CN112108618B - Pulse type burr removing device and burr removing process for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment - Google Patents
Pulse type burr removing device and burr removing process for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment Download PDFInfo
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- CN112108618B CN112108618B CN201910534820.1A CN201910534820A CN112108618B CN 112108618 B CN112108618 B CN 112108618B CN 201910534820 A CN201910534820 A CN 201910534820A CN 112108618 B CN112108618 B CN 112108618B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/1213—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for heating or insulating strands
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Abstract
The invention provides a pulse type deburring device and a deburring process for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment, wherein the pulse type deburring device comprises the following components: a controller; the first oxygen spraying gun moves synchronously with the first cleaning gun head and blows the top surface part laterally to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the top surface part caused by the melting and removing defects of the first cleaning gun head; and the second oxygen spraying gun moves synchronously along with the second cleaning gun head and blows the side surface part laterally so as to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging on the side surface part caused by the melting defect of the second cleaning gun head. The invention can ensure the cleaning quality of the surface defects of the melting-off continuous casting billet and save the time for secondary operation of deburring and sagging after the surface defects of the melting-off continuous casting billet are removed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of steelmaking, in particular to a pulse type deburring device and a deburring process for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment.
Background
The surface of the continuous casting blank has defects of slag inclusion, cracks and the like, and the conventional measure is to carry out flame cleaning on the surface of the continuous casting blank, namely surface flame melting removal. Whether manual cleaning or mechanical cleaning is adopted, the angle of a gun nozzle needs to be well controlled, and secondary defects, namely surface burrs and side molten iron sagging, are prevented.
The melting and removing of the defects of the continuous casting blank is always a difficult problem for steel mills, at present, a manual cleaning method is mostly adopted, natural gas and oxygen are used for flame cleaning of the surface of the casting blank in the manual cleaning operation of the casting blank, the manual cleaning operation belongs to high-temperature and high-risk operation, and the operation environment is severe and high in risk.
Manual scarfing has the following drawbacks: the operation site is high in temperature and high in dust, and the health of operators can be influenced by long-time operation; meanwhile, the weight of the purging flame gun and the recoil force of the high-pressure oxygen are great tests on the endurance of personnel in long-time operation. Manual cleaning is a very technical task, operators must be trained professionally, and special operation certificates need to be held at specific posts. The cleaning quality of the continuous casting blank is greatly influenced by the skill level of personnel, and in order to ensure the cleaning quality of the plate blank, a flame cleaning operator must be skilled in technology and strong in work responsibility and responsibility.
Aiming at the field operation condition, how to ensure the safe production, reduce the labor intensity and improve the skill quality of operators is a difficult problem which needs to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above disadvantages of the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a pulse type deburring device and a deburring process for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment, which can ensure the cleaning quality of the continuous casting billet surface defect, and save the time for performing secondary deburring and sagging operations after the continuous casting billet surface defect is melted and removed.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a pulse type deburring device for continuous casting billet defect melting equipment, which comprises a cross beam extending along the length direction of a continuous casting billet and arranged above the continuous casting billet, wherein a purging unit moving along the length direction of the cross beam is arranged on the cross beam, the purging unit comprises an adjustable machine body arranged on the cross beam in a sliding manner and a purging flame gun arranged on the adjustable machine body, the purging flame gun comprises a first cleaning gun head and a second cleaning gun head, the spraying direction of the first cleaning gun head is aligned with the top surface part of the edge angle of the continuous casting billet, and the spraying direction of the second cleaning gun head is aligned with the side surface part of the edge angle of the continuous casting billet; the pulse type deburring device comprises:
a controller;
the first oxygen spraying device comprises a first oxygen supply pipe and a first oxygen spraying gun connected with the first oxygen supply pipe, a first pulse valve in communication connection with the controller is arranged on the first oxygen supply pipe, the first oxygen spraying gun is arranged on the first cleaning gun head through a first pose adjusting rod, and the first oxygen spraying gun moves synchronously with the first cleaning gun head and blows the top surface part laterally to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the top surface part caused by the fusion removal defect of the first cleaning gun head;
and the second oxygen spraying device comprises a second oxygen supply pipe and a second oxygen spraying gun connected with the second oxygen supply pipe, a second pulse valve in communication connection with the controller is arranged on the second oxygen supply pipe, the second oxygen spraying gun is arranged on the second cleaning gun head through a second pose adjusting rod, and the second oxygen spraying gun moves synchronously along with the second cleaning gun head and blows the side surface part laterally so as to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the side surface part caused by the melting defect of the second cleaning gun head.
Preferably, the nozzles of the first oxygen spraying gun and the second oxygen spraying gun are both flat.
