CN112066830A - Method for constructing sandy slate tunnel - Google Patents
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- CN112066830A CN112066830A CN202010881519.0A CN202010881519A CN112066830A CN 112066830 A CN112066830 A CN 112066830A CN 202010881519 A CN202010881519 A CN 202010881519A CN 112066830 A CN112066830 A CN 112066830A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/08—Tamping methods; Methods for loading boreholes with explosives; Apparatus therefor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for constructing a sandy slate tunnel, which comprises the following steps: (1) measuring; (2) leveling the field; (3) drilling holes in the hole distribution (4); (5) charging; (6) blocking blast holes; (7) and (3) connecting a detonation network: the detonator section and the initiation network connection mode are executed according to the blasting design scheme; (8) safety warning; (9) inspecting after explosion; (10) blind shot processing; (11) carrying out secondary crushing; (12) controlling hydraulic pressure explosion; (13) cleaning dangerous stones on an excavation surface; (14) and (5) inspecting the excavation quality, and if the excavation quality is qualified, finishing the light explosion process. The method can solve the problems of operation space limitation, better slitting effect and the like by using less blast holes and least explosive per unit consumption, finally achieves the purposes of simple and convenient operation, wide application range and good operation precision effect, effectively improves the light explosion quality and construction progress and reduces the construction cost. The method improves the smooth blasting excavation technology of the sandy slate tunnel, accelerates the construction period, reduces the construction cost, plays a good smooth blasting effect, and has obvious economic and social benefits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of tunnel construction, in particular to a method for constructing a sandy slate tunnel.
Background
The drilling and blasting method is mainly adopted when tunnel construction is carried out in China, and other construction methods can be used during actual tunnel construction, for example: firstly, an open cut method; a semi-open digging method, a cover plate method or a cover digging (reverse construction) method; and thirdly, a subsurface excavation method and the like. However, the application of these construction methods is not unique, and in order to ensure safe and smooth implementation of the construction scheme, certain auxiliary construction measures must be combined for coordinated execution.
The matched modes of the construction machinery of the long and large single-track railway tunnel in China mainly comprise the following rail full-face tunneling modes; a trackless full-face tunneling mode; and thirdly, a step correcting mode, namely a matched mode that the tunnel is divided into an upper step construction and a lower step construction, namely the upper step is excavated and the lower step is closely followed, namely, large-scale excavating equipment is used for reducing the use of the tunnel.
The construction method of the sandy slate tunnel has the advantages that the sandy slate tunnel penetrates through mountains and peaks which are peaks and peaks of peaks and peaks, the terrain is dangerous, the valleys are long and narrow, most of rock burst occurs in deep buried underground engineering with deep burial, good lithology and large ground stress, and the method has the characteristics of hysteresis, continuity, attenuation, burst property, harshness and the like, not only damages engineering equipment and influences the construction progress, but also seriously threatens the personal safety of constructors, even causes the failure of the whole engineering in serious cases, and the occurrence of rock burst disasters seriously restricts the smooth operation of deep engineering. And due to the special properties of the plate-shaped structure, the bedding and joints of the sandy slate, and the like, the requirements on parameters of the light explosion are strict and difficult to master, the light explosion effect has larger difference along with different geological conditions, and the parameter selection also needs to be adjusted in time according to different geology. To obtain an ideal blasting effect, the lithologic change rule of the sandy slates must be mastered, and the mature blasting process is used for controlling through the action principle of the light blasting, so that the construction safety is enhanced, the overbreak and the underexcavation are reduced, the quality and the construction progress of the light blasting are effectively improved, and the construction cost is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the defects of the prior art, the invention designs a method for constructing a sandy slate tunnel, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) measurement: accurately measuring according to the elevation of stages divided by design, and determining the blasting excavation elevation;
as a preferred technical solution, specifically: before tunnel excavation, the method analyzes and researches the properties of surrounding rocks by using detection results such as advanced forecasting, advanced drilling, monitoring and measuring and the like, ascertains the conditions such as integrity, water burst, unfavorable geology and the like of the surrounding rocks in front, checks the actual surrounding rock properties of a tunnel body with a design drawing, and determines excavation and supporting parameters. And (4) preparing the air drill, the air pipe, the gun rod and other operation tools to be conveyed to a construction site, and checking whether the equipment is in a normal working state. The blasting equipment reports a use plan in advance, is timely transported to a construction site, and is properly kept and safe. The wind, water and pipeline are ensured to be prepared in place.
