CN112112058A - Assembled square frame steel abutment and construction method thereof - Google Patents
Assembled square frame steel abutment and construction method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112112058A CN112112058A CN202011117990.9A CN202011117990A CN112112058A CN 112112058 A CN112112058 A CN 112112058A CN 202011117990 A CN202011117990 A CN 202011117990A CN 112112058 A CN112112058 A CN 112112058A
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 219
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 219
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011374 ultra-high-performance concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 241000357293 Leptobrama muelleri Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009191 jumping Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
- E01D19/02—Piers; Abutments ; Protecting same against drifting ice
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D2101/00—Material constitution of bridges
- E01D2101/30—Metal
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D2101/00—Material constitution of bridges
- E01D2101/40—Plastics
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- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an assembled square frame steel abutment and a construction method thereof, wherein the assembled square frame steel abutment comprises a main beam and a bridge deck arranged on the main beam, H-shaped steel piles are embedded in soil layers below two ends of the main beam, a steel flexible abutment is fixedly arranged above the H-shaped steel piles, a steel ground beam is horizontally and fixedly arranged on the rear side of a lower abutment of the steel flexible abutment, a steel secondary abutment is vertically and fixedly arranged at the rear end of the steel ground beam, a steel top beam is horizontally and fixedly arranged between the steel flexible abutment and the steel secondary abutment, one side of the steel flexible abutment, which is far away from the steel top beam, is fixedly connected with the main beam, the steel flexible abutment, the steel ground beam, the steel secondary abutment and the steel top beam form a square frame, and EPS elastic materials are filled in the square frame. The square frame abutment rigid frame structure of the assembled square frame steel abutment has good integral deformation performance, is suitable for strong earthquake areas, and can reduce the phenomena of bumping at the bridge head and unstable travelling.
Description
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to the fields of bridge engineering, pile foundation engineering and the like, in particular to an assembled square frame steel abutment and a construction method thereof.
Background art:
in the traditional bridge, the longitudinal bridge direction temperature expansion deformation of the main beam is not restricted by the bridge abutment, the soil pressure borne by the bridge abutment is not transferred to the main beam, the stress of the main beam and the bridge abutment in the longitudinal bridge direction is mutually independent, and the expansion device at the bridge abutment is more easily damaged compared with the expansion device at the bridge pier due to the problem of jumping behind the bridge abutment; in addition, modern bridges are more continuous structures, so that expansion devices at bridge piers are omitted, and the elimination of the expansion devices at bridge abutments is more and more emphasized by people.
The integral bridge has the advantages that the expansion joint is eliminated in structure, but the horizontal reciprocating deformation of a main beam of the integral bridge, which is generated under the load action of different properties such as environment temperature, concrete shrinkage deformation, automobile impact braking, earthquake and the like, is eliminated and is transmitted to a lower structure, so that the horizontal reciprocating deformation of the lower structure, particularly the bridge abutment and the foundation of the abutment bottom pile is caused, and further, the complicated various structure-soil interactions such as bridge abutment-post filling, pile foundation-soil, bridge abutment-soil-pile foundation-soil and the like are caused; therefore, for the integral bridge, special attention should be paid to the ability of adapting to horizontal reciprocating deformation of the lower structure abutment and the abutment bottom pile foundation and the scientific problems of reducing or weakening complex abutment-soil-pile foundation-soil interaction and the like; meanwhile, the lower structure reacts to the main beam of the upper structure, if the rigidity of the lower structure is too high, the shrinkage deformation of the main beam is greatly restricted to generate axial tension when the ambient temperature is reduced, so that the concrete main beam or the bridge deck is likely to be pulled apart, and therefore, the foundation of the lower structure bridge abutment or the abutment bottom pile has good flexibility besides enough deformability.
The invention content is as follows:
in view of the defects of the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide the assembled square frame steel abutment and the construction method thereof.
The invention discloses an assembled square frame steel abutment, which comprises a main beam and a bridge deck arranged on the main beam, and is characterized in that: h shaped steel pile has been buried underground in the soil layer of girder both ends below, at the fixed flexible abutment of steel that is equipped with in H shaped steel pile top, the lower part bench rear side horizontal fixation at the flexible abutment of steel is equipped with the steel grade beam, is equipped with the steel secondary abutment at the vertical fixed rear end of steel grade beam, the horizontal fixation is equipped with the steel back timber between flexible abutment of steel and the steel secondary abutment, one side and girder fixed connection that the steel back timber was kept away from to the flexible abutment of steel, steel grade beam, steel secondary abutment and steel back timber constitute a style of calligraphy frame, and it has EPS elastic material to fill in a style of calligraphy frame.