Preferably, the first oxygen supply pipe is further provided with a first booster pump, and the second oxygen supply pipe is further provided with a second booster pump.
Preferably, the first oxygen supply pipe is further provided with a first flow regulating valve, and the second oxygen supply pipe is further provided with a second flow regulating valve.
Preferably, the first position adjusting rod comprises two first connecting rods which are connected with each other through a first universal joint, wherein one first connecting rod is connected with the first oxygen spraying gun, and the other first connecting rod is connected with the first cleaning gun head.
Preferably, the second position and posture adjusting rod comprises two second connecting rods which are connected with each other through a second universal joint, wherein one second connecting rod is connected with the second oxygen spraying gun, and the other second connecting rod is connected with the second cleaning gun head.
The invention also provides a deburring process using the pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment, which comprises the following steps of:
s1, setting the open-close period of the first pulse valve and the second pulse valve through the controller;
s2, adjusting the side-blowing angle of the first oxygen-spraying lance to the top surface part through a first position and posture adjusting rod, and adjusting the side-blowing angle of the second oxygen-spraying lance to the side surface part through a second position and posture adjusting rod;
s3, opening a first cleaning gun head and a second cleaning gun head, wherein the first cleaning gun head and the second cleaning gun head move from one end of the continuous casting to the other end of the continuous casting along with an adjustable machine body to melt and remove the surface defects of the continuous casting, meanwhile, a first pulse valve and a second pulse valve are periodically opened or closed according to a preset opening and closing period, a first oxygen spraying gun intermittently sprays oxygen to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of a top surface part caused by the melting and removing defects of the first cleaning gun head, and a second oxygen spraying gun intermittently sprays oxygen to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of a side part caused by the melting and removing defects of the second cleaning gun head;
s4, after the adjustable machine body moves to the other end of the continuous casting billet, the first cleaning gun head, the second cleaning gun head, the first pulse valve and the second pulse valve are all automatically closed.
As mentioned above, the pulse type deburring device and the deburring process for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment have the following beneficial effects: when the blowing flame guns of the blowing unit melt and remove the defects at the edges of the continuous casting billet, secondary defects, namely burrs or molten iron sagging, can be generated on the top surface part and the side surface part of the edges of the continuous casting billet, and the first oxygen spraying guns of the first oxygen spraying device synchronously move along with the first cleaning gun head and blow the top surface part laterally to eliminate the burrs or the molten iron sagging of the top surface part caused by the melting and removing defects of the first cleaning gun head; similarly, the second oxygen spraying gun of the second oxygen spraying device moves synchronously with the second cleaning gun head and blows the side surface part laterally to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the side surface part caused by the melting and removing defects of the second cleaning gun head. The pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment can melt and remove the defects of the continuous casting billet and simultaneously clear burrs or molten iron sagging generated by melting and removing the defects. In addition, the first oxygen supply pipe is provided with a first pulse valve which is in communication connection with the controller, so that the first oxygen spraying gun can periodically blow the periphery of a melting area of the first cleaning gun head in a side blowing mode, the effect of melting and removing defects is improved by means of the combustion supporting performance of oxygen airflow, and the top surface part at the edge of the continuous casting billet is blown flat by means of the mechanical impact of the oxygen airflow, and the first oxygen spraying gun can periodically spray oxygen to avoid oxidation and combustion of molten iron; similarly, the second oxygen supply pipe is provided with a second pulse valve which is in communication connection with the controller, so that the second oxygen spraying gun can periodically blow the periphery of the melting area of the second cleaning gun head in a side blowing mode, and the technical effects are not repeated. Therefore, the pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment can ensure the cleaning quality of the surface defects of the melting and removing continuous casting billets, save the time for performing secondary operation of deburring and sagging after the surface defects of the melting and removing continuous casting billets are removed, greatly improve the operation efficiency of the equipment, reduce the cost input of enterprises and reduce the labor intensity.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the use of a pulse type deburring device for a defect melting and removing device of a continuous casting billet according to the invention;
fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the use of a purge unit, a first oxygen sprayer, and a second oxygen sprayer.
Description of the element reference numerals
1 continuous casting billet
11 top surface part
12 side surface part
2 Cross member
3 purging unit
31 adjustable fuselage
32 purge flame gun
321 first cleaning gun head
322 second cleaning gun head
4 first oxygen sprayer
41 first oxygen supply pipe
42 first oxygen spraying lance
43 first pulse valve
44 first position adjusting rod
45 first booster pump
46 first flow regulating valve
5 second oxygen sprayer
51 second oxygen supply tube
52 second oxygen lance
53 second pulse valve
54 second position and posture adjusting rod
55 second booster pump
56 second flow regulating valve
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided for illustrative purposes, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the present disclosure.
