CN112097861B - Threshold voltage determining method and device and magnetostrictive liquid level meter - Google Patents
Threshold voltage determining method and device and magnetostrictive liquid level meter Download PDFInfo
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- CN112097861B CN112097861B CN202010956183.XA CN202010956183A CN112097861B CN 112097861 B CN112097861 B CN 112097861B CN 202010956183 A CN202010956183 A CN 202010956183A CN 112097861 B CN112097861 B CN 112097861B
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 2
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- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
- G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
- G01R19/04—Measuring peak values or amplitude or envelope of ac or of pulses
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Abstract
The application relates to a threshold voltage determining method, a threshold voltage determining device and a magnetostrictive liquid level meter, wherein the method comprises the following steps: acquiring waveform data of a return pulse of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter; determining echo data from the waveform data; determining echo peak voltage, echo waveform width and echo peak distance according to the echo data; and determining the threshold voltage according to the echo peak voltage when the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance meet preset conditions. The application can automatically set the threshold voltage, and reduces the occurrence rate of the fault of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of liquid level measurement, in particular to a threshold voltage determining method and device and a magnetostrictive liquid level meter.
Background
In the installation or use process of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter, the sensor signals are different or changed due to the installation mode or long-term use, the threshold voltage is required to be properly adjusted according to the size of the echo signal of the sensor during installation or maintenance, the accurate measurement of the echo signal on site is difficult, a special oscilloscope is required, but in some dangerous explosion-proof occasions, the use of non-explosion-proof equipment such as the oscilloscope is forbidden, so that the site debugging is difficult, the threshold voltage is often set manually, and if the threshold voltage is set unreliably, serious problems such as instrument measurement failure are even caused.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to facilitate setting of threshold voltage, the application provides a threshold voltage determining method, a threshold voltage determining device and a magnetostrictive liquid level meter.
In a first aspect, the present application provides a method for determining a threshold voltage, applied to a magnetostrictive liquid level meter, comprising:
Acquiring waveform data of a return pulse of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter;
Determining echo data from the waveform data;
determining echo peak voltage, echo waveform width and echo peak distance according to the echo data;
And determining the threshold voltage according to the echo peak voltage when the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance meet preset conditions.
Preferably, the acquiring waveform data of the return pulse of the magnetostrictive level gauge includes:
Acquiring peak voltage in the waveform data;
in one cycle, the waveform data is acquired,
If the peak voltage is smaller than the lower limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is increased, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
If the peak voltage is larger than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is reduced, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
and if the peak voltage is larger than the lower limit value of the peak voltage and smaller than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, maintaining the gain of the waveform data unchanged, and continuously acquiring the waveform data in the next period.
Preferably, the determining echo data from the waveform data includes:
Determining left and right boundary points of the echo data in the waveform data;
the waveform data between the left boundary point and the right boundary point is taken as the echo data.
Preferably, the determining the left boundary point and the right boundary point of the echo data includes:
On the left side of the peak voltage, along the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases, waveform data in which the first value becomes larger is the left boundary point;
on the right side of the peak voltage, in the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases, the waveform data whose first value becomes larger is the right boundary point.
Preferably, the determining the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance according to the echo data includes:
Determining the echo peak voltage according to the maximum value and the voltage coefficient in the echo data;
determining the echo waveform width according to the number of points and the time coefficient of the echo data;
And determining the echo peak value distance according to the sequence number and the time coefficient of the maximum value in the echo data.
Preferably, the preset conditions include:
The echo peak voltage is larger than the echo peak voltage lower limit value and smaller than the echo peak voltage upper limit value; and
The echo waveform width is larger than the lower limit value of the effective waveform width and smaller than the upper limit value of the effective waveform width; and
And the echo peak value distance is larger than the blind area value and smaller than the measuring range value.
Preferably, said determining said threshold voltage from said echo peak voltage comprises:
the threshold voltage is calculated using the formula:
U Threshold value ＝U Peak to peak ×K Threshold value
Where U Threshold value is the threshold voltage, U Peak to peak is the echo peak voltage, and K Threshold value is the threshold coefficient.
