CN112068199B - Plane section rapid fault interpretation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a plane section rapid fault interpretation method, which comprises the following steps: firstly, the method comprises the following steps: performing horizon interpretation at the well-crossing point; II, secondly: explaining horizon line interpolation into a horizon trend surface; thirdly, the method comprises the following steps: extracting coherent attributes from the horizon trend surface open time window; fourthly, the method comprises the following steps: extracting a plane fault line in a plane range according to the coherence attribute; fifthly: selecting a two-dimensional seismic section within the range of the plane fault line, and explaining the fault line in the two-dimensional seismic section; the plane fault line and the section fault line are intersected to form a plane; sixthly, the method comprises the following steps: and (3) performing rotation angle scanning on the projected fault line of the fault plane by taking the layer fault intersection point as a rotation point in the section, adjusting the fault line to the fault scanning angle position corresponding to the maximum entropy, and traversing all the sections to obtain a fine interpretation fault plane. The invention extracts the coherence attribute on the basis of the initial trend surface, takes the coherence attribute as the guide, and utilizes the manual interpretation plane fault line and the manual interpretation profile fault line to quickly intersect into a surface, thereby being capable of quickly, conveniently and visually carrying out fault interpretation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of oil and gas exploration, in particular to a plane section rapid fault interpretation method.
Background
In the process of oil and gas exploitation and seismic interpretation, accurate and reasonable fault interpretation is the core of seismic structure interpretation, the visual reflection of faults on a vertical section is wave group fault, distortion and sudden change of amplitude and frequency, and the characteristics of different stratum occurrence, inconsistent structural deformation, different stratum thicknesses and the like are embodied on two sides of the fault.
At present, fault identification and interpretation methods include: a fault interpretation method of seismic profile identification and well breakpoint identification; fault identification method of coherent attribute; fault automatic tracking and identifying method of intelligent algorithm; edge detection, image processing fault recognition methods of three-color mixing technology and the like. The fault identification method of the seismic section mainly carries out manual fault identification according to the reflection characteristics of faults on the seismic section, is suitable for three-dimensional seismic data, has a recognition effect which is greatly influenced by the resolution of the seismic data and the subjective experience of interpreters, and usually needs to be matched with a breakpoint guide mode for fault identification; the coherence attribute fault identification method is simple and quick, but coherence differences are not necessarily caused by faults, so that the coherence fault identification method has errors and needs to perform post-processing judgment on a coherent body; the ant tracing method is a widely used branch method in the fault automatic tracing and identifying method of the intelligent algorithm, the ant traces the fault detection result, the broken line is clear and the continuity is better, the small fault which can not be identified by naked eyes can be identified, the ant tracing operation result is fine but the operation amount is large, and the ant tracing operation result is easily interfered by linear noise; the method for explaining the image processing fault has multi-scale property, but the fault detection result is greatly influenced by the filtering quality and the attribute extraction quality of the seismic data. In actual production work, manual fault line interpretation of the seismic profile is the main working mode, and other fault identification and interpretation methods are used as auxiliary methods in actual production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a plane section rapid fault interpretation method.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a planar section fast fault interpretation method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: performing manual horizon interpretation at the well-crossing point;
step two: manually interpreting horizon line interpolation as a horizon trend surface;
step three: extracting coherent attributes from the horizon trend surface open time window;
step four: manually extracting plane fault lines in a plane range according to the coherence attributes, replacing the coherence attributes extracted by a fine interpretation horizon plane with the coherence attributes extracted by a horizon trend plane, and extracting the plane fault lines from the plane faults;
step five: selecting a two-dimensional seismic section within the range of the plane fault line, and manually explaining the fault line in the two-dimensional seismic section; the plane fault line and the section fault line are intersected to form a plane;
step six: and in the section, taking the layer fault intersection point as a rotation point, automatically scanning the projection fault line of the section by a rotation angle, finally adjusting the fault line to the calculated angle position corresponding to the maximum entropy of the seismic data, finishing fine interpretation of the fault line, and traversing all the sections to obtain a fine interpretation fault plane.
