有伯胺基或仲胺基的药物,合成方法均相同。
反应原料来源:
4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP) 成都科龙化工试剂厂
4-(4,6-二甲氧基三嗪-2-基)-4-甲基吗啉盐酸盐(DMTMM) 百灵威科技有限公司
氯甲酸对硝基苯酯 天津希恩思生化科技有限公司
DL-二硫苏糖醇(DTT) 阿拉丁生化科技有限公司
喹啉-8-磺酸(MeS) 阿拉丁生化科技有限公司
S-(2-氨基乙硫基)-2-硫代吡啶 上海瀚香生物科技有限公司
N-(2-氨基乙基)马来酰亚胺三氟乙酸盐 阿拉丁生化科技有限公司
依诺肝素 南京健友生化股份有限公司
MeO-PEG2000-OH 阿拉丁生化科技有限公司
柔红霉素、来那度胺和拉帕替尼原料药均购自阿拉丁生化科技有限公司
形态学分析
采用场发射透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察样品的外观(美国FEI公司,Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN,四川大学分析测试中心),柔红霉素、来那度胺和拉帕替尼的肝素纳米载药系统的形态学分析见图1。从电镜的分析数据考察,可以发现样品为近圆球状纳米颗粒,尺寸在80-100nm左右。
体外溶血试验
血液生物相容性是评价静脉注射MRI对比剂生物安全性的重要指标之一。从健康BALB/c小鼠体内取2 mL新鲜血液,收集于肝素管中,以3000 g的转速离心5min, 并在4℃下分离得到红细胞(红血球)。将得到的红细胞悬浮于20% PBS中。将柔红霉素、来那度胺和拉帕替尼的6个肝素纳米载药系统分别添加到上述红细胞溶液(50μL)中,聚合物浓度设定为0.5和4 mg/mL。在37℃条件下,孵育24h。然后,将上述的红细胞悬液以3000 g的转速,离心3min,并取上清液, 用多功能酶标仪(BioTek, EON)检测540 nm处的吸光度。此实验中,以PBS为阴性对照,以纯净水为阳性对照。
结果见图2(图中从左至右依次为血样,PBS,0.5 mg/mL,4 mg/mL), 37℃下,正常小鼠血液的红细胞分别与各个纳米载药系统孵育24 h,离心后,上清液均没有明显的红色,证明这所有的纳米胶束均没有引起溶血现象,具有很好的生物相容性。
抗肿瘤效果评价
乳腺癌细胞的体内实验
纳米粒子的体内抗肿瘤效果通过荷有4T1乳腺癌异种移植瘤的BALB/ c小鼠进行研究。游离柔红霉素(Group I)、柔红霉素-Py-PEG-HP(Group II)和柔红霉素-Mal-PEG-HP(GroupIII)以3 mg/kg的剂量通过尾静脉进行给药,每三天给一次药,共给药4次,以游离柔红霉素组(Group I)作为对照。如图3所示,给药完成后第3天检测肿瘤发展情况。考虑正常情况下肿瘤会继续发展,而游离柔红霉素表现出轻微的抗肿瘤活性,两组纳米粒子则都显示出有效的抗癌功效。尤其是Group III组的小鼠肿瘤体积在第三天就明显萎缩,并且这种趋势一直持续到治疗结束。这些结果表明纳米颗粒在体内具有比游离柔红霉素更好的抗肿瘤疗效。
纳米粒子的体内抗肿瘤效果,通过考察在BALB/c小鼠上建立的异种移植4T1肿瘤模型。各组分别代表生理盐水(Group I)、游离来那度胺(Group II)、来那度胺-Py-PEG-HP(Group III)、来那度胺-Mal-PEG-HP(Group IV)、游离拉帕替尼(Group V)、拉帕替尼-Py-PEG-HP(Group VI)、拉帕替尼-Mal-PEG-HP(Group VII)以4 mg/kg的剂量通过尾静脉进行给药,每两天给一次药,共给药5次。如图4所示,给药完成后第2天检测肿瘤发展情况。以正常生理盐水组为对照,可以发现所有组都有抗肿瘤活性。分组考察,纳米粒子治疗组的肿瘤细胞都产生了明显的收缩,且治疗效果都优于对应的游离药物组。这些结果表明纳米颗粒在体内具有比游离药物更好的抗肿瘤疗效。
白血病细胞的摄取实验
急性早幼粒白血病(HL-60)细胞对游离柔红霉素、柔红霉素-Py-PEG-HP和柔红霉素-Mal-PEG-HP的摄取实验,调HL-60细胞浓度为1×105/ml,加入24孔板,每孔1ml;将一定浓度的纯DNR溶液和DNR-NP悬浊液加入到培养板中,培育一定时间后,分别在五个时间点(30min,60min,90min,120min,180min)取出细胞;4℃1000rpm离心5min,收集细胞,然后用加血清的培养基RPMI1640洗2次;用1.5ml含50μg/ml的蛋白酶K和1%SDS溶液溶解细胞,37℃连续振荡12小时,收集细胞萃取液;通过荧光强度标准曲线计算细胞内含药量。
结果表明,HL-60细胞对柔红霉素-Py-PEG-HP的摄取效率为43%,对柔红霉素-Mal-PEG-HP的摄取效率为52%,而对游离柔红霉素给药的摄取效率只有16%。
多发性骨髓瘤的体内实验
取30只6周龄的小鼠,分为3组,分别给药游离来那度胺(Ⅰ组)、来那度胺-Py-PEG-HP(Ⅱ组)、来那度胺-Mal-PEG-HP(Ⅲ组);每组中雌雄动物各半,各组动物间的体重均无统计学意义上的差异。
小鼠尾静脉注射1000000个5T33多发性骨髓瘤细胞一周后,按上述方案皮下注射给药20mg/kg体重/日,每周3次。动物给药期间每天称体重,根据体重确定当天的给药量,连续给药至小鼠死亡。每周采集小鼠静脉血并保存,记录小鼠的死亡时间。
