CN112063880A - 一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN112063880A
CN112063880A CN202010771505.3A CN202010771505A CN112063880A CN 112063880 A CN112063880 A CN 112063880A CN 202010771505 A CN202010771505 A CN 202010771505A CN 112063880 A CN112063880 A CN 112063880A
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CN112063880B (zh
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范艳芳
杨新德
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Guizhou Xinan Aviation Machinery Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及滑动摩擦集电材料技术领域，尤其是一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料。该材料所包含的组元及其在材料中所占的质量百分比为：铜粉69～75％、石墨5～7％、锡粉4～6％、镍粉4～9％、铬粉1～3％、二硫化钼1～3％、导电陶瓷5～10％。本发明是以较简单的工艺方法达到较佳的试验结果。本发明的特点是生产周期短、工艺方法简单，具有广泛的应用前景。

Description

一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及滑动摩擦集电材料技术领域，尤其是一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料。
背景技术
弓网系统是电力机车的重要组成部分，是为机车提供动力的唯一有效途径。滑板安装在受电弓的最上端，与接触网导线直接接触，在滑动过程中从接触导线上获得电能，从而引导传输给机车供电，来维护机车的正常运行。滑板与导线构成了一对集机械电气耦合的特殊摩擦副，在实际运行中主要产生两种磨损，一种是电气电弧磨损，一种是机械磨损。随着电力机车运行速度的不断提高，运行中弓网振动将进一步加剧，离线现象会十分频繁，这就要求滑板材料即具有良好的导电性、导热性及抗电蚀能力和耐拉弧性，还要具有抗冲击性、良好的减磨性和自润滑性等特性，同时从保护导线的角度还需要对接触网导线磨耗要小。
目前我国电力机车铜导电区段常用受电弓滑板主要有铜基粉末冶金滑板和浸金属碳滑板。铜基粉末冶金滑板的机械强度较好，表面硬度适中，与铜导线的匹配性较好，但实际应用中滑板材料的“自磨损”以及接触导线的“他磨损”依然较大，且国产铜基滑板的寿命尚未达到进口件的1/3，缩短了更换周期，增大了维护成本；浸金属碳滑板是目前最为理想的铜导电区段的受电弓滑板，分为整体式(国外)和组装式(国内)两类，具有较好的电学性能，基本解决了碳滑板机械强度低的问题，耐磨式能大为提高，能根本解决导线磨耗过快的问题，但抗冲击力不足，出现掉块，使用过程中需要整形，价格过高(仅单价部分是铜基滑板价格的4倍以上)，维护成本高，给机务部门带来较大的经济压力。
为了解决上述问题，相继出现了多种改进方法，但仍然存在着磨损量达不到行业标准的问题。如专利CN 109182833A公开了一种以球形铬粉为强化相的铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料及其制备方法，将铬粉通过等离子球化装置球化得到球形铬粉，与其他原料配比混合冷压成形、烧结后得到受电弓滑板材料。相比于普通铬粉，铬粉球化成本较高，制备工艺较为复杂，且配方中含有有毒有害物质铅，不利于环保。又如专利105671357A公开了一种石墨烯/铜受电弓滑板材料及其制备方法，将石墨烯负载铜粉末、锡粉和铜粉，按照一定的比例混合，经热压、烧结得到滑板材料。此方法是将混合好的料放入热压机中经高温热压，保压时间长，成本高，不利于批量生产。再如专利CN105543534A公开了一种铜基受电弓滑板材料，该滑板材料以铜粉为基体，添加了铁、铬、镍、锌、锡、铅、石墨等元素，将所有元素混合后冷压成型、在氨分解气氛网带炉中烧结成形。该材料工艺方法简单，但摩擦系数高，磨损量大，且含有有毒有害物质铅，不利于环保。所以，研究一种兼顾材料性能和环境友好的材料极有必要。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术中存在的上述技术问题，本发明提供一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料及其制备方法。
具体是通过以下技术方案得以实现的：
一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料，该材料所包含的组元及其在材料中所占的质量百分比为：
铜粉69～75％、石墨5～7％、锡粉4～6％、镍粉4～9％、铬粉1～3％、二硫化钼1～3％、导电陶瓷5～10％；所述导电陶瓷由质量比为2～5:12～18:22～27:1～3:2～3:1～2:2～3的氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉制备而成。
优选的，所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料，该材料所包含的组元及其在材料中所占的质量百分比为：