Furthermore, a lower groove is formed in the end, close to the steel flexible bridge abutment, of the main beam, a convex block extending towards the lower groove is formed in the steel flexible bridge abutment, the convex block of the steel flexible bridge abutment and the end of the main beam are fixedly connected through a high-strength bolt, and UHPC ultrahigh-performance concrete is poured above the convex block to form a UHPC cast-in-place section.
Furthermore, a pier is arranged below the middle part of the main beam.
Furthermore, the rear part of the steel secondary abutment is filled with post-abutment soil, a wiring road surface is arranged on the rear part of the steel top beam and the post-abutment soil, guide plates are arranged on the front part of the steel top beam and the steel flexible abutment, an expansion joint is arranged between the wiring road surface and the guide plates, and the UHPC cast-in-situ section is arranged between the guide plates and the bridge deck.
The invention relates to a construction method of an assembled square frame steel abutment, wherein the assembled square frame steel abutment comprises a main beam and a bridge deck arranged on the main beam, H-shaped steel piles are embedded in soil layers below two ends of the main beam, a steel flexible abutment is fixedly arranged above the H-shaped steel piles, a steel ground beam is horizontally and fixedly arranged on the rear side of a lower abutment of the steel flexible abutment, a steel secondary abutment is vertically and fixedly arranged at the rear end of the steel ground beam, a steel top beam is horizontally and fixedly arranged between the steel flexible abutment and the steel secondary abutment, one side of the steel flexible abutment, far away from the steel top beam, is fixedly connected with the main beam, the steel flexible abutment, the steel ground beam, the steel secondary abutment and the steel top beam form a square frame, and EPS elastic materials are filled in the square frame; during construction, (1) excavating a road surface to a preset position, embedding a steel H-shaped pile foundation and fixedly arranging a steel flexible bridge abutment on the steel H-shaped pile foundation;
(2) sequentially connecting and fixing a steel ground beam and a steel secondary abutment, and arranging an EPS elastic material between the steel flexible abutment and the steel secondary abutment;
(3) fixing a steel top beam on the steel secondary abutment and the steel flexible abutment;
(4) carrying out high-strength bolt riveting on the main beam and the steel flexible bridge abutment, and then carrying out cast-in-place molding by using UHPC (ultra high performance concrete) to complete the construction of the assembled square frame steel bridge abutment;
(5) and finally, paving the bridge deck, the guide plate and the expansion joint.
Further, carry out the high strength bolt riveting to girder and flexible abutment of steel in above-mentioned step (4), specifically be: the end of the main beam close to the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a lower groove, the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a convex block extending towards the lower groove, the convex block of the steel flexible bridge abutment and the end of the main beam are riveted and fixed from top to bottom through the high-strength bolt, UHPC ultrahigh-performance concrete is poured above the convex block to form a UHPC cast-in-place section, and the UHPC cast-in-place section is positioned between the bridge deck and the guide plate.