It should be understood that the structures, ratios, sizes, and the like shown in the drawings are only used for matching the disclosure of the present disclosure, and are not used for limiting the conditions that the present disclosure can be implemented, so that the present disclosure is not limited to the technical essence, and any structural modifications, ratio changes, or size adjustments should still fall within the scope of the present disclosure without affecting the efficacy and the achievable purpose of the present disclosure. In addition, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "middle" and "one" used in the present specification are for clarity of description, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and the relative relationship between the terms and the terms is not to be construed as a scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the invention provides a pulse type deburring device for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment, the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment comprises a cross beam 2 which extends along the length direction of a continuous casting billet 1 and is arranged above the continuous casting billet 1, a purging unit 3 which moves along the length direction of the cross beam 2 is arranged on the cross beam 2, the purging unit 3 comprises an adjustable machine body 31 which is slidably arranged on the cross beam 2 and a purging flame gun 32 which is arranged on the adjustable machine body 31, the purging flame gun 32 comprises a first cleaning gun head 321 and a second cleaning gun head 322, the spraying direction of the first cleaning gun head 321 is aligned to a top surface part 11 at the edge of the continuous casting billet 1, and the spraying direction of the second cleaning gun head 322 is aligned to a side surface part 12 at the edge of the continuous casting billet 1; the pulse type burr removing device comprises:
a controller;
the first oxygen sprayer 4 comprises a first oxygen supply pipe 41 and a first oxygen spraying gun 42 connected with the first oxygen supply pipe 41, a first pulse valve 43 in communication connection with a controller is arranged on the first oxygen supply pipe 41, the first oxygen spraying gun 42 is arranged on a first cleaning gun head 321 through a first posture adjusting rod 44, and the first oxygen spraying gun 42 moves synchronously with the first cleaning gun head 321 and blows the top surface part 11 laterally to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the top surface part 11 caused by the fusion and defect of the first cleaning gun head 321;
and the second oxygen sprayer 5, the second oxygen sprayer 5 comprises a second oxygen supply pipe 51 and a second oxygen spraying gun 52 connected with the second oxygen supply pipe 51, a second pulse valve 53 in communication connection with the controller is arranged on the second oxygen supply pipe 51, the second oxygen spraying gun 52 is arranged on the second cleaning gun head 322 through a second posture adjusting rod 54, and the second oxygen spraying gun 52 moves synchronously with the second cleaning gun head 322 and blows the side surface part 12 laterally to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the side surface part 12 caused by the fusion and defect of the second cleaning gun head 322.
In the invention, when the purging flame guns 32 of the purging unit 3 melt and remove defects at the corners of the continuous casting billet 1, secondary defects, namely burrs or molten iron sagging, are generated on the top surface part 11 and the side surface part 12 at the corners of the continuous casting billet 1 (the burrs are usually generated on the top surface part 11, and the molten iron sagging is usually generated on the side surface part 12), the first oxygen spraying guns 42 of the first oxygen spraying device 4 synchronously move along with the first cleaning gun heads 321 and blow the top surface part 11 laterally to eliminate the burrs or the molten iron sagging of the top surface part 11 caused by the melting and removing defects of the first cleaning gun heads 321; similarly, the second oxygen lance 52 of the second oxygen lance 5 moves synchronously with the second cleaning lance head 322 and blows the side surface part 12 laterally to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the side surface part 12 caused by the melting and removing of the second cleaning lance head 322. The pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment can melt and remove the defects of the continuous casting billet 1 and simultaneously clear burrs or molten iron sagging generated by the melting and removing defects. In addition, the first oxygen supply pipe 41 is provided with a first pulse valve 43 which is in communication connection with the controller, so that the first oxygen spraying gun 42 can periodically blow the periphery of the melting area of the first cleaning gun head 321 laterally, the effect of melting and removing defects is improved by means of the combustion supporting performance of oxygen flow, the top surface part 11 at the corner of the continuous casting billet 1 is blown flat by means of the mechanical impact of the oxygen flow, and it is noted that the first oxygen spraying gun 42 can periodically spray oxygen to avoid the oxidation combustion of molten iron; similarly, the second oxygen supply pipe 51 is provided with a second pulse valve 53 in communication connection with the controller, so that the second oxygen lance 52 can periodically blow the periphery of the melting region of the second cleaning lance head 322 on the side, and the technical effects are not described again. Therefore, the pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment can ensure the cleaning quality of the surface defects of the melting and removing continuous casting billet 1, save the time for secondary operation of deburring and sagging after the surface defects of the continuous casting billet 1 are melted and removed, greatly improve the operation efficiency of the equipment, reduce the cost investment of enterprises and reduce the labor intensity.
