CN112086643A - Carbon nano tube and application thereof - Google Patents
Carbon nano tube and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112086643A CN112086643A CN202010878695.9A CN202010878695A CN112086643A CN 112086643 A CN112086643 A CN 112086643A CN 202010878695 A CN202010878695 A CN 202010878695A CN 112086643 A CN112086643 A CN 112086643A
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
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Abstract
The invention relates to a carbon nano tube and application thereof, wherein the carbon layer lattice stripes of the tube wall of the carbon nano tube and the tube axial direction of the carbon nano tube form an included angle of 5-15 degrees as seen under a high-power transmission electron microscope. The structure can provide more edge lithium storage sites and shorter lithium ion migration channels, and is beneficial to improving the lithium storage performance. The carbon nano tube is more suitable for being used as a negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery, and when the flexible film electrode containing the carbon nano tube is used as a negative electrode of the lithium ion battery, the flexible film electrode has high specific capacity, good rate capability and cycling stability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a carbon nano tube and application thereof.
Background
With the development of flexible and wearable electronic devices, the demand for efficient flexible batteries is becoming more urgent, and the development of flexible thin film electrodes is the key point. The loading of active substances or the direct growth of active substances on flexible conductive substrates (such as carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper) is an important approach for the preparation of flexible electrodes.
Guanhua Zhang et al disclose a Carbon fiber Cloth flexible electrode having a Core-Shell structured nano-array (High-Performance and Ultra-Stable Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on MOF-Derived ZnO @ ZnO Quantum Dots/C Core-Shell nanooriented Arrays on a Carbon Cloth Anode, Advanced Materials,2015,27, 2400-. Firstly, carrying out low-temperature solution deposition reaction to directionally grow a ZnO nanorod array on a flexible carbon cloth substrate, then coating a zeolite imidazole ester framework material on the surface of a ZnO nanorod by taking the ZnO nanorod as a template and a zinc source and 2-methylimidazole as a ligand and an etching agent, and finally carrying out high-purity N at 650 DEG C2And (3) roasting to convert the coating layer of the zeolite imidazole ester framework material into an amorphous carbon framework and ZnO quantum dots, thereby obtaining the ZnO @ ZnO quantum dots/C nanorod array with a core-shell structure growing on the carbon cloth. The material has reversible (delithiation) specific capacity of 1055mAh/g under the current density of 100mA/g, and also has good rate performance (reversible (delithiation) specific capacity of 530mAh/g and cycling stability under the current density of 1000mA/g (the capacity loss is only 11 percent after cycling for 100 weeks under the current density of 500 mA/g).
Jun Chen et al discloses a Carbon fiber paper flexible electrode for lithium ion batteries (Carbon nano tube network modified Carbon fiber paper for Li-ion batteries, Energy & Environmental Science,2009,2, 393-396). The iron compound is soaked on carbon fiber paper to be used as a catalyst, ethylene is used as a carbon source, and carbon nanotubes grow on the carbon fiber paper by a gas phase deposition method, so that the carbon fiber paper flexible electrode is prepared. The reversible (delithiation) specific capacity of the flexible electrode was 546mAh/g after 50 cycles, calculated on carbon nanotubes.
In view of the above, in the conventional flexible thin film electrode, the preparation process is complicated, or the performance is not yet ideal, so it is necessary to develop a flexible thin film electrode having a simpler preparation process and better performance.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a flexible thin film electrode having better performance when used as a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery. The second purpose of the invention is to prepare the flexible thin film electrode by using cheap heavy oil. It is a further object of the present invention to provide novel carbon nanotubes that are more suitable for use as negative electrode materials in lithium ion batteries.
Specifically, the present invention includes the following.
1. The preparation method of the electrode is characterized in that heavy oil is used as a carbon source, carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite is used as a substrate, and a carbon nano tube grows on the substrate by a gas phase deposition method, so that the electrode is obtained.
2. The method of manufacturing according to 1, wherein the substrate is manufactured by the following method: in a liquid phase reaction system soaked with carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper, nickel cobalt hydrotalcite is synthesized to obtain the carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with the nickel cobalt hydrotalcite, namely the substrate.
3. The production method according to 1 or 2, characterized in that the substrate is produced by:
(1) preparing a solution of nickel salt, cobalt salt and quaternary ammonium salt, wherein the solvent is alcohol, water or a mixture of the alcohol and the water;
(2) and (2) soaking carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper into the solution, and then reacting for more than 20 hours at 100-200 ℃ to obtain the carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with the nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite, namely the substrate.