The invention utilizes steel flexible abutment, steel top beam, steel secondary abutment and steel ground beam to form a 'square' frame abutment overall structure, one side is used for retaining soil, the other side bears the internal force and the expansion and contraction deformation of the main beam, on the basis of rigid abutment and light thin-wall abutment, combine the frame overall structure to get a kind of assembled square frame steel abutment, the square rigid and flexible combined abutment changes rigidity into flexibility through the 'rigid secondary abutment retaining soil, flexible abutment-H shaped steel pile deformation' optimization combination mode; the flexibility and the deformability of the composite material are improved, the structure-soil interaction is weakened, the force transmission path is simplified, and the composite material has more reasonable stress performance; the gravity type rigid bridge abutment structure of the traditional bridge is changed to a great extent, and the undefined stress modes of complicated bridge abutment-soil interaction and pile-soil interaction of the existing integral bridge are effectively avoided; the EPS elastic material is adopted between the flexible bridge abutment and the secondary bridge abutment, so that the integral deformation capacity of the flexible bridge abutment can be improved, and the mode of 'soft-gram-rigid' is realized; and high-strength bolts are adopted for riveting the steel flexible bridge abutment and the main beam, and continuous rigid frame forming is realized by utilizing the characteristics of high strength, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance and the like of the UHPC material.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the bridge abutment structure of the seamless rigid frame also cancels the structures of expansion joints and expansion devices of the traditional bridge head of the bridge in sequence, reduces the phenomena of bumping at the bridge head and unstable driving, and reduces the maintenance cost of the expansion devices; meanwhile, the mouth-shaped frame bridge abutment rigid frame structure has good integral deformation performance, is suitable for strong earthquake areas, and can be repaired under the conditions of large earthquake and medium earthquake given by regulations. Small shock without damage.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic construction of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of FIG. 1;
in the figure: the method comprises the following steps of 1-steel flexible bridge abutment, 2-main girder, 3-steel top beam, 4-high-strength bolt, 5-UHPC cast-in-place section, 6-steel secondary bridge abutment, 7-steel ground beam, 8-EPS elastic material, 9-H type steel pile, 10-post filling, 11-original soil layer, 12-connecting road surface, 13-expansion joint, 14-guide plate, 15-bridge deck, 16-lower groove, 17-bridge pier and 18-bump.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
in order to make the aforementioned and other features and advantages of the invention more comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
The invention relates to an assembled square frame steel abutment, which comprises a main beam 2 and a bridge deck 15 arranged on the main beam 2, wherein H-shaped steel piles 9 are embedded in soil layers below two ends of the main beam 2, 3-4 groups of H-shaped steel piles 9 are arranged in the width direction of the main beam 2 at intervals, a steel flexible abutment 1 is fixedly arranged above the H-shaped steel piles 9, a steel part is precast by the steel flexible abutment 1, a steel ground beam 7 is horizontally and fixedly arranged at the rear side of the lower part of the steel flexible abutment 1, a steel secondary abutment 6 is vertically and fixedly arranged at the rear end of the steel ground beam 7, a steel top beam 3 is horizontally and fixedly arranged between the steel flexible abutment 1 and the steel secondary abutment 6, one side of the steel flexible abutment 1, which is far away from the steel top beam, is fixedly connected with the main beam 2, and the steel flexible abutment 1, the steel ground beam 7, the steel secondary abutment 6 and the steel top beam 3 can be a square frame which is integrally cast, the width of the bridge deck can be integrated or made in sections, the steel flexible bridge abutment 1, the steel ground beam 7, the steel secondary bridge abutment 6 and the steel top beam 3 form a square-shaped frame, and EPS elastic materials 8 are filled in the square-shaped frame.
The aforementioned rear, rear side or rear end refers to a direction away from the center of the main beam 2.
Furthermore, in order to realize the connection between the main beam and the steel flexible bridge abutment, the end of the main beam close to the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a lower groove 16, the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a convex block 18 extending downwards from the groove, the convex block 18 of the steel flexible bridge abutment and the end of the main beam are fixedly connected through a high-strength bolt 4, and UHPC ultrahigh-performance concrete is poured above the convex block to form the UHPC cast-in-place section 5.
Further, in order to increase the strength of the middle part of the main beam, a pier 17 is arranged below the middle part of the main beam.
Further, in order to meet the use requirements, the rear part of the steel secondary abutment is provided with a post-abutment filling 10, the rear part of the steel top beam and the post-abutment filling are provided with a wiring road surface 12, the front part of the steel top beam and the steel flexible abutment are provided with a guide plate 14, an expansion joint 13 is arranged between the wiring road surface and the guide plate, the UHPC cast-in-place section 5 is also arranged between the guide plate 14 and the bridge deck 15, and the connecting road surface 12, the bridge deck 15 and the guide plate 14 are made of common concrete.