(2) Leveling the field: in the blasting construction period, virtual slag and large stones in the operation are cleaned, the field is leveled and compacted, and the leveling of the field is ensured;
(3) hole distribution: strictly distributing holes according to a blasting design scheme, wherein the error of the center of each blast hole is less than 5 cm;
as a preferred technical solution, specifically: the method comprises the steps of accurately drawing a tunnel contour and a tunnel center line on a tunnel face by red paint by adopting a full-automatic total station, making an obvious elevation marking point, then arranging and releasing the slotted holes, the auxiliary holes and the peripheral holes according to the point position of a blasting scheme, marking by the red paint, measuring and marking the marked point position deviation not more than 5cm, measuring and marking the peripheral holes at the interval of 50cm, selecting 3 points for rechecking after the measurement and the setting are finished, and confirming whether the point position measurement and the setting are correct.
(4) Drilling: the method comprises the following steps of (1) strictly perforating according to the blast hole angle and the hole distribution position of blasting design parameters, wherein the angle deviation is less than 3 degrees, and the ultra-depth error is less than 0.2 m;
as a preferred technical solution, specifically: the tunnel is drilled by an YT-28 type air-leg pneumatic rock drill, experienced drillers are selected during drilling, the number of the drillers is fixed, and each driller is arranged to be responsible for drilling. The actual operation of drilling is realized by four characters of 'stable, flat, straight and even', the precision of drilling is ensured by the guidance of a shift with rich experience, and the depth of a blasthole is adjusted according to the position of the blasthole and the concave-convex degree of the demonstration of the tunnel face so as to ensure that the blasthole bottom is on the same plane. The drilling process is strictly executed according to blasting parameters, and the drilling position, direction and depth are accurately controlled, particularly the control of the thickness of the light explosion layer, the depth of the peripheral hole and the extrapolation angle is more critical. After drilling, the on-site technicians check and accept the hole distance, the hole depth and the drilling angle of the blastholes according to the blasthole arrangement diagram, the allowable error of the drilling depth is +/-2 cm, the allowable error phi of the center of the opening is less than 3cm, and drilling is needed again if the drilling parameters do not meet the requirements, so that the drilling quality is ensured.
As a preferred technical solution, specifically: after drilling, hooking the stone chips in the blast hole by using a blast hook bent by a steel bar, blowing the stone chips in the blast hole by using high-pressure air input by a small-diameter high-pressure air pipe, carefully checking whether the position, the depth and the angle of the blast hole meet the design requirements or not, and charging according to blasting parameters and a charging structure after the blast hole is qualified.
(5) Charging: charging is carried out strictly according to the charge amount of the blasting design parameters, the charge amount error is less than 3%, the designed filling height must be reserved, and the reserved filling height error is less than 0.2 m;
as a preferred technical solution, specifically: before charging, PVC pipe through holes are adopted, the confirmed hole depth meets the requirements, and then a wood rod is adopted to charge according to a water pressure blasting charging structure.
As a preferred technical solution, specifically: the peripheral holes adopt an air-spaced and non-coupled explosive charging structure, detonating by using detonating cords, inserting the detonating cords into empty-bottom explosive cartridges, and uniformly distributing and loading explosives into the blast holes by binding bamboo chips or PVC pipe walls. To overcome the resistance of the bottom blasthole, the bottom dose is generally increased slightly. Before charging, 1 water-saving band with length of about 20cm is loaded at the bottom of the hole of the blast hole, and 2 water-saving bands are loaded after charging, and then plugging is carried out.