Specifically, the manual horizon interpretation process performed at the well-crossing point in the first step specifically includes: and manually interpreting a horizon line at the well point position after the time depth calibration, wherein the horizon line comprises a line direction, a channel direction and a well connecting line, and the interpreted horizon line is used as a control line of a horizon trend surface.
Specifically, the process of manually interpreting horizon interpolation as the horizon trend surface in the second step specifically includes: and (4) passing a horizon control line, performing horizon surface fitting interpolation in the whole work area plane range by using a global least square surface fitting method, and taking an obtained fitting interpolation surface as a horizon trend surface.
Specifically, the process of extracting the coherence attribute by the horizon trend surface open time window in the third step specifically includes: calculating a principal eigenvalue of a covariance matrix based on the seismic data to obtain a third generation coherent algorithm, setting a top surface and a bottom surface of a time window parallel to the horizon trend surface by taking the horizon trend surface as a center, wherein the top-bottom distance of the time window is a wavelength length, identifying and calculating by using the local statistics of the seismic data and the third generation coherent algorithm, and extracting the coherent attribute of the horizon trend surface.
Specifically, the process of obtaining the third-generation coherent algorithm based on principal eigenvalue calculation of the covariance matrix of the seismic data specifically includes the following substeps:
s001, calculating a covariance matrix of the seismic body in the time window, wherein the seismic body in the time window is D ═ Dij(i 1,2, …, N; j 1,2, …, M) }, where M is the time window length and N is the number of seismic channels, the calculated covariance matrix can be expressed as:
s002, obtaining an eigenvalue lambda of the covariance matrix by matrix eigenvalue decomposition calculation, and further obtaining a coherent value E by calculationcValue of coherence EcIs represented by the following formula:
wherein: lambda [ alpha ]1Is the largest eigenvalue.
Specifically, the calculation process of the maximum entropy of the seismic data in the sixth step specifically includes: for a tomography angle, the seismic data set at the position of the fault line is expressed as S ═ SiI is 1,2, … k, the set has k data, and the value range distribution intervals of the k data are L, that is, the value range distribution intervals are X { X ═ X }iI is 1,2, …, L, and the probability for each span is p (x)i) Then the seismic data entropy value h (x) is calculated as:
an entropy value is calculated at each tomography angle position, and the tomography angle corresponding to the maximum entropy value is the target angle of the adjustment of the fault line.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the method combines the functions of horizon stratum trend surface and coherence attribute fault identification and the geological experience of interpreters, and can quickly and intuitively obtain a fault interpretation surface. The conventional manual fault interpretation working mode of the seismic section is completely limited by subjective geological experience of an interpreter, repeated comparison judgment and modification are needed for fault surface closure, fault layer intersection, breakpoint judgment and the like in the interpretation process, the working period is long, and the method has the advantages of short interpretation period, convenience and intuition.
2. The method replaces the fine interpretation horizon surface with the horizon trend surface, replaces the time window coherence attribute of the horizon surface with the time window coherence attribute of the horizon trend surface to judge the plane fault, has small influence on the statistical attribute of the seismic channel, and reduces the coherent result deviation calculated by the main eigenvalue of the statistical covariance matrix of the seismic channel, thereby greatly reducing the working time cost.
3. The invention takes the plane explanation fault line as the intersection line of the fault and the horizon, takes the section explanation fault line as the fault plane control line, can form the fault plane quickly, and in the fault plane forming process, only two fault lines of the fault explanation line with the plane coherence property and the section fault explanation line are needed to be combined to form the fault plane, and the fault plane forming is quick and visual.
4. The method utilizes the chaotic property of the seismic data of the position of the fault line of the section and automatically adjusts the angle of the fault line by taking the maximum entropy of the seismic data as a target to obtain a fine fault plane, thereby reducing the workload of the adjustment of the interactive fault plane of an interpreter and reducing the dependency on the geological experience of the interpreter.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a horizon with faults according to the present invention, in which the black bold line represents the intersection line of the horizon fault and the black dotted line represents the horizon in one line direction.