The invention relates to a construction method of an assembled square frame steel abutment, wherein the assembled square frame steel abutment comprises a main beam 2 and a bridge deck 15 arranged on the main beam 2, H-shaped steel piles 9 are embedded in soil layers below two ends of the main beam 2, a steel flexible abutment 1 is fixedly arranged above the H-shaped steel piles 9, a steel ground beam 7 is horizontally and fixedly arranged on the rear side of a lower abutment of the steel flexible abutment 1, a steel secondary abutment 6 is vertically and fixedly arranged at the rear end of the steel ground beam 7, a steel top beam 3 is horizontally and fixedly arranged between the steel flexible abutment 1 and the steel secondary abutment 6, one side, far away from the steel top beam, of the steel flexible abutment 1 is fixedly connected with the main beam 2, the steel flexible abutment 1, the steel ground beam 7, the steel secondary abutment 6 and the steel top beam 3 form a square frame, and EPS elastic materials 8 are filled in the square frame; during construction, (1) excavating a road surface to a preset position, embedding a steel H-shaped pile foundation and fixedly arranging a steel flexible bridge abutment 1 on the steel H-shaped pile foundation;
(2) a steel ground beam 7 and a steel secondary abutment 6 are sequentially connected and fixed, and an EPS elastic material 8 is arranged between the steel flexible abutment 1 and the steel secondary abutment 6;
(3) fixing a steel top beam 3 on a steel secondary abutment 6 and a steel flexible abutment 1;
(4) riveting a main beam 2 and a steel flexible bridge abutment 1 by using a high-strength bolt 4, and then performing cast-in-place molding by using UHPC (ultra high performance concrete) to complete the construction of the assembled square frame steel bridge abutment;
(5) and finally, laying the bridge deck 15, the guide plates 14 and the expansion joints 13.
In the step (4), the main beam and the steel flexible bridge abutment are riveted by the high-strength bolt, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: the end of the main beam close to the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a lower groove 16, the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a convex block 18 extending towards the lower groove, the convex block 18 of the steel flexible bridge abutment and the end of the main beam are riveted and fixed from top to bottom through the high-strength bolt, then UHPC ultrahigh-performance concrete is poured above the convex block to form a UHPC cast-in-place section 5, and the UHPC cast-in-place section is positioned between the bridge deck and the guide plate.
The invention utilizes steel flexible abutment, steel top beam, steel secondary abutment and steel ground beam to form a 'square' frame abutment overall structure, one side is used for retaining soil, the other side bears the internal force and the expansion and contraction deformation of the main beam, on the basis of rigid abutment and light thin-wall abutment, combine the frame overall structure to get a kind of assembled square frame steel abutment, the square rigid and flexible combined abutment changes rigidity into flexibility through the 'rigid secondary abutment retaining soil, flexible abutment-H shaped steel pile deformation' optimization combination mode; the flexibility and the deformability of the composite material are improved, the structure-soil interaction is weakened, the force transmission path is simplified, and the composite material has more reasonable stress performance; the gravity type rigid bridge abutment structure of the traditional bridge is changed to a great extent, and the undefined stress modes of complicated bridge abutment-soil interaction and pile-soil interaction of the existing integral bridge are effectively avoided; the EPS elastic material is adopted between the flexible bridge abutment and the secondary bridge abutment, so that the integral deformation capacity of the flexible bridge abutment can be improved, and the mode of 'soft-gram-rigid' is realized; and high-strength bolts are adopted for riveting the steel flexible bridge abutment and the main beam, and continuous rigid frame forming is realized by utilizing the characteristics of high strength, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance and the like of the UHPC material.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the bridge abutment structure of the seamless rigid frame also cancels the structures of expansion joints and expansion devices of the traditional bridge head of the bridge in sequence, reduces the phenomena of bumping at the bridge head and unstable driving, and reduces the maintenance cost of the expansion devices; meanwhile, the mouth-shaped frame bridge abutment rigid frame structure has good integral deformation performance, is suitable for strong earthquake areas, and can be repaired under the conditions of large earthquake and medium earthquake given by regulations. Small shock without damage.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention and not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention; without departing from the spirit of the present invention, it is intended to cover all aspects of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides an assembled type of a mouthful style of calligraphy frame steel abutment, includes the girder and establishes the decking on the girder, its characterized in that: h shaped steel pile has been buried underground in the soil layer of girder both ends below, at the fixed flexible abutment of steel that is equipped with in H shaped steel pile top, the lower part bench rear side horizontal fixation at the flexible abutment of steel is equipped with the steel grade beam, is equipped with the steel secondary abutment at the vertical fixed rear end of steel grade beam, the horizontal fixation is equipped with the steel back timber between flexible abutment of steel and the steel secondary abutment, one side and girder fixed connection that the steel back timber was kept away from to the flexible abutment of steel, steel grade beam, steel secondary abutment and steel back timber constitute a style of calligraphy frame, and it has EPS elastic material to fill in a style of calligraphy frame.