As a preferred technical solution, specifically: the cut hole, the auxiliary hole, the bottom edge hole and the like adopt continuous coupling charging, the detonator is embedded into the hole bottom explosive roll, and all adopt a reverse initiation charging structure. Before charging, a water-saving bag with the length of about 20cm is arranged at the bottom of a borehole, and after charging is finished, a water-saving bag 4 is arranged, and then stemming is used for blocking. The loading is carried out from top to bottom according to the loading determined by the blasting design blasthole explosive distribution table, the detonators are arranged in seats in a number-matching mode, all blastholes are required to block the stemming after loading, and the blocking length is not less than 40 cm.
(6) And (3) blast hole blocking: the blast hole filler needs to be plugged by stemming to ensure the filling quality and the filling effect;
(7) and (3) connecting a detonation network: the detonator section and the connection mode of the initiation network are executed strictly according to the blasting design scheme without any error;
as a preferred technical solution, specifically: the detonating network adopts a clustering method. When in connection, the detonating tubes are bundled into 20 bundles in a partitioning way, each bundle is bundled in the center and is provided with 1 section of detonator for firing, all firing detonators are connected in parallel, and finally are folded and combined, and the detonating tubes are fired by firing pins for detonating. The energy-gathering holes of the booster detonator are reversed, and the detonated detonating tubes are uniformly distributed around the detonating detonator as much as possible.
As a preferred technical solution, specifically: after the network is connected, whether each node of the connected network is connected firmly or not needs to be carefully checked, and the loose binding needs to be reinforced in time. Before detonation, the detonation network and a power supply are required to be checked whether the detonation network is normal or not, and detonation can be carried out after the current of the detonation network is smooth and stable.
(8) And (4) safety warning: the safety warning range must be executed strictly according to the requirement of blasting regulations, and detonation can be carried out after safety is confirmed;
as a preferred technical solution, specifically: before blasting, all personnel should evacuate outside the safe distance, the safe distance is not less than 200m, and the adjacent upper and lower tunnels are not less than 100 m; the distance between the transverse channel and the transverse hole of the adjacent parallel tunnel is not less than 50 m. Before the detonation, the blasting commander sends out an alert signal, the alert person performs evacuation and inspection work on personnel within an alert range, ensures that no personnel are in an alert area, controls an access and then notifies the blasting commander. And after receiving the notice that the alerter can start blasting, the blasting commander sends a detonation breaking signal, has no abnormal condition and can command the detonation. After the detonation is carried out for 15 minutes, after the blasting commander confirms the safety, the blasting commander can inform each alertness member to cancel the alertness.
(9) And (3) checking after explosion: after the detonation, the smoke dust and harmful gas can enter an explosion area for inspection after being dissipated, and the safety warning cannot be relieved before the inspection is finished;
as a preferred technical solution, specifically: the tunnel face is ventilated in time after blasting, the tunnel dust and explosive residual gas and wind dust concentration are reduced by discharging, and water can be sprayed for dust reduction if necessary, so that the environment in the tunnel meets the occupational health standard, and the physical and mental health of constructors is protected. After ventilation is carried out for at least 15 minutes, the next working procedure operation can be carried out.