In order to form a fan-shaped high-pressure airflow and increase the mechanical impact strength and the impact range of the oxygen airflow, the nozzles of the first oxygen spraying lance 42 and the second oxygen spraying lance 52 are both flat.
In order to adjust the pressure of the oxygen gas flow, the first oxygen supply pipe 41 is further provided with a first booster pump 45, and the second oxygen supply pipe 51 is further provided with a second booster pump 55.
In order to adjust the flow rate of the oxygen gas flow, the first oxygen supply pipe 41 is further provided with a first flow rate adjustment valve 46, and the second oxygen supply pipe 51 is further provided with a second flow rate adjustment valve 56.
In order to adjust the injection angle of the first oxygen lance 42, the first position adjustment rod 44 includes two first connecting rods connected to each other by a first universal joint, one of the first connecting rods is connected to the first oxygen lance 42, and the other first connecting rod is connected to the first cleaning lance head 321. Specifically, the first lance 42 is located rearward of the first cleaning tip 321 (with respect to the forward direction of the first cleaning tip 321), and the first lance 42 is arranged obliquely with respect to the top surface part 11. Similarly, in order to adjust the injection angle of the second lance 52, the second position and orientation adjusting rod 54 comprises two second connecting rods connected with each other by a second universal joint, wherein one of the second connecting rods is connected with the second lance 52, and the other second connecting rod is connected with the second cleaning lance head 322. Specifically, the second lance 52 is located rearward of the second cleaning lance tip 322 (with respect to the direction of advance of the second cleaning lance tip 322), and the second lance 52 is arranged obliquely with respect to the side surface part 12.
The invention also provides a deburring process using the pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment, which comprises the following steps of:
s1, setting the open/close periods of the first pulse valve 43 and the second pulse valve 53 by the controller;
s2, adjusting the side-blow angle of the first oxygen lance 42 to the top surface part 11 through the first position and orientation adjusting rod 44, and adjusting the side-blow angle of the second oxygen lance 52 to the side surface part 12 through the second position and orientation adjusting rod 54;
s3, opening a first cleaning gun head 321 and a second cleaning gun head 322, wherein the first cleaning gun head 321 and the second cleaning gun head 322 move from one end of the continuous casting billet 1 to the other end of the continuous casting billet 1 along with the adjustable machine body 31 to melt and remove the surface defects of the continuous casting billet 1, meanwhile, a first pulse valve 43 and a second pulse valve 53 are periodically opened or closed according to a preset opening and closing period, a first oxygen spraying gun 42 intermittently sprays oxygen to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the top surface part 11 caused by the melting and removing of the first cleaning gun head 321, and a second oxygen spraying gun 52 intermittently sprays oxygen to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the side surface part 12 caused by the melting and removing of the second cleaning gun head 322;
s4, after the adjustable machine body 31 moves to the other end of the continuous casting billet 1, the first cleaning gun head 321, the second cleaning gun head 322, the first pulse valve 43 and the second pulse valve 53 are all automatically closed.
In the above step S1, the open/close cycle of the first pulse valve 43 may be: injecting oxygen for 0.5 second, stopping injecting oxygen for 0.5 second, and repeating the steps.
The deburring process utilizes the combustion assisting property and the mechanical impact property of oxygen airflow to clear burrs or molten iron sagging generated by melting and removing the surface defects of the continuous casting billet 1, and achieves the functions of removing the burrs and the molten iron sagging while sweeping the defects of the continuous casting billet 1.
In conclusion, the pulse type deburring device and the deburring process for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment can ensure the cleaning quality of the surface defects of the melting and removing continuous casting billets and save the time for secondary operation of deburring and sagging after the surface defects of the melting and removing continuous casting billets are removed. Therefore, the invention effectively overcomes various defects in the prior art and has high industrial utilization value.
The foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and utilities of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or change the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications or changes which can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical spirit of the present invention be covered by the claims of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. The pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment is characterized by comprising a cross beam (2) extending in the length direction of the continuous casting billet (1) and arranged above the continuous casting billet (1), wherein a purging unit (3) moving in the length direction of the cross beam (2) is arranged on the cross beam (2), the purging unit (3) comprises an adjustable machine body (31) arranged on the cross beam (2) in a sliding mode and a purging flame gun (32) arranged on the adjustable machine body (31), the purging flame gun (32) comprises a first cleaning gun head (321) and a second cleaning gun head (322), the spraying direction of the first cleaning gun head (321) is aligned to a top surface part (11) at the edge of the continuous casting billet (1), and the spraying direction of the second cleaning gun head (322) is aligned to a side surface part (12) at the edge of the continuous casting billet (1); the pulse type deburring device comprises:
a controller;
the first oxygen sprayer (4) comprises a first oxygen supply pipe (41) and a first oxygen spraying gun (42) connected with the first oxygen supply pipe (41), the first oxygen supply pipe (41) is provided with a first pulse valve (43) in communication connection with the controller, the first oxygen spraying gun (42) is arranged on the first cleaning gun head (321) through a first posture adjusting rod (44), and the first oxygen spraying gun (42) moves synchronously with the first cleaning gun head (321) and blows the top surface part (11) laterally so as to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the top surface part (11) caused by fusion and defect of the first cleaning gun head (321);
the second oxygen sprayer (5), the second oxygen sprayer (5) comprises a second oxygen supply pipe (51) and a second oxygen spray gun (52) connected with the second oxygen supply pipe (51), a second pulse valve (53) in communication connection with the controller is arranged on the second oxygen supply pipe (51), the second oxygen spray gun (52) is arranged on a second cleaning gun head (322) through a second posture adjusting rod (54), and the second oxygen spray gun (52) moves synchronously with the second cleaning gun head (322) and blows the side surface part (12) laterally so as to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of the side surface part (12) caused by the fusion and defect removal of the second cleaning gun head (322);
the nozzles of the first oxygen spraying gun (42) and the second oxygen spraying gun (52) are both flat; the first position adjusting rod (44) comprises two first connecting rods which are connected with each other through a first universal joint, wherein one first connecting rod is connected with the first oxygen spraying gun (42), and the other first connecting rod is connected with the first cleaning gun head (321); the second position and posture adjusting rod (54) comprises two second connecting rods which are connected with each other through a second universal joint, wherein one second connecting rod is connected with the second oxygen spraying gun (52), and the other second connecting rod is connected with the second cleaning gun head (322); a first booster pump (45) is further arranged on the first oxygen supply pipe (41), and a second booster pump (55) is further arranged on the second oxygen supply pipe (51); the first oxygen supply pipe (41) is also provided with a first flow regulating valve (46), and the second oxygen supply pipe (51) is also provided with a second flow regulating valve (56); relative to the advancing direction of the first cleaning gun head (321), the first oxygen spraying gun (42) is positioned behind the first cleaning gun head (321), and relative to the advancing direction of the second cleaning gun head (322), the second oxygen spraying gun (52) is positioned behind the second cleaning gun head (322);
the deburring process of the pulse type deburring device for the continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment comprises the following steps of:
s1, setting the opening and closing periods of the first pulse valve (43) and the second pulse valve (53) through the controller;
s2, adjusting the side-blowing angle of the first oxygen-spraying lance (42) to the top surface part (11) through the first position and posture adjusting rod (44), and adjusting the side-blowing angle of the second oxygen-spraying lance (52) to the side surface part (12) through the second position and posture adjusting rod (54);
s3, opening a first cleaning gun head (321) and a second cleaning gun head (322), wherein the first cleaning gun head (321) and the second cleaning gun head (322) move from one end of a continuous casting billet (1) to the other end of the continuous casting billet (1) along with an adjustable machine body (31) to melt and remove surface defects of the continuous casting billet (1), meanwhile, a first pulse valve (43) and a second pulse valve (53) are opened or closed periodically according to a preset opening and closing period, a first oxygen spraying gun (42) sprays oxygen discontinuously to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of a top surface part (11) caused by the melting and removing defects of the first cleaning gun head (321), and a second oxygen spraying gun (52) sprays oxygen discontinuously to eliminate burrs or molten iron sagging of a side surface part (12) caused by the melting and removing defects of the second cleaning gun head (322);
s4, after the adjustable machine body (31) moves to the other end of the continuous casting billet (1), the first cleaning gun head (321), the second cleaning gun head (322), the first pulse valve (43) and the second pulse valve (53) are all automatically closed.
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| CN201910534820.1A CN112108618B (en) | 2019-06-20 | 2019-06-20 | Pulse type burr removing device and burr removing process for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment |
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| CN201910534820.1A CN112108618B (en) | 2019-06-20 | 2019-06-20 | Pulse type burr removing device and burr removing process for continuous casting billet defect melting and removing equipment |
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| CN208322375U (en) * | 2018-04-21 | 2019-01-04 | 安钢集团华德重工装备有限公司 | A kind of steel member high-temperature machining equipment |
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| CN112108618A (en) | 2020-12-22 |
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