Fig. 3 is a sectional seismic fault interpretation line graph in which a black thin line indicates a fine horizon, a dotted line indicates a trend horizon, and a black bold line indicates a manually interpreted fault line.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional cut-away view of a sectional manually-explained fault line and a planar manually-explained fault line, wherein a dotted line is the sectional manually-explained fault line and a solid line is the planar manually-explained fault line.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional time range diagram calculated during automatic angle adjustment of a cross-sectional seismic fault line according to the present invention, wherein a broken line box represents the cross-sectional range of seismic calculation, a black bold line represents the projection of the fault plane on the current cross-section, and a black dot represents the intersection point of the fault horizon.
Detailed Description
In order to more clearly understand the technical features, objects, and effects of the present invention, embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the present embodiment, in order to explain the objects and advantages of the present invention in more detail, a detailed description of the present invention will be made in conjunction with a technical flowchart and other drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, a plane section fast fault interpretation method mainly includes the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: manual horizon interpretation is carried out at the well-crossing point;
and manually interpreting a layer bit line at the well point position after the time depth calibration, wherein the layer bit line comprises a line direction, a channel direction and a plurality of directions of well connecting lines and is used as a control line of a layer position trend surface.
Step two: manually explaining horizon line interpolation into a horizon trend surface;
and (4) passing through a horizon control line, and performing horizon surface fitting interpolation in the whole work area plane range by using a global least square surface fitting method, wherein the fitting interpolation surface is called a horizon trend surface in the invention. The invention uses horizon trend surface to replace the fine interpretation horizon surface, uses the time window coherence property of horizon trend surface to replace the time window coherence property of horizon surface to judge the plane fault, and the deviation between the trend horizon surface and the fine horizon surface has less influence on the statistical property of the seismic channel, and the deviation can be further reduced for the coherent result of the main eigenvalue of the seismic channel statistical covariance matrix.
When the bit lines of the manual interpretation layer are too sparse, the deviation of the interpolated horizon trend surface from the real horizon is larger, and the deviation can be reduced by manually adding the bit lines of the interpretation layer. As indicated by the black dashed line in fig. 3 is the profile trend horizon.
Step three: extracting coherent attributes from the horizon trend surface open time window;
the invention adopts the third generation coherence attribute as the fault identification attribute, and the third generation coherence algorithm has high transverse resolution, strong algorithm stability and good noise resistance. The third generation coherence algorithm is obtained by calculating the principal eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of the seismic data, the local statistics of the seismic data and insensitivity of the third generation coherence to fault identification calculation time window are utilized, the horizon trend surface is taken as the center, the top and bottom surfaces of the time window parallel to the horizon trend surface are arranged, the distance between the top and the bottom of the time window is one wavelength length, and the coherence attribute extracted by the horizon trend surface replaces the coherence attribute extracted by the fine interpretation horizon surface and is used for identifying and interpreting the plane fault.
The process of obtaining the third-generation coherent algorithm by calculating the principal eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of the seismic data specifically comprises the following substeps:
s001, calculating a covariance matrix of the seismic body in the time window, wherein the seismic body in the time window is D ═ Dij(i 1,2, …, N; j 1,2, …, M) }, where M is the time window length and N is the number of seismic channels, the calculated covariance matrix can be expressed as:
s002, obtaining the eigenvalue lambda of the covariance matrix by matrix eigenvalue decomposition and calculation, and further calculatingObtain a coherence value EcValue of coherence EcIs represented by the following formula:
wherein: lambda [ alpha ]1Is the largest eigenvalue.
Step four: manually extracting a plane fault line in a plane range according to the coherence attribute;
because the fault and the horizon are not orthogonally distributed, fault responses of the plane coherence attribute are often in strip-shaped distribution, the plane fault line is difficult to extract automatically, and in order to ensure the precision and the accuracy of the plane fault interpretation line, the plane coherence attribute is extracted manually.