In a second aspect, the present application provides a threshold voltage determining device for use in a magnetostrictive level gauge, comprising:
The data acquisition module is used for acquiring waveform data of a return pulse of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter;
a data determining module for determining echo data from the waveform data;
the parameter determining module is used for determining echo peak voltage, echo waveform width and echo peak distance according to the echo data;
and the threshold value determining module is used for determining the threshold voltage according to the echo peak voltage when the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance meet preset conditions.
In a third aspect, the present application provides a magnetostrictive level gauge comprising a threshold voltage determining device as described in the second aspect.
In a fourth aspect, the present application provides a magnetostrictive level gauge comprising a memory and a processor, the memory having stored thereon a computer program, the processor implementing the method according to any of the first aspects when executing the program.
According to the threshold voltage determining method, the threshold voltage determining device and the magnetostrictive liquid level meter, waveform data are obtained, echo data are determined from the waveform data, echo parameters, namely echo peak voltage, echo waveform width and echo peak distance, are calculated according to the echo data, and the threshold voltage is determined through the echo peak voltage under the condition that the echo parameters meet specific conditions, so that maintenance work of manually setting the threshold voltage in the process of installing, debugging or using the magnetostrictive liquid level meter is avoided, and the occurrence rate of faults of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a schematic structural view of a magnetostrictive level gauge according to an embodiment of the application;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the operation of a magnetostrictive level gauge according to an embodiment of the application;
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a curve displayed on a display according to an embodiment of the application
FIG. 4 shows a schematic distribution diagram of threshold, dead zone and span lines for an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 5 shows a flow chart of a threshold voltage determination method of an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 6 shows a block diagram of a threshold voltage determining apparatus of an embodiment of the present application;
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments of the present application. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the application without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the application.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic structural view of a magnetostrictive liquid level meter according to an embodiment of the application, and fig. 2 shows a schematic working diagram of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter according to an embodiment of the application.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic structural view of a magnetostrictive level meter according to an embodiment of the application, and fig. 2 shows a schematic working diagram of a magnetostrictive level meter according to an embodiment of the application.
As shown in fig. 1, the magnetostrictive liquid level meter comprises a liquid level meter head 100, an electronic bin 200 at the lower end of the liquid level meter and communicated with the liquid level meter head 100, a measuring rod 300 connected with one side of the electronic bin 200 far away from the liquid level meter head 100, a floater 400 sleeved on the measuring rod 300, and a clamp 500 positioned at the lower end of the measuring rod 300 and used for placing the floater 400 to drop.
The measuring rod 300 may be, for example, a stainless steel tube, a sealed polytetrafluoroethylene tube is sleeved on the measuring rod 300, and the upper end of the measuring rod 300 is connected with the electronic bin 200 through a mounting thread.
Referring to fig. 2, the gauge outfit 100 includes an explosion-proof housing 101, a display 102 embedded in one side of the explosion-proof housing 101, a pulse transmitting module 111, a pulse receiving module 112, a filter circuit 113 connected to the pulse receiving module 112, an a/D conversion circuit 114 connected to the filter circuit 113, and a data processor 115 connected to the a/D conversion circuit 114 and the pulse transmitting module 111.
The pulse transmitting module 111 is configured to transmit a pulse signal, where the pulse signal passes through the measuring rod 300 and returns to the pulse receiving module 112 along the measuring rod 300 under the action of the magnetic force of the float 400, the returned pulse signal is filtered by the filtering circuit 113, converted by the a/D converting circuit 114, and finally converted into a digital signal that can be processed by the data processor 115, and the digital signal is processed by the data processor 115 and displayed on the display 102 in a curve form.
The curve displayed on the display 102 is shown in fig. 3, in which there are a threshold line distributed in the horizontal direction, a dead zone line distributed in the vertical direction, and a span line distributed in the vertical direction on the display 102.
The dead zone line and the measuring range line can be determined according to the actual size of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter. In an example, referring to fig. 4, the distance from the leftmost side of the display 102 to the dead zone line corresponds to the gauge head of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter, the distance between the dead zone line and the measuring range line corresponds to the measuring rod of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter, and the specific scaling ratio of the measuring rod can be set according to the size of the display 102 and the length of the measuring rod, which is not limited by the embodiment of the present application.
The threshold line is determined by the threshold voltage, that is, the value represented by the threshold line, that is, the threshold voltage.