4. The preparation method according to 3, characterized in that in the step (1), the amount of the cobalt salt is 0.0004 to 0.0008 by mass of the solvent and the cobalt element; the dosage of the nickel salt is such that the molar ratio of nickel to cobalt is 1-2.5: 1; the use amount of the quaternary ammonium salt is that the molar ratio of the quaternary ammonium salt to the cobalt is 7.5-10: 1.
5. the process according to 3 or 4, wherein the alcohol is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or ethylene glycol.
6. The preparation method according to any one of 3 to 5, characterized in that the solvent is a mixture of methanol and water, and the mass ratio of the methanol to the water is 2 to 6: 1.
7. the preparation method according to any one of 3 to 6, characterized in that the nickel salt is nickel nitrate or nickel chloride; the cobalt salt is cobalt nitrate or cobalt chloride.
8. The process according to any one of 3 to 7, wherein the quaternary ammonium salt has R (CH)3)3N+X-Wherein R is a linear alkyl group of C10-C18; the quaternary ammonium salt is preferably dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
9. The production method according to any one of 3 to 8, characterized in that, in the step (2), the reaction time is 20 to 30 hours.
10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by comprising:
(1) placing the substrate and the heavy oil in a deposition zone and a volatilization zone of a vapor deposition furnace, respectively;
(2) a carrier gas is blown from the volatilization zone where the heavy oil is placed to the deposition zone where the substrate is placed; carrying out vapor deposition in the deposition area; the carrier gas is a mixed gas of hydrogen and inert gas;
(3) after the deposition is finished, stopping blowing in the direction in the step (2); and the temperature is reduced to room temperature under the protection of atmosphere.
11. The preparation method according to 10, characterized in that the temperature of the deposition zone is 900 ℃ to 1200 ℃ and the temperature of the volatilization zone is 400 ℃ to 800 ℃.
12. A method of preparation according to any of the preceding, characterized in thatThen, the amount of heavy oil used was 0.01g/cm based on the area of the substrate2～0.10g/cm2。
13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the time of the vapour-phase deposition is between 0.5h and 2 h.
14. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heavy oil is an atmospheric residue or a vacuum residue.
15. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heavy oil has a sulphur content of 0.5 to 5 m%, and may be 2 to 5 m%.
16.1-15 by any method.
17. An electrode, characterized in that, comprises carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper, and carbon nanotubes growing outwards on the fiber; the carbon nano tube is obtained by the catalytic growth of nickel/cobalt; the carbon nano tube has an outer diameter of 80nm to 250nm, an inner diameter of 30nm to 100nm and a length of 5 mu m to 50 mu m; the loading capacity of the carbon nano tube is 1mg/cm calculated by the area of the carbon fiber cloth or the carbon fiber paper2～4mg/cm2。
18. The carbon nanotube is characterized in that the carbon layer lattice fringes of the tube wall of the carbon nanotube and the tube axial direction of the carbon nanotube form an included angle of 5-15 degrees as seen by a high-power transmission electron microscope.
19. The carbon nanotube according to 18, wherein the carbon nanotube is made of nickel cobalt hydrotalcite and heavy oil.
20. An electrode, wherein the carbon nanotube of 19 is used.
21. A lithium ion battery, characterized in that an electrode produced by the method of any one of claims 1 to 15, the electrode of claim 17, or the electrode of claim 20 is used.
The invention has the following beneficial technical effects: in the flexible film electrode, the carbon nano tubes are uniformly distributed on the carbon fiber cloth or the carbon fiber paper, the tube diameter is uniform, and the surface is smooth; when the film electrode is used as a lithium ion battery cathode, the film electrode has high specific capacity, good rate capability and cycling stability; in addition, the invention takes the inferior heavy oil as the carbon source, thereby not only having low cost, but also providing a new way for the high added value utilization of the inferior heavy oil.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows.
Drawings
Figure 1 is an XRD pattern of the substrate of example 1.
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of the substrate of example 1 at 5000 Xmagnification.
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of the thin film electrode of example 1 magnified 1000 times.
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of the thin film electrode of example 1 magnified 30000 times.
FIG. 5 is a high resolution TEM image of carbon nanotubes on the thin film electrode of example 1.
Fig. 6 is an enlarged photograph of the area of the box in fig. 5.
Fig. 7 shows the result of the charge and discharge cycle performance test of the thin film electrode of example 1. Wherein, the abscissa is cycle number, and the unit is: week; the ordinate is the specific capacity of mass, and the unit is: milliampere-hour per gram (mAh/g).