Step five: selecting a two-dimensional seismic section within the range of the plane fault line, and manually explaining the fault line in the two-dimensional seismic section; the plane fault line and the section fault line are intersected to form a plane;
as shown in fig. 2, the horizon spatial distribution with faults, fault extraction in a horizon plane is our target, an artificial plane fault line based on the coherence attribute of a horizon trend surface, namely, a horizon fault intersection tangent line (black solid line in fig. 4) is extracted, a two-dimensional seismic section is selected within the range of the plane fault line, as shown in fig. 3, the manually-explained section fault line (black solid line in fig. 3) is manually explained, and the manually-explained section fault line is copied along the horizon fault intersection tangent line to obtain a fault plane, as shown in fig. 4.
Step six: in the section, taking the layer fault intersection point as a rotation point, automatically scanning the fault rotation angle of the projected fault line of the fault plane, finally adjusting the fault line to the fault scanning angle position corresponding to the maximum entropy, finishing the fine interpretation of the fault line, traversing all the sections and obtaining the fine interpreted fault plane.
And (4) the included angle between the fault line and the horizon of each section is different, and the fault plane obtained quickly in the fifth step has errors.
In the process of underground propagation of seismic elastic waves, phenomena such as scattering and diffraction can occur near a fault, the seismic response characteristic of the fault is that amplitude and phase change is severe, and the event is discontinuous, namely, great disorder exists in seismic data near the fault, and the data disorder can be described by using the entropy of an array. The method utilizes the maximum entropy of the seismic data near the fault to adjust the fault line angle.
The calculation process of the maximum entropy of the seismic data specifically comprises the following steps: for a tomography angle, the seismic data set at the position of the fault line is expressed as S ═ SiI is 1,2, … k, the set has k data, and the value range distribution intervals of the k data are L, that is, the value range distribution intervals are X { X ═ X }iI is 1,2, …, L, and the probability for each span is p (x)i) Then the seismic data entropy value h (x) is calculated as:
an entropy value is calculated at each tomography angle position, and the tomography angle corresponding to the maximum entropy value is the target angle of the adjustment of the fault line.
And as shown in fig. 5, taking the intersection point of the fault layer position as a rotation point, performing rotation angle scanning analysis on the fault line projected by the fault layer profile, extracting seismic data in a virtual frame range in the graph at each rotation angle, calculating corresponding entropy values, recording, calculating the entropy values one by one within a specified rotation angle range, finally taking the angle position corresponding to the maximum entropy as the accurate position of the fault line, and traversing all the profiles to obtain the fine interpretation fault layer.
The invention relates to a method for rapidly intersecting plane fault lines and section fault lines to form a plane, which combines the functions of horizon stratum trend surface and coherence attribute fault identification and the geological experience of interpreters and can rapidly and visually obtain a fault interpretation plane. The conventional manual fault interpretation working mode of the seismic section is completely limited by subjective geological experience of an interpreter, repeated comparison judgment and modification are needed for fault surface closure, fault layer intersection, breakpoint judgment and the like in the interpretation process, the working period is long, and the method has the advantages of short interpretation period, convenience and intuition. Firstly, the method replaces a fine interpretation horizon surface with a horizon trend surface, replaces a time window coherence attribute of the horizon surface with the time window coherence attribute of the horizon trend surface to carry out plane fault judgment, the horizon trend surface is a plane spread smooth surface of a seismic response homophase axis of a horizon and is a low-frequency trend surface of an actual fine horizon interpretation result, and for the extraction of the time window coherence attribute, even if the operation range of the trend horizon surface and the fine horizon surface has deviation, the influence on the statistical attribute of a seismic channel is small, and the deviation can be further reduced for a coherence result calculated by a main eigenvalue of a seismic channel statistical covariance matrix, so the fine horizon coherence attribute is replaced by the horizon trend surface coherence attribute in the method, and the working time cost is greatly reduced; secondly, the invention takes the plane explanation fault line as the intersection line of the fault and the horizon, takes the section explanation fault line as the fault plane control line, can form the fault plane quickly, in the fault plane forming process, only two fault lines of the fault explanation line of the plane coherence property and the section fault explanation line are needed to be combined to form the fault plane, and the fault plane forming is quick and visual; finally, the method utilizes the chaotic property of the seismic data of the position of the fault line of the section and automatically adjusts the angle of the fault line by taking the maximum entropy of the seismic data as a target to obtain a fine fault plane, thereby reducing the workload of the adjustment of the interactive fault plane of an interpreter and reducing the dependency on the geological experience of the interpreter.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (6)