Fig. 5 shows a flowchart of a threshold voltage determination method of an embodiment of the present application. The method may be implemented by a magnetostrictive level gauge. As shown in fig. 5, the method comprises the steps of:
step 502, waveform data of a return pulse of a magnetostrictive level meter is acquired.
The pulse transmitting module of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter transmits transmitting pulse, the transmitting pulse propagates to the floater through the measuring rod, the transmitting pulse returns to the pulse receiving module along the measuring rod due to the magnetic force of the floater, and when the pulse receiving module receives the return pulse, the pulse receiving module filters the return pulse through the filter circuit, amplifies the return pulse through the amplifying circuit and converts the return pulse through the A/D converting circuit to form waveform data of the return pulse.
For example, when converting the return pulse, an 8-bit a/D conversion circuit may be used, or a 16-bit a/D conversion circuit may be used, and those skilled in the art may flexibly select the conversion circuit according to the actual accuracy requirement.
However, when waveform data of the return pulse is acquired, it is necessary to determine whether or not abnormality occurs in the waveform data. In some embodiments, determining whether an anomaly has occurred in the waveform data of the return pulse may take the following steps:
In step 5021, a peak voltage in the waveform data, that is, a maximum value in the waveform data is obtained.
In step 5022, in one cycle, waveform data is acquired,
If the peak voltage is smaller than the lower limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is increased, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
If the peak voltage is larger than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is reduced, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
If the peak voltage is greater than the lower limit value and less than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is maintained unchanged, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period.
Both the peak voltage lower limit value and the peak voltage upper limit value can be flexibly set by those skilled in the art as needed.
When the peak voltage is smaller than the peak voltage lower limit value, the gain is described as smaller, and at this time, it is necessary to increase the gain of the waveform data so that the peak voltage is larger than the peak voltage lower limit value.
When the peak voltage is larger than the peak voltage upper limit value, it is indicated that the gain is large, and at this time, it is necessary to reduce the gain of the waveform data so that the peak voltage is smaller than the peak voltage upper limit value.
By increasing or decreasing the gain, the peak voltage can be made larger than the peak voltage lower limit value and smaller than the peak voltage upper limit value, at which time no abnormality occurs in the waveform data.
At step 504, echo data is determined from the waveform data, the echo data being a segment of the waveform data that appears as a peak.
In some embodiments, determining echo data from waveform data may take the steps of:
In step 5041, left and right boundary points of echo data are determined in the waveform data.
In step 5042, waveform data between the left boundary point and the right boundary point is used as echo data.
In the present embodiment, on the left side of the peak voltage, along the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases, the waveform data whose first value becomes larger is the left boundary point; on the right side of the peak voltage, the waveform data whose first value becomes larger is the right boundary point in the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases.
Step 506, determining the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance according to the echo data.
In some embodiments, the echo peak voltage may be determined, for example, from the maximum value and the voltage coefficient in the echo data.
The echo peak voltage can be calculated, for example, using the following equation:
U Peak to peak ＝U×K Electric power
Wherein U Peak to peak is the echo peak voltage, U is the maximum voltage value in the effective waveform data, and K Electric power is the voltage coefficient.
The voltage coefficient is determined by the number of bits of the a/D conversion circuit.
In some embodiments, the echo waveform width may be determined, for example, from the number of points and the time coefficient of the echo data.
The echo waveform width can be calculated, for example, using the following equation:
W＝N×K Time of day
Wherein W is the width of the echo waveform, N is the number of points of the effective waveform data, and K Time of day is the time coefficient.
In some embodiments, the echo peak distance may be determined, for example, from the sequence number and time coefficient of the maximum value in the echo data.
The echo peak distance can be calculated, for example, using the following equation:
L＝M×K Time of day
Where L is the echo peak distance, M is the number of the maximum voltage value in the effective waveform data, and K Time of day is the time coefficient.
The time coefficient is determined by the crystal oscillator of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter and the length of the waveguide tube in the measuring rod.
Step 508, determining a threshold voltage according to the echo peak voltage when the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance satisfy preset conditions.
The preset conditions comprise: the echo peak voltage is greater than the echo peak voltage lower limit value and less than the echo peak voltage upper limit value; and the echo waveform width is larger than the effective waveform width lower limit value and smaller than the effective waveform width upper limit value; and the echo peak value distance is larger than the blind area value and smaller than the measuring range value.