(10) Blind shot processing: if blind blasting occurs in the blasting process, the treatment must be carried out according to blasting safety regulations and blasting design schemes strictly, and treating personnel must have blasting experience for many years;
(11) secondary crushing: for rocks with the block size exceeding a specified value, secondary crushing is needed, and the requirement of a resistance line must be ensured during secondary crushing to prevent blasting flying rocks from being too far away;
(12) controlling hydraulic pressure explosion: the water bag is filled fully, the bag does not contain air, and the qualified water bag is required to be stiff and straight; the water bag at the bottom of the blast hole is required to be filled at the bottom of the blast hole, and the water bag at the bottom directly acts on the rock after blasting, so that the time is long, the surrounding rock is favorably crushed, and the energy loss caused by air is avoided; the number of the water bags filled later and the length of the stemming can be adjusted according to the length of the residual hole after the powder is filled, the more the water bags, the better, and the minimum length of the stemming is not less than 40 cm; the filling form of the blasthole comprises a water bag, an explosive, a water bag and stemming from inside to outside in sequence, all fillers in the blasthole are tightly connected in the longitudinal direction except the peripheral holes, and air in the holes is discharged as much as possible;
(13) cleaning dangerous stones on an excavation surface;
(14) and (5) inspecting the excavation quality, and if the excavation quality is qualified, finishing the light explosion process.
As a preferred technical solution, specifically: after ventilation, the excavator is used for cleaning and removing the loosened and unsewn dangerous stones on the excavation surface, and the safety of the excavation surface is ensured. And organizing the measurement personnel to measure the overbreak value of the excavation profile surface, the preservation rate of the blasthole traces of the peripheral holes and the staggering value between two batches of cannons in time so as to be used for statistical analysis of overbreak and serve as a reward and punishment examination basis of the circulation operating personnel and a basis for next circulation improvement. And after cleaning, primarily spraying 3-5cm of concrete to the profile of the excavated section, and sealing the excavated rock surface. The concrete spraying operation should be performed in sections and in sections. The concrete spraying operation is from bottom to top, the feeding is kept uniform and the spraying is continuous.
Has the advantages that:
(1) the technology of two-stage horizontal wedge and one-stage vertical cut aiming at the large-section tunnel is researched, the problems that the operation space is limited, a better cut effect is obtained by using less blast holes and the least unit consumption of explosive and the like can be solved, and the purposes of simplicity and convenience in operation, wide application range and good operation precision effect are finally achieved.
(2) The water pressure blasting technology of adding the stemming into the water bag is researched, the explosive energy utilization rate is improved, the unit consumption of the explosive is reduced, and the construction cost is effectively reduced.
(3) In order to effectively achieve the light blasting effect of the sand slate tunnel smooth blasting construction, the operation modes of person fixing, hole fixing and explosive fixing are researched, the parameters of controlling the positions, the intervals, the drilling depths, the drilling angles, the explosive loading amount and the like of blast holes are discussed, the safety, the economy and the rapidity of the blast holes are highlighted, the work efficiency is improved, and the construction period and the cost are saved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for constructing a sandstone tunnel;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charge structure for hydraulic blasting of a peripheral hole;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another configuration of an eyelet hydraulic blasting charge;
figure 4 blasting network connection schematic.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
The tunnel total length 13927m is simulated, the tunnel is supposed to pass through geology of mountain ridge over peaks, the terrain is severe, the valleys are long and narrow, lithology is sandy slate, variational rock debris and sandstone, local argillaceous slate is seen, grayish-dark gray, purple red and brown yellow, and the tunnel is divided into four areas under the condition that the tunnel is completely weathered and weakly weathered, specifically: the following specific parameters are adopted in the I, II, III and IV regions: explosive: selecting emulsion explosive, selecting small explosive rolls with the diameter of 25mm in the peripheral blast holes, weighing 150g and having the length of 26 cm; the cut holes and the rest of the collapse holes are made of 32mm emulsion explosive, and the emulsion explosive is 200g in weight and 20cm in length. Detonator: selecting a common non-electric millisecond delay detonator with a section position of 1-15; detonating cord: carrying out explosive loading at intervals in peripheral blast holes, and carrying out series explosion by adopting detonating cord single-hole processing explosive; the hydraulic blasting material mainly uses a water bag and stemming. The water bag is manufactured by a KPS-60 type plastic bag filling machine, the bag is filled with tap water, the length of the water bag is 20 centimeters, and the diameter of the water bag is 3.5 centimeters. The stemming is prepared into roll-shaped stemming by a PNJ-A type stemming machine, the stemming is 20 centimeters long in each section and 3.5 centimeters in diameter, and the stemming comprises the following components in percentage by mass: sand: water 0.75:0.1: 0.15. The parameters in the specific construction method are set as shown in the following table:
and performing numerical simulation on the step-method excavated tunnel by adopting ANSYS, and verifying the rationality of support parameters in the initial stage of tunnel excavation, the rationality of material selection and the stability of surrounding rock after the step-method excavation. The finite element numerical analysis calculation is combined, and the fact that all parameters in the construction embodiment can meet technical requirements is proved, and the problems in the prior art are effectively solved.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for constructing a sandy slate tunnel is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) measurement: accurately measuring according to the elevation of stages divided by design, and determining the blasting excavation elevation; (2) leveling the field: in the blasting construction period, virtual slag and large stones in the operation are cleaned, the field is leveled and compacted, and the leveling of the field is ensured; (3) hole distribution: distributing holes according to a blasting design scheme, wherein the error of the center of each blast hole is less than 5 cm; (4) drilling: perforating according to the blast hole angle and the hole distribution position of blasting design parameters; (5) charging: loading according to the loading of blasting design parameters, wherein the loading error is less than 3%, and the designed filling height is reserved, and the reserved filling height error is less than 0.2 m; (6) and (3) blast hole blocking: the blast hole filler needs to be plugged by stemming to ensure the filling quality and the filling effect; (7) and (3) connecting a detonation network: the detonator section and the initiation network connection mode are executed according to the blasting design scheme; (8) and (4) safety warning: the safety warning range is executed according to the requirement of blasting regulations, and detonation can be carried out after safety is confirmed; (9) and (3) checking after explosion: after the smoke dust and harmful gas are dissipated after the detonation, the smoke dust and the harmful gas can enter an explosion area for inspection, and the safety warning cannot be removed before the inspection is finished; (10) blind shot processing: if blind shots appear in the blasting process, processing according to a blasting design scheme; (11) secondary crushing: for rocks with the lumpiness exceeding a specified value, secondary crushing is needed, the requirement of a resistance line is ensured during secondary crushing, and blasting flying rocks are prevented from being too far; (12) controlling hydraulic pressure explosion: the water bag is filled fully and does not contain air; (13) cleaning dangerous stones on an excavation surface; (14) and (5) inspecting the excavation quality, and if the excavation quality is qualified, finishing the light explosion process.
2. The sandstone tunnel construction method of claim 1, wherein: the measurement in step (1) further comprises: before tunnel excavation, the method analyzes and researches the properties of surrounding rocks by using advanced forecasting, advanced drilling and monitoring measuring and detecting results, ascertains the conditions of integrity, water burst, unfavorable geology and the like of the surrounding rocks in front, checks the actual surrounding rock properties of a tunnel body with a design drawing, and determines excavation and supporting parameters.
3. The sandstone tunnel construction method of claim 1, wherein: and (4) during drilling, adopting an YT-28 type air-leg pneumatic rock drill to drill, adjusting the depth of a blasthole according to the position of an eye opening and the concave-convex degree demonstrated by a tunnel face during drilling, ensuring that the blasthole bottom is on the same plane, performing the drilling process according to blasting parameters, accurately controlling the drilling position, the direction and the depth, the thickness of a light explosion layer, the depth of peripheral holes and an external inserting angle, controlling the drilling depth allowable error to be +/-2 cm, and re-drilling if the drilling parameters do not meet the requirements, wherein the allowable error of the central diameter of the drilled hole is less than 3 cm.
4. The sandstone tunnel construction method of claim 1, wherein: when the step (5) is executed, stone chips in the blasthole are hooked out by a shot hook bent by a steel bar in advance, high-pressure air is input by a small-diameter high-pressure air pipe to blow off the stone chips in the blasthole, whether the position, the depth and the angle of the blasthole meet the design requirements or not is carefully checked, and the powder can be loaded according to blasting parameters and a powder loading structure after the blasthole is qualified.