2. The fabricated square-frame steel abutment of claim 1, wherein: the end of the main beam close to the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a lower groove, the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a convex block extending towards the lower groove, the convex block of the steel flexible bridge abutment and the end of the main beam are fixedly connected through a high-strength bolt, and UHPC ultrahigh-performance concrete is poured above the convex block to form a UHPC cast-in-place section.
3. The fabricated square-frame steel abutment of claim 1, wherein: and a pier is arranged below the middle part of the main beam.
4. The fabricated square-frame steel abutment of claim 2, wherein: the rear part of the steel secondary abutment is provided with a post-abutment filling, the rear part of the steel top beam and the post-abutment filling are provided with wiring pavements, the front part of the steel top beam and the upper part of the steel flexible abutment are provided with guide plates, an expansion joint is arranged between the wiring pavements and the guide plates, and the UHPC cast-in-situ section is arranged between the guide plates and the bridge deck slab.
5. A construction method of an assembled square frame steel abutment comprises a main beam and a bridge deck arranged on the main beam, wherein H-shaped steel piles are embedded in soil layers below two ends of the main beam, a steel flexible abutment is fixedly arranged above the H-shaped steel piles, a steel ground beam is horizontally and fixedly arranged on the rear side of a lower abutment of the steel flexible abutment, a steel secondary abutment is vertically and fixedly arranged at the rear end of the steel ground beam, a steel top beam is horizontally and fixedly arranged between the steel flexible abutment and the steel secondary abutment, one side, away from the steel top beam, of the steel flexible abutment is fixedly connected with the main beam, the steel flexible abutment, the steel ground beam, the steel secondary abutment and the steel top beam form a square frame, and EPS elastic materials are filled in the square frame; during construction, (1) excavating a road surface to a preset position, embedding a steel H-shaped pile foundation and fixedly arranging a steel flexible bridge abutment on the steel H-shaped pile foundation;
(2) sequentially connecting and fixing a steel ground beam and a steel secondary abutment, and arranging an EPS elastic material between the steel flexible abutment and the steel secondary abutment;
(3) fixing a steel top beam on the steel secondary abutment and the steel flexible abutment;
(4) carrying out high-strength bolt riveting on the main beam and the steel flexible bridge abutment, and then carrying out cast-in-place molding by using UHPC (ultra high performance concrete) to complete the construction of the assembled square frame steel bridge abutment;
(5) and finally, paving the bridge deck, the guide plate and the expansion joint.
6. The construction method of the fabricated square-shaped frame steel abutment according to claim 5, wherein: and (4) carrying out high-strength bolt riveting on the main beam and the steel flexible bridge abutment, specifically: the end of the main beam close to the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a lower groove, the steel flexible bridge abutment is provided with a convex block extending towards the lower groove, the convex block of the steel flexible bridge abutment and the end of the main beam are riveted and fixed from top to bottom through the high-strength bolt, UHPC ultrahigh-performance concrete is poured above the convex block to form a UHPC cast-in-place section, and the UHPC cast-in-place section is positioned between the bridge deck and the guide plate.
Priority Applications (1)
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CN202011117990.9A CN112112058B (en) | 2020-10-19 | Assembled square frame steel bridge abutment and construction method thereof |
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CN202011117990.9A CN112112058B (en) | 2020-10-19 | Assembled square frame steel bridge abutment and construction method thereof |
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CN112112058A true CN112112058A (en) | 2020-12-22 |
CN112112058B CN112112058B (en) | 2024-05-31 |
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Citations (5)
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---|---|---|---|---|
KR100743832B1 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2007-07-30 | (주)씨팁스이엔지 | Bridge construction method using preflex girder and integral abutment |
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Patent Citations (5)
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KR100743832B1 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2007-07-30 | (주)씨팁스이엔지 | Bridge construction method using preflex girder and integral abutment |
CN103290779A (en) * | 2013-06-15 | 2013-09-11 | 中南大学 | Bridge transverse beam-falling-proof device |
CN111749112A (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2020-10-09 | 福州大学 | Large-span integral bridge suitable for strong earthquake region and construction method |
CN111733689A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-10-02 | 福州大学 | Novel large-span integral abutment rear packing device and construction method thereof |
CN213571514U (en) * | 2020-10-19 | 2021-06-29 | 福州大学 | Assembled square frame steel abutment |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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