Wherein the lower limit value of the echo peak voltage and the upper limit value of the echo peak value are set by a person skilled in the art according to the need, the lower limit value of the effective waveform width and the upper limit value of the effective waveform width are determined by the size of a display of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter, the blind zone value is determined by a measuring range line, and the blind zone value is determined by a blind zone line.
Determining the threshold voltage from the echo peak voltage may be calculated, for example, using the following equation:
U Threshold value ＝U Peak to peak ×K Threshold value
where U Threshold value is the threshold voltage, U Peak to peak is the echo peak voltage, K Threshold value is the threshold coefficient, and the threshold coefficient is a constant, and can be set by those skilled in the art as needed.
According to the embodiment of the application, the waveform data are obtained, the echo data are determined from the waveform data, the echo parameters, namely the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance, are calculated according to the echo data, and the threshold voltage is determined through the echo peak voltage under the condition that the echo parameters meet specific conditions, so that maintenance work of manually setting the threshold voltage in the process of installing, debugging or using the magnetostrictive liquid level meter is avoided, and the occurrence rate of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter fault is reduced.
It should be noted that, for simplicity of description, the foregoing method embodiments are all described as a series of acts, but it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present application is not limited by the order of acts described, as some steps may be performed in other orders or concurrently in accordance with the present application. Further, those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the embodiments described in the specification are alternative embodiments, and that the acts and modules referred to are not necessarily required for the present application.
The above description of the method embodiments further describes the solution of the present application by means of device embodiments.
Fig. 6 shows a block diagram of a threshold voltage determining apparatus of an embodiment of the present application. The dealer may be included in or implemented as a magnetostrictive level gauge. As shown in fig. 6, the apparatus includes:
a data acquisition module 602 for acquiring waveform data of the return pulse of the magnetostrictive level gauge.
The data determining module 604 is configured to determine echo data from the waveform data.
The parameter determining module 606 is configured to determine an echo peak voltage, an echo waveform width, and an echo peak distance according to the echo data.
The threshold determining module 608 is configured to determine a threshold voltage according to the echo peak voltage when the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width, and the echo peak distance satisfy preset conditions.
In some embodiments, the data acquisition module 605 is specifically configured to:
obtaining peak voltage in waveform data;
in one cycle, waveform data is acquired,
If the peak voltage is smaller than the lower limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is increased, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
If the peak voltage is larger than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is reduced, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
If the peak voltage is greater than the lower limit value and less than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is maintained unchanged, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period.
In some embodiments, the data determination module 604 is specifically configured to:
Determining left boundary points and right boundary points of echo data in the waveform data;
waveform data between the left boundary point and the right boundary point is taken as echo data.
On the left side of the peak voltage, the waveform data whose first value becomes larger is a left boundary point in the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases.
On the right side of the peak voltage, the waveform data whose first value becomes larger is the right boundary point in the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases.
In some embodiments, the parameter determination module 606 is specifically configured to:
Determining echo peak voltage according to the maximum value and the voltage coefficient in the echo data;
determining the width of the echo waveform according to the number of points and the time coefficient of the echo data;
and determining the echo peak value distance according to the sequence number and the time coefficient of the maximum value in the echo data.
In some embodiments, the preset conditions include: the echo peak voltage is greater than the echo peak voltage lower limit value and less than the echo peak voltage upper limit value; and the echo waveform width is larger than the effective waveform width lower limit value and smaller than the effective waveform width upper limit value; and the echo peak value distance is larger than the blind area value and smaller than the measuring range value.
In some embodiments, the threshold determination module 608 is specifically configured to:
the threshold voltage is calculated using the following:
U Threshold value ＝U Peak to peak ×K Threshold value
Where U Threshold value is the threshold voltage, U Peak to peak is the echo peak voltage, and K Threshold value is the threshold coefficient.
In another aspect, the present application also provides a magnetostrictive liquid level meter comprising the threshold voltage determining device of the above embodiment.
In yet another aspect, the present application also provides a magnetostrictive liquid level meter comprising a memory having a computer program stored thereon and a processor that when executing the program implements the threshold voltage determination method as in the above embodiments.