1. A plane section fast fault interpretation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: performing manual horizon interpretation at the well-crossing point;
step two: manually interpreting horizon line interpolation as a horizon trend surface;
step three: extracting coherent attributes from the horizon trend surface open time window;
step four: manually extracting plane fault lines in a plane range according to the coherence attributes, replacing the coherence attributes extracted by a fine interpretation horizon plane with the coherence attributes extracted by a horizon trend plane, and extracting the plane fault lines from the plane faults;
step five: selecting a two-dimensional seismic section within the range of the plane fault line, and manually explaining the fault line in the two-dimensional seismic section; the plane fault line and the section fault line are intersected to form a plane;
step six: and in the section, taking the layer fault intersection point as a rotation point, automatically scanning the projection fault line of the section by a rotation angle, finally adjusting the fault line to the calculated angle position corresponding to the maximum entropy of the seismic data, finishing fine interpretation of the fault line, and traversing all the sections to obtain a fine interpretation fault plane.
2. The method for fast fault interpretation of planar section according to claim 1, wherein the manual horizon interpretation process at the well-passing point in the first step specifically comprises: and manually interpreting a horizon line at the well point position after the time depth calibration, wherein the horizon line comprises a line direction, a channel direction and a well connecting line, and the interpreted horizon line is used as a control line of a horizon trend surface.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step two of manually interpreting horizon interpolation as a horizon trend surface process specifically comprises: and (4) passing a horizon control line, performing horizon surface fitting interpolation in the whole work area plane range by using a global least square surface fitting method, and taking an obtained fitting interpolation surface as a horizon trend surface.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the process of extracting coherence attributes from the horizon trend surface in the third step by the time window opening process specifically comprises: and calculating a main eigenvalue of the covariance matrix based on the seismic data to obtain a third generation coherent algorithm, setting a top surface and a bottom surface of a time window parallel to the horizon trend surface by taking the horizon trend surface as a center, wherein the top-bottom distance of the time window is a wavelength length, identifying and calculating by using the local statistics of the seismic data and the third generation coherent algorithm, and extracting the coherent attribute of the horizon trend surface.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the process of obtaining a third generation coherence algorithm based on principal eigenvalue calculation using covariance matrices of seismic data comprises the following sub-steps:
s001, calculating a covariance matrix of the seismic body in the time window, wherein the seismic body in the time window is D ═ Dij(i 1,2, …, N; j 1,2, …, M) }, where M is the time window length and N is the number of seismic channels, the calculated covariance matrix can be expressed as:
s002, obtaining an eigenvalue lambda of the covariance matrix by matrix eigenvalue decomposition calculation, and further obtaining a coherent value E by calculationcValue of coherence EcIs represented by the following formula:
wherein: lambda [ alpha ]1Is the largest eigenvalue.
6. The method for interpreting plane section fast fault according to claim 1, characterized in that the calculation process of maximum entropy of seismic data in the sixth step specifically includesComprises the following steps: for a tomography angle, the seismic data set at the position of the fault line is expressed as S ═ SiI is 1,2, … k, the set has k data, and the value range distribution intervals of the k data are L, that is, the value range distribution intervals are X { X ═ X }iI is 1,2, …, L, and the probability for each span is p (x)i) Then the seismic data entropy value h (x) is calculated as:
an entropy value is calculated at each tomography angle position, and the tomography angle corresponding to the maximum entropy value is the target angle of the adjustment of the fault line.
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