实验结果显示,皮下注射来那度胺-Py-PEG-HP和来那度胺-Mal-PEG-HP可显著延长小鼠的生存时间,并降低小鼠血清中的肿瘤负荷量(鼠LGg2b浓度)。经统计学检验,游离来那度胺组小鼠的存活时间和肝素纳米载药系统相比有显著性差异P<0.05,见表1。游离来那度胺组小鼠的血清中的肿瘤负荷量和肝素纳米载药系统相比有显著性差异P<0.05,见表 2。
表1 药物注射后小鼠的平均存活天数
Figure 302538DEST_PATH_IMAGE031
表2 药物注射后小鼠血清中的平均肿瘤负荷量(ug/ml)
Figure 610022DEST_PATH_IMAGE032
体内毒性评价
将6到8周大的健康雌性BALB/c小鼠(体重约20 ± 2 g)随机分为6组,每组7只并对每只小鼠进行标记。然后通过尾静脉注射向小鼠注射药剂(200 μL),分别是本发明合成的载柔红霉素、来那度胺和拉帕替尼形成的6种肝素纳米粒子以及作为对照组的生理盐水,其中注射给药量统一为20mg/kg,每天注射一次共注射10次。每两天记录一次小鼠的体重以及观察小鼠的行为并且将第一天的体重设定为100%。19天后,小鼠被实施安乐死,收集其血液进行分析。
在整个治疗的研究过程中,纳米粒子的重复注射普遍耐受良好,并且小鼠没有表现出任何显著的体重降低。治疗周期结束后,对小鼠实施安乐死,将其血液收集来进行常规分析。观测到纳米粒子的血液学毒性(剂量限制毒性)极低甚至没有毒性。这些结果表明通过静脉注射给药的胺基抗肿瘤药纳米粒子是一种具有低的血液毒性的药物递送系统。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的具体实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (9)

1.负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统,其特征在于,该载药系统为胺基抗肿瘤药物加载在PEG化肝素分子上的偶联物;具体结构如下:
Figure 972732DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
其中,R为PEG基团和D基团;
所述的PEG基团为:
Figure 531889DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
,该基团是酰基与聚乙二醇末端的羟基通过酯键连接,
其中,R1为
Figure 382646DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
或者-S-;
所述的D基团结构为:
Figure 306740DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
,该基团是酰基与药物分子中的胺基通过酰胺键连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统,其特征在于,所述的聚乙二醇为mPEG2000。
3.根据权利要求1所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统,其特征在于,所述的药物为含伯胺基或者仲胺基的抗肿瘤药物。
4.根据权利要求1所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下合成路线:
(1)制备PEG衍生物
Figure 3300DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
(2)制备中间体A
Figure 975935DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
(3)将中间体A与制得的PEG衍生物反应,得到PEG化的肝素;
(4)将 PEG化的肝素与氯甲酸对硝基苯酯反应后,再将胺基类药物加入到反应体系中,得到加载有药物的肝素纳米载药系统。
5.根据权利要求4所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)的反应A和反应B中加入催化剂DIEA。
6.根据权利要求4所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)的反应C中加入催化剂DIEA和DMAP。
7.根据权利要求4所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,其特征在于,所述反应D,将依诺肝素钠溶于MeS缓冲液中,加入DMTMM活化,另取S-(2-胺基乙硫基)-2-硫代吡啶溶于MeS缓冲液,滴加入体系中反应,得中间体A。
8.根据权利要求7所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,其特征在于,所述MeS缓冲液的制备方法:称取喹啉-8-磺酸溶于纯化水中,滴加氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至5.5,定容,得到MeS缓冲溶液。
9.根据权利要求1所述负载胺基抗肿瘤药物的肝素纳米载药系统的制备方法,其特征在于,在步骤(3)的反应中,中间体A与聚合物Ⅲ反应,加入催化剂三乙胺。
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