FIG. 8 shows the results of the rate capability test of the thin film electrode of example 1 at different current densities. Wherein, the abscissa is cycle number, and the unit is: week; the ordinate is the specific capacity of mass, and the unit is: milliampere-hour per gram (mAh/g).
FIG. 9 is a scanning electron micrograph of the substrate of example 2 at a magnification of 10000 times.
FIG. 10 is a scanning electron micrograph of the carbon nanotubes grown on the carbon cloth fibers of example 2, which is magnified 5000 times.
FIG. 11 is a scanning electron micrograph of the carbon nanotubes grown 30000 times larger than the carbon cloth fibers of example 2.
FIG. 12 is a high-resolution TEM image of the growth of carbon nanotubes outside the carbon cloth fibers in example 2.
FIG. 13 is a magnified high resolution TEM image of the black box area of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 shows the results of the charge/discharge cycle performance test of the thin film electrode of example 2. Wherein, the abscissa is cycle number, and the unit is: week; the ordinate is the specific capacity of mass, and the unit is: milliampere-hour per gram (mAh/g).
FIG. 15 shows the results of the rate capability test of the thin film electrode of example 2. Wherein, the abscissa is cycle number, and the unit is: week; the ordinate is the specific capacity of mass, and the unit is: milliampere-hour per gram (mAh/g).
FIG. 16 is a scanning electron micrograph of the substrate of example 3 at a magnification of 10000 times.
FIG. 17 is a scanning electron micrograph of the carbon nanotubes grown 10000 times outside the carbon cloth fiber in example 3.
FIG. 18 is a photograph of a conventional carbon nanotube film grown 50000 times larger than the carbon cloth fiber in example 3.
FIG. 19 is a high resolution TEM image of carbon nanotubes on the thin film electrode of example 3.
FIG. 20 is a high-resolution TEM image of the black frame of FIG. 19 after being enlarged.
FIG. 21 shows the results of the charge/discharge cycle performance test of the thin film electrode of example 3. Wherein, the abscissa is cycle number, and the unit is: week; the ordinate is the specific capacity of mass, and the unit is: milliampere-hour per gram (mAh/g).
FIG. 22 shows the results of the rate capability test of the thin film electrode of example 3. Wherein, the abscissa is cycle number, and the unit is: week; the ordinate is the specific capacity of mass, and the unit is: milliampere-hour per gram (mAh/g).
FIG. 23 is a scanning electron micrograph of comparative example 1, in which carbon nanotubes are grown out of the carbon cloth fibers at 20000 times magnification.
FIG. 24 is a scanning electron micrograph of the carbon nanotubes grown on the carbon cloth fiber in comparative example 1, which is magnified 100000 times.
Detailed Description
Technical terms in the present invention are defined according to the definitions given herein, and terms not defined are understood according to the ordinary meanings in the art.
In the context of the present specification, anything or things which are not mentioned, except where explicitly stated, are directly applicable to those known in the art without any changes. Moreover, any embodiment described herein may be freely combined with one or more other embodiments described herein, and the technical solutions or ideas thus formed are considered part of the original disclosure or original description of the present invention, and should not be considered as new matters not disclosed or contemplated herein, unless a person skilled in the art would consider such combination to be clearly unreasonable.
All features disclosed in this invention may be combined in any combination and such combinations are understood to be disclosed or described herein unless a person skilled in the art would consider such combinations to be clearly unreasonable. The numerical points disclosed in the specification include not only the numerical points specifically disclosed but also the endpoints of each numerical range, and any combination of these numerical points should be considered as the range disclosed or described in the present invention, regardless of whether the numerical pairs are disclosed herein.
In the present invention, the carbon nanotube refers to a one-dimensional tubular carbon material having a tube diameter of several nanometers to several hundred nanometers.
Preparation of the substrate
The invention firstly provides a preparation method of a substrate, which comprises the following steps: in a liquid phase reaction system soaked with carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper, nickel cobalt hydrotalcite is synthesized to obtain the carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with the nickel cobalt hydrotalcite, namely the substrate.
According to the present invention, the carbon fiber cloth or the carbon fiber paper is not particularly limited, and those known in the art can be used. The main component of the carbon fiber cloth and the carbon fiber paper is carbon fiber, which is generally pretreated to remove impurities before use, and the pretreatment may be sequentially washed with acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol, and deionized water, which are known in the art.