The above embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the present application, so: all equivalent changes in structure, shape and principle of the application should be covered in the scope of protection of the application.
Claims (8)
1.A threshold voltage determination method applied to a magnetostrictive liquid level meter, comprising:
Acquiring waveform data of a return pulse of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter;
Determining echo data from the waveform data;
determining echo peak voltage, echo waveform width and echo peak distance according to the echo data;
Determining the threshold voltage according to the echo peak voltage when the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance meet preset conditions;
the determining the echo peak voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak distance according to the echo data comprises:
Determining the echo peak voltage according to the maximum value and the voltage coefficient in the echo data;
determining the echo waveform width according to the number of points and the time coefficient of the echo data;
determining the echo peak value distance according to the sequence number and the time coefficient of the maximum value in the echo data;
the voltage coefficient is determined by the bit number of the A/D conversion circuit;
the time coefficient is determined by the crystal oscillator of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter and the length of the waveguide tube in the measuring rod;
The preset conditions include:
the echo peak voltage is greater than the echo peak voltage lower limit value and less than the echo peak voltage upper limit value: and
The echo waveform width is larger than the effective waveform width lower limit value and smaller than the effective waveform width upper limit value: and
And the echo peak value distance is larger than the blind area value and smaller than the measuring range value.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the acquiring waveform data of the return pulse of the magnetostrictive level gauge comprises:
Acquiring peak voltage in the waveform data;
in one cycle, the waveform data is acquired,
If the peak voltage is smaller than the lower limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is increased, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
If the peak voltage is larger than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, the gain of the waveform data is reduced, and the waveform data is continuously acquired in the next period;
and if the peak voltage is larger than the lower limit value of the peak voltage and smaller than the upper limit value of the peak voltage, maintaining the gain of the waveform data unchanged, and continuously acquiring the waveform data in the next period.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said determining echo data from said waveform data comprises:
Determining left and right boundary points of the echo data in the waveform data;
the waveform data between the left boundary point and the right boundary point is taken as the echo data.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said determining left and right boundary points of the echo data comprises:
On the left side of the peak voltage, along the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases, waveform data in which the first value becomes larger is the left boundary point;
on the right side of the peak voltage, in the direction in which the value of the waveform data decreases, the waveform data whose first value becomes larger is the right boundary point.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining said threshold voltage from said echo peak voltage comprises:
the threshold voltage is calculated using the formula:
u threshold = U peak x K threshold, where U threshold is the threshold voltage, U peak is the echo peak voltage, and K threshold is the threshold coefficient.
6. A threshold voltage determining device applied to a magnetostrictive liquid level meter, comprising:
The data acquisition module is used for acquiring waveform data of a return pulse of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter;
a data determining module for determining echo data from the waveform data;
the parameter determining module is used for determining echo peak voltage, echo waveform width and echo peak distance according to the echo data;
the threshold value determining module is used for determining the threshold value voltage according to the echo peak value voltage when the echo peak value voltage, the echo waveform width and the echo peak value distance meet preset conditions;
the parameter determining module is further configured to determine an echo peak voltage, an echo waveform width, and an echo peak distance according to the echo data, including:
Determining the echo peak voltage according to the maximum value and the voltage coefficient in the echo data;
determining the echo waveform width according to the number of points and the time coefficient of the echo data;
determining the echo peak value distance according to the sequence number and the time coefficient of the maximum value in the echo data;
the voltage coefficient is determined by the bit number of the A/D conversion circuit;
the time coefficient is determined by the crystal oscillator of the magnetostrictive liquid level meter and the length of the waveguide tube in the measuring rod;
The preset conditions include:
the echo peak voltage is greater than the echo peak voltage lower limit value and less than the echo peak voltage upper limit value: and
The echo waveform width is larger than the effective waveform width lower limit value and smaller than the effective waveform width upper limit value: and
And the echo peak value distance is larger than the blind area value and smaller than the measuring range value.
7. A magnetostrictive level gauge comprising the threshold voltage determining apparatus of claim 6.
8. A magnetostrictive level gauge comprising a memory and a processor, the memory having stored thereon a computer program, the processor, when executing the program, implementing the method of any one of claims 1 to 5.
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