5. The sandstone tunnel construction method of claim 1, wherein: and (5) adopting PVC pipe through holes before charging, confirming that the hole depth meets the requirements, then adopting a wood pole to charge according to a water pressure blasting charging structure, adopting an air-spaced and uncoupled charging structure for peripheral holes, detonating by using an explosive fuse, inserting the explosive fuse into a hollow-bottom cartridge, and uniformly distributing and loading the explosive on bamboo chips or PVC pipe walls into blast holes by binding the explosive.
6. The sandstone tunnel construction method of claim 1, wherein: and (5) increasing the dosage of the bottom part when the step (5) is executed, loading 1 water-saving tape with the length of about 20cm at the bottom of the blast hole before loading, loading 2 water-saving bags after loading is finished, and then blocking.
7. The sandstone tunnel construction method of claim 1, wherein: and (5) continuously coupling and charging the slotted hole, the auxiliary hole and the bottom edge hole, burying the detonator into the hole bottom explosive roll, and completely adopting a reverse initiation charging structure, wherein a water band with the length of 20cm is charged at the hole bottom of the blasthole before charging, 4 water bags are charged after charging is finished, then the blasthole is blocked by using stemming, the charging is carried out from top to bottom according to the charging amount determined by an explosive distribution table of the blasthole designed by blasting, and all blastholes are required to block the stemming after charging, wherein the blocking length is not less than 40 cm.
8. The sandstone tunnel construction method of claim 1, wherein: and (3) when the step (7) is executed, the detonating network adopts a cluster connection method, the detonating tubes are bundled into 20 bundles in a partitioning mode during connection, each bundle is bundled in the center and is provided with 1 section of detonator for firing, all firing detonators are connected in a parallel connection mode and are combined in a furled mode, and firing pins are used for firing the detonating tubes for detonating.
9. The method of constructing a sandstone tunnel according to claim 1, wherein: when the step (12) is executed, filling the water bag at the bottom of the blast hole to the bottom of the blast hole, directly acting the water bag at the bottom on the rock after blasting, adjusting the number of the water bags filled later and the length of the stemming according to the length of the residual hole after charging, and enabling the minimum length of the stemming to be not less than 40 cm; the filling form of the blast hole is water bag, explosive, water bag and stemming from inside to outside, except the peripheral hole, the fillings in the blast hole are connected tightly in the longitudinal direction, and the air in the hole is discharged as much as possible.
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN112943262A (en) * | 2021-01-27 | 2021-06-11 | 中铁七局集团武汉工程有限公司 | Karst landform tunnel energy-gathering water pressure smooth blasting structure and method |
| CN113418425A (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-09-21 | 北京工业大学 | Splicing energy-gathering water seal blasting device and using method thereof |
| CN113739656A (en) * | 2021-09-22 | 2021-12-03 | 中建八局第一建设有限公司 | Stone blasting excavation method under deep foundation pit supporting beam |
| CN113739654A (en) * | 2021-09-04 | 2021-12-03 | 北京伊拜科技有限责任公司 | Data acquisition and detection method for industrial detonator in blasting operation field |
| CN114001604A (en) * | 2021-11-11 | 2022-02-01 | 中国水利水电第三工程局有限公司 | High and cold region multi-joint hard rock dam material blasting direct mining construction method |
| CN114608399A (en) * | 2022-03-28 | 2022-06-10 | 嵩县金牛有限责任公司 | Portable hole sealing method for mine tunneling blasting |
| CN115979086A (en) * | 2022-12-24 | 2023-04-18 | 中建铁路投资建设集团有限公司 | Explosive loading device for tunnel construction blasting overbreak and undermining control and construction method thereof |
| CN116992694A (en) * | 2023-09-21 | 2023-11-03 | 中铁开发投资集团有限公司 | Tunnel blasting quality evaluation and optimization method |
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