The invention provides a specific mode for preparing the substrate, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a solution of nickel salt, cobalt salt and quaternary ammonium salt, wherein the solvent is alcohol, water or a mixture of the alcohol and the water;
(2) and (2) soaking carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper into the solution, and then reacting for more than 20 hours at 100-200 ℃ to obtain the carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with the nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite, namely the substrate.
According to the invention, in the step (1), the amount of the cobalt salt is 0.0004-0.0008 by mass of the solvent and the cobalt element; the dosage of the nickel salt is such that the molar ratio of nickel to cobalt is 1-2.5: 1; the use amount of the quaternary ammonium salt is that the molar ratio of the quaternary ammonium salt to the cobalt is 7.5-10: 1.
according to the invention, the ratio of the area of the carbon fiber cloth (or carbon fiber paper) to the volume of the solution can be 0.2cm2/mL～2.0cm2Per mL, carbon fiber cloth (or carbon fiber paper) is put into the solution.
According to the present invention, the alcohol is not particularly limited as long as it is suitable for preparing nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite. The alcohol may be methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or ethylene glycol.
According to the invention, the preferable solvent is a mixture of methanol and water, and the mass ratio of the methanol to the water is 2-6: 1.
according to the present invention, the nickel salt or cobalt salt is not particularly limited as long as it is suitable for preparing nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite. The nickel salt can be nickel nitrate or nickel chloride. The cobalt salt can be cobalt nitrate or cobalt chloride.
According to the present invention, the quaternary ammonium salt is not particularly limited as long as it is suitable for preparing nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite. The quaternary ammonium salt preferably has R (CH)3)3N+X-Wherein R may be a linear alkyl group of C10-C18. The quaternary ammonium salt is more preferably dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
According to the present invention, in the step (2), the reaction time may be 20 to 30 hours.
(II) preparation of flexible thin film electrode
The invention provides a preparation method of an electrode, which takes heavy oil as a carbon source, takes carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite as a substrate, and grows a carbon nano tube on the substrate by a gas phase deposition method to obtain the electrode.
According to the present invention, the heavy oil is not particularly limited, and may be atmospheric residue or vacuum residue.
According to the present invention, heavy oil of extremely low quality can be used. For example, the sulfur content of the heavy oil may be 0.5 m% to 5 m%, or 2 m% to 5 m%. For example, the colloid content of the heavy oil may be 15 m% to 30 m%, or 20 m% to 25 m%. For example, the heavy oil may have an asphaltene content of 5 m% to 25 m%, or 10 m% to 15 m%.
According to the invention, the heavy oil is used in an amount of 0.01g/cm based on the area of the substrate2～0.10g/cm2。
According to the invention, the time for the vapor deposition is generally between 0.5h and 2 h.
The invention provides a specific mode for preparing the electrode, which comprises the following steps:
(1) placing the substrate and the heavy oil in a deposition zone and a volatilization zone of a vapor deposition furnace, respectively;
(2) a carrier gas is blown from the volatilization zone where the heavy oil is placed to the deposition zone where the substrate is placed; carrying out vapor deposition in the deposition area; the carrier gas is a mixed gas of hydrogen and inert gas;
(3) after the deposition is finished, stopping blowing in the direction in the step (2); and the temperature is reduced to room temperature under the protection of atmosphere.
According to the invention, the temperature of the deposition zone is generally between 900 ℃ and 1200 ℃ and the temperature of the volatilization zone is generally between 400 ℃ and 800 ℃.
In the present invention, the inert gas refers to any gas that does not substantially affect the reaction process, such as nitrogen or a group 18 gas (e.g., helium or argon).
According to the invention, the volume ratio of hydrogen to inert gas is generally 5: 95-10: 90.
(III) Flexible thin film electrode
The invention provides an electrode comprising carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper and growing outwardly on the fibers thereofThe carbon nanotube of (2); the carbon nano tube is obtained by the catalytic growth of nickel/cobalt; the carbon nano tube has an outer diameter of 80nm to 250nm, an inner diameter of 30nm to 120nm and a length of 5 mu m to 50 mu m; the loading capacity of the carbon nano tube is 1mg/cm calculated by the area of the carbon fiber cloth or the carbon fiber paper2～4mg/cm2。
(IV) carbon nanotubes
In the process of preparing the electrode, the inventor unexpectedly obtains the carbon nano tube with a novel structure, and the carbon layer lattice fringes of the tube wall of the carbon nano tube and the tube axial direction of the carbon nano tube form an included angle of 5-15 degrees under a high-power transmission electron microscope. The novel structure can provide more edge lithium storage sites and shorter lithium ion migration channels, and is beneficial to improving the lithium storage performance.
(V) lithium ion battery
The invention also provides a lithium ion battery, which uses the electrode prepared by any one of the methods or any one of the electrodes.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
Example 1
(1) Preparation of the substrate
0.1221g of Ni (NO)3)2·6H2O, 0.0815g of Co (NO)3)2·6H2Dissolving O and 1g of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in a mixed solvent of 24g of methanol and 6g of water, and performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a uniform and transparent solution; transferring the solution into a reaction kettle with a lining of 100mL of polytetrafluoroethylene; cutting the carbon cloth into 6 rectangles of 2cm multiplied by 4cm, respectively ultrasonically cleaning the carbon cloth in acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water for 30min, then placing the carbon cloth in the solution of the reaction kettle, and reacting for 24h at 150 ℃; and (3) taking out the carbon cloth after the reaction is finished, washing the carbon cloth by using deionized water, and drying the carbon cloth in an oven at the temperature of 80 ℃ for 8 hours to obtain the substrate.
As can be seen from fig. 1(XRD) and fig. 2(SEM), in the obtained substrate, nickel cobalt hydrotalcite was uniformly supported on the carbon cloth.
(2) Preparation of the electrodes
Spreading the substrate obtained in the step (1) on an alumina magnetic boat, placing the magnetic boat at the center of a deposition area of the double-temperature-area tube furnace, and weighing 0.5g of heavy oil (the properties are shown in the table 1) and placing the heavy oil at the center of a volatilization area of the double-temperature-area tube furnace; introducing a hydrogen-argon mixed gas with the argon volume percentage of 90% at the flow rate of 50mL/min along the direction from the deposition area to the volatilization area for 0.5h, then heating the deposition area to 1000 ℃ within 200min, then adjusting the hydrogen-argon mixed gas to be blown from the volatilization area to the deposition area, wherein the flow rate of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas is 50mL/min, starting a temperature-raising program of the volatilization area, heating the volatilization area to 600 ℃ within 120min, then keeping the temperature for reacting for 60min, after the reaction is finished, adjusting the direction of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas to be blown from the deposition area to the volatilization area, keeping the flow rate of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas at 50mL/min, and cooling the furnace body to room temperature to obtain the electrode.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, in the obtained electrode, carbon nanotubes grow out of the carbon cloth fibers and are uniformly distributed on the carbon cloth, and the tube length is about 20 μm.
As can be seen from fig. 4, the carbon nanotubes in the obtained electrode were substantially straight carbon nanotubes, and had uniform tube diameter and smooth surface.
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the resulting electrode had carbon nanotubes with an outer diameter of about 150nm and an inner diameter of about 70 nm. As can be seen from fig. 6 (enlarged view of the box area of fig. 5), the lattice stripes of the carbon layer of the tube wall in the resulting electrode are significantly inclined at an angle of about 12 ° with respect to the tube axis (c-axis).
Punching the electrode into a circular electrode plate with the diameter of 1cm by using a sheet punching machine, weighing and calculating the quantity of the active substance for later use, wherein the load capacity of the obtained active substance is 1.51mg/cm2. The obtained electrode plate is taken as a positive electrode, a lithium plate is taken as a negative electrode, and BLE-207 type electrolyte (DMC + DEC + DC + LiPF with the volume ratio of 1:1: 1)6Concentration of 1mol/L) was used. The half cell is a CR2032 button cell, is assembled in a German MBRAUN glove box, the assembly materials are sequentially a negative electrode shell, a lithium sheet, a diaphragm, a positive electrode sheet, a gasket, an elastic sheet and a positive electrode shell, the assembly is completed from bottom to top, and the test is carried out after standing for 24 hours. The assembled button cell is tested by a Land CT2001A type cell test system, and when the charge-discharge cut-off voltage range is 0.1-2.5V (vs. Li +/Li), and the current density is highAt 400mA/g, the initial reversible specific capacity is 1506.9mAh/g, and the reversible specific capacity retention rate after 100 cycles is 91.6% (the test result is shown in figure 7).
Punching the electrode into a circular electrode plate with the diameter of 1cm by using a sheet punching machine, weighing and calculating the quantity of the active substance for later use, wherein the loading quantity of the obtained active substance is 1.23mg/cm2. The obtained electrode plate is taken as a positive electrode, a lithium plate is taken as a negative electrode, and BLE-207 type electrolyte (DMC + DEC + DC + LiPF with the volume ratio of 1:1: 1)6Concentration of 1mol/L) was used. The half cell is a CR2032 button cell, is assembled in a German MBRAUN glove box, the assembly materials are sequentially a negative electrode shell, a lithium sheet, a diaphragm, a positive electrode sheet, a gasket, an elastic sheet and a positive electrode shell, the assembly is completed from bottom to top, and the test is carried out after standing for 24 hours. The assembled button cell is tested by a Land CT2001A battery test system, the charge-discharge cut-off voltage range is 0.1-2.5V (vs. Li +/Li), the current density is 200mA/g, the reversible specific capacity is 1586.2mAh/g, when the current density is increased to 5000mA/g, the reversible specific capacity is 714mAh/g, and the multiplying power performance is excellent (the test result is shown in figure 8).
TABLE 1 heavy oil Properties
Example 2
(1) Preparation of the substrate
0.1017g of Ni (NO)3)2·6H2O, 0.1018g of Co (NO)3)2·6H2Dissolving O and 1g of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in a mixed solvent of 25g of methanol and 5g of water, and performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a uniform and transparent solution; transferring the solution into a reaction kettle with a lining of 100mL of polytetrafluoroethylene; cutting the carbon cloth into 2 pieces of 2cm × 4cm rectangles, respectively ultrasonically cleaning the carbon cloth in acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water for 40min, then placing the carbon cloth in the solution of the reaction kettle, and reacting for 20h at 180 ℃; and (3) taking out the carbon cloth after the reaction is finished, washing the carbon cloth by using deionized water, and drying the carbon cloth in a 100 ℃ drying oven for 5 hours to obtain the substrate.
As can be seen from fig. 9(SEM), in the obtained substrate, nickel cobalt hydrotalcite was uniformly supported on the carbon cloth.
(2) Preparation of the electrodes
Flatly paving the substrate obtained in the step (1) on an aluminum oxide magnetic boat, placing the magnetic boat at the central position of a deposition area of the double-temperature-area tube furnace, and weighing 1.5g of heavy oil (the properties are shown in a table 1) and placing the heavy oil at the central position of a volatilization area of the double-temperature-area tube furnace; introducing a hydrogen-argon mixed gas with the volume percentage of 95% of argon at the flow rate of 100mL/min along the direction from the deposition area to the volatilization area for 0.5h, then heating the deposition area to 1100 ℃ within 275min, then adjusting the flow rate of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas to be blown from the volatilization area to the deposition area, wherein the flow rate of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas is 50mL/min, starting a temperature-raising program of the volatilization area, heating the volatilization area to 650 ℃ within 130min, then keeping the temperature for reaction for 90min, after the reaction is finished, adjusting the direction of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas to be blown from the deposition area to the volatilization area, keeping the flow rate of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas to be 100mL/min, and cooling the furnace body to room temperature to obtain the electrode.
As can be seen from fig. 10, in the obtained electrode, the carbon nanotubes grow out of the carbon cloth fibers and are uniformly distributed on the carbon cloth, and the length of the tube is about 10 μm.
As can be seen from fig. 11, the carbon nanotubes in the obtained electrode were substantially straight carbon nanotubes, and had uniform tube diameter and smooth surface.
As can be seen from fig. 12, the outer diameter of the carbon nanotubes in the resulting electrode was about 200nm and the inner diameter was about 120 nm. As can be seen from fig. 13 (enlarged view of the box area of fig. 12), the lattice stripes of the carbon layer of the tube wall in the resulting electrode are significantly inclined at an angle of about 9 ° with respect to the tube axis (c-axis) direction.
Punching the electrode into a circular electrode plate with the diameter of 1cm by using a sheet punching machine, weighing and calculating the quantity of the active substance for later use, wherein the loading quantity of the obtained active substance is 1.38mg/cm2. The obtained electrode plate is taken as a positive electrode, a lithium plate is taken as a negative electrode, and BLE-207 type electrolyte (DMC + DEC + DC + LiPF with the volume ratio of 1:1: 1)6Concentration of 1mol/L) was used. The half cell is CR2032 button cell, and is assembled in Germany MBRAUN glove box, the assembly material is cathode shell-lithium sheet-diaphragm-anode sheet-gasket-shrapnel-anode shell, the assembly is completed from bottom to top, and the half cell is kept stand for 24hAnd (5) post-testing. The assembled button cell is tested by a Land CT2001A type cell test system, when the charge-discharge cut-off voltage range is 0.1-2.5V (vs. Li +/Li) and the current density is 400mA/g, the initial reversible specific capacity is 1263.6mAh/g, and the reversible specific capacity retention rate is 83.1% after 100 cycles (the test result is shown in figure 14).
Punching the electrode into a circular electrode plate with the diameter of 1cm by using a sheet punching machine, weighing and calculating the quantity of the active substance for later use, wherein the loading quantity of the obtained active substance is 1.23mg/cm2. The obtained electrode plate is taken as a positive electrode, a lithium plate is taken as a negative electrode, and BLE-207 type electrolyte (DMC + DEC + DC and LiPF in a volume ratio of 1:1: 1) is used6Concentration of 1mol/L) was used. The half cell is a CR2032 button cell, is assembled in a German MBRAUN glove box, the assembly materials are sequentially a negative electrode shell, a lithium sheet, a diaphragm, a positive electrode sheet, a gasket, an elastic sheet and a positive electrode shell, the assembly is completed from bottom to top, and the test is carried out after standing for 24 hours. The button cell assembled in the way adopts a testing system of a Land CT2001A battery, when the current density is 200mA/g, the reversible specific capacity is 1134mAh/g, when the current density is increased to 5000mA/g, the reversible specific capacity is 258.2mAh/g, and the rate capability is excellent (the testing result is shown in figure 15).
Example 3
(1) Preparation of the substrate
0.1424g of Ni (NO)3)2·6H2O, 0.0611g of Co (NO)3)2·6H2Dissolving O and 1g of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in a mixed solvent of 20g of methanol and 10g of water, and performing ultrasonic dispersion to obtain a uniform and transparent solution; transferring the solution into a reaction kettle with a lining of 50mL of polytetrafluoroethylene; cutting the carbon cloth into 4 rectangles of 2cm multiplied by 4cm, respectively ultrasonically cleaning the carbon cloth in acetone, absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water for 30min, then placing the carbon cloth in the solution of the reaction kettle, and reacting for 28h at 120 ℃; and (3) taking out the carbon cloth after the reaction is finished, washing the carbon cloth by using deionized water, and drying the carbon cloth in a 60 ℃ drying oven for 10 hours to obtain the substrate.
As can be seen from fig. 16(SEM), in the obtained substrate, nickel cobalt hydrotalcite was uniformly supported on the carbon cloth.
(2) Preparation of the electrodes
Flatly paving the substrate obtained in the step (1) on an aluminum oxide magnetic boat, placing the magnetic boat at the central position of a deposition area of the double-temperature-area tubular furnace, and weighing 2g of heavy oil to be placed at the central position of a volatilization area of the double-temperature-area tubular furnace; introducing a hydrogen-argon mixed gas with the argon volume percentage of 92% at the flow rate of 80mL/min along the direction from the deposition area to the volatilization area for 0.5h, then heating the deposition area to 900 ℃ within 300min, then adjusting the hydrogen-argon mixed gas to be blown from the volatilization area to the deposition area, keeping the flow rate of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas at 80mL/min, starting a temperature-raising program of the volatilization area, heating the volatilization area to 700 ℃ within 175min, then keeping the temperature for reaction for 30min, after the reaction is finished, adjusting the direction of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas to be blown from the deposition area to the volatilization area, keeping the flow rate of the hydrogen-argon mixed gas at 80mL/min, and cooling the furnace body to room temperature to obtain the electrode.
As can be seen from fig. 17, in the obtained electrode, carbon nanotubes grow out of the carbon cloth fibers and are uniformly distributed on the carbon cloth, and the length of the tube is about 10 μm.
As can be seen from fig. 18, the carbon nanotubes in the obtained electrode were substantially straight carbon nanotubes, and had uniform tube diameter and smooth surface.
As can be seen from fig. 19, the outer diameter of the carbon nanotubes in the resulting electrode was about 80nm and the inner diameter was about 30 nm. As can be seen from fig. 20 (enlarged view of the box area of fig. 19), in the resulting electrode, the lattice stripes of the carbon layer of the tube wall are significantly inclined at an angle of about 10 ° with respect to the tube axis (c-axis) direction.
Punching the electrode into a circular electrode plate with the diameter of 1cm by using a sheet punching machine, weighing and calculating the quantity of the active substance for later use, wherein the load capacity of the obtained active substance is 1.55mg/cm2. The obtained electrode plate is taken as a positive electrode, a lithium plate is taken as a negative electrode, and BLE-207 type electrolyte (DMC + DEC + DC + LiPF with the volume ratio of 1:1: 1)6Concentration of 1mol/L) was used. The half cell is a CR2032 button cell, is assembled in a German MBRAUN glove box, the assembly materials are sequentially a negative electrode shell, a lithium sheet, a diaphragm, a positive electrode sheet, a gasket, an elastic sheet and a positive electrode shell, the assembly is completed from bottom to top, and the test is carried out after standing for 24 hours. The assembled button cell is tested by a Land CT2001A type cell test system, and when the charge-discharge cut-off voltage range is 0.1-2.5V (vs. Li +/Li), the currentWhen the density is 400mA/g, the initial reversible specific capacity is 929.4mAh/g, and the reversible specific capacity retention rate after 100 cycles is 98.5% (the test result is shown in figure 21).
Punching the electrode into a circular electrode plate with the diameter of 1cm by using a sheet punching machine, weighing and calculating the quantity of the active substance for later use, wherein the loading quantity of the obtained active substance is 1.67mg/cm2. The obtained electrode plate is taken as a positive electrode, a lithium plate is taken as a negative electrode, and BLE-207 type electrolyte (DMC + DEC + DC and LiPF in a volume ratio of 1:1: 1) is used6Concentration of 1mol/L) was used. The half cell is a CR2032 button cell, is assembled in a German MBRAUN glove box, the assembly materials are sequentially a negative electrode shell, a lithium sheet, a diaphragm, a positive electrode sheet, a gasket, an elastic sheet and a positive electrode shell, the assembly is completed from bottom to top, and the test is carried out after standing for 24 hours. The assembled button cell is tested by a Land CT2001A battery test system, when the charge-discharge cut-off voltage range is 0.1-2.5V (vs. Li +/Li) and the current density is 200mA/g, the reversible specific capacity is 967.5mAh/g, when the current density is increased to 5000mA/g, the reversible specific capacity is 305.6mAh/g, and the multiplying power performance is excellent (the test result is shown in figure 22).
Comparative example 1
A thin film electrode was prepared as in example 3, except that: methane is used as a carbon source, and is introduced for 0.5h in the deposition process, wherein the flow rate of the methane is 100 mL/min.
Fig. 23 shows that when a conventional carbon source is used, the grown carbon nanotubes are spread on the surface of the carbon fiber, the amount of growth is small, and the smooth surface of the carbon fiber can be seen.
As can be seen from fig. 24, the grown carbon nanotube is about 60nm, and a lot of lumpy amorphous carbon is present around the tube.
Claims (10)
1. The carbon nanotube is characterized in that the carbon layer lattice fringes of the tube wall of the carbon nanotube and the tube axial direction of the carbon nanotube form an included angle of 5-15 degrees as seen by a high-power transmission electron microscope.
2. The carbon nanotube of claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube is made from nickel cobalt hydrotalcite and heavy oil.
3. An electrode comprising the carbon nanotube according to claim 1 or 2.
4. The electrode according to claim 3, comprising carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper, and carbon nanotubes grown outwardly on the fibers thereof; the carbon nano tube is obtained by the catalytic growth of nickel/cobalt; the carbon nano tube has an outer diameter of 80nm to 250nm, an inner diameter of 30nm to 150nm and a length of 5 mu m to 50 mu m; the loading capacity of the carbon nano tube is 1mg/cm calculated by the area of the carbon fiber cloth or the carbon fiber paper2～4mg/cm2。
5. An electrode according to claim 3, wherein the electrode is made by: and growing carbon nanotubes on the substrate by using a gas phase deposition method by using heavy oil as a carbon source and carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite as a substrate to obtain the electrode.
6. The electrode of claim 5, wherein the substrate is made by a method comprising: in a liquid phase reaction system soaked with carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper, nickel cobalt hydrotalcite is synthesized to obtain the carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with the nickel cobalt hydrotalcite, namely the substrate.
7. The electrode of claim 5, wherein the substrate is made by a method comprising:
(1) preparing a solution of nickel salt, cobalt salt and quaternary ammonium salt, wherein the solvent is alcohol, water or a mixture of the alcohol and the water;
(2) and (2) soaking carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper into the solution, and then reacting for more than 20 hours at 100-200 ℃ to obtain the carbon fiber cloth or carbon fiber paper loaded with the nickel-cobalt hydrotalcite, namely the substrate.
8. The electrode of claim 7, wherein the nickel salt is nickel nitrate or nickel chloride; the cobalt salt is cobalt nitrate or cobalt chloride.
9. The electrode of claim 7, wherein the quaternary ammonium salt is dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, or octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.
10. A lithium ion battery comprising an electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
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