铜粉69～75％、石墨6～7％、锡粉5～6％、镍粉7～9％、铬粉2～3％、二硫化钼2～3％、导电陶瓷5～10％，所述导电陶瓷由质量比为3～5:13～15:26～27:2～3:2～3:1～2:2～3的氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉制备而成。
本发明所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料，制备方法如下：
(1)将氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯的粉体放入三维混合机中，在50～70℃下混合3～5h，将粉体在压强10～15Pa下烘10～20h，降温至30～35℃，将粉体与其质量5～8倍的无水乙醇混合，在500～700W的超声波震荡下，浸泡50～70min，然后将所得混合物在3～8Pa、20～25℃下干燥3～5h，在干燥后的产物中加入聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉混合均匀，用制粒机在6MPa下压制成粒度2～3mm的颗粒，将颗粒放在1200～1300℃下、氧气体积含量为23～25％的空气中烧结15～20h，将烧结后的陶瓷颗粒降温，用球磨机加工成超微粉体，即得所述导电陶瓷；
(2)将铜粉在氨分解气氛中还原处理后冷却至室温；
(3)将石墨、锡粉、镍粉、铬粉、二硫化钼分别进行烘干，保温后随炉冷却；
(4)将还原、烘干后的各组元按比例进行称料；
(5)将称好的物料放入V混机中混合3～4h；
(6)将混合合格的物料在四柱液压机上以单压300～400MPa进行冷压成形，保压时间大于5s；
(7)将压坯入钟罩式加压烧结炉在氨分解保护气氛下进行加压烧结，冷却后即可制得铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板。
进一步的，所述还原处理时间为2.5～3h。
进一步的，所述保温时间为2.5～3h。
进一步的，所述V混机的转速为35～50r/min。
进一步的，所述烧结参数：温度840～870℃，保温时间2～3h。
与现有技术相比，本发明创造的技术效果体现在：
本发明在制作导电陶瓷中，通过将氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯烘干，提高其表面的空隙，提高粉体粗糙度；通过将粉体浸没到无水乙醇中，在超声波作用下，清洁粉体表面，使得再次干燥后粉体表面的羟基数量更多更稳定，强化粉体与淀粉聚乙烯醇缩丁醛的联结，通过在富养下的高温烧结，利用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉的分解，促进陶瓷多孔形成，利用多孔性的导电陶瓷吸附石墨、锡粉、镍粉、铬粉、二硫化钼，促进铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料三维结构的胶结，而且导电陶瓷中的氧化铌内部产生的晶体缺陷活化晶格，促进铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料的烧结，使得铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料具有更好的力学特性。
本发明是单轨车用滑力板进行配套的，通过将正交设计应用于配方、工艺参数研究，分析了影响受电弓滑板磨损量及其他性能指标的工艺参数，确定了试验方案，根据方案完成了试验，并根据试验结果进行了数据分析，确定了较优的组元配比和生产工艺条件，以较简单的工艺方法达到较佳的试验结果。本发明的特点是生产周期短、工艺方法简单，具有广泛的应用前景。
石墨由于具有层状结构，有着良好的导电、导热、减磨等性能，并对电弧具有不敏感性等特点，成为减磨材料中常用的润滑成分。但随着石墨含量的增加，滑板材料的密度下降、电阻率增大，加上石墨与铜在高温下几乎不润湿也不互溶，使得铜成孤立的岛屿状分布在材料中，不利于材料的导电性和摩擦磨损性能。本发明通过优化调节镍等合金元素的比例来获得综合性能良好的铜基滑板材料，镍与铜无限互溶，可以提高材料的耐高温性和耐磨性，并且镍和石墨的界面结合能大于石墨和铜之间的界面结合能，有助于石墨对复合材料进行合金化，以提高其整体性能；而锡与铜形成面心立方体锡青铜，其具有良好的耐磨性，锡熔化后，先被吸附，后又扩散溶解，所以会在坯料中形成许多小孔洞，正好可以保存润滑剂石墨颗粒，提高材料的耐磨性能和耐热性；铬可以提高材料的耐电弧烧蚀能力；二硫化钼起到润滑作用，可与石墨形成互补。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体的实施方式来对本发明的技术方案做进一步的限定，但要求保护的范围不仅局限于所作的描述。
实施例1
将氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯的粉体放入三维混合机中，在50℃下混合3h，将粉体在压强10Pa下烘10h，降温至30℃，将粉体与其质量5～8倍的无水乙醇混合，在500W的超声波震荡下，浸泡50min，然后将所得混合物在3Pa、20℃下干燥3h，在干燥后的产物中加入聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉混合均匀，用制粒机在6MPa下压制成粒度2mm的颗粒，将颗粒放在1200℃下、氧气体积含量为23％的空气中烧结15h，将烧结后的陶瓷颗粒降温，用球磨机加工成超微粉体，即得所述导电陶瓷；
将铜粉在氨分解气氛中还原处理2.5h后冷却至室温；将石墨、锡粉、镍粉、铬粉、二硫化钼、导电陶瓷分别进行烘干，保温2.5h后随炉冷却；将还原、烘干后的各组元按照质量百分比为：铜粉72％、石墨5％、锡粉6％、镍粉4％、铬粉1％、二硫化钼2％、导电陶瓷10％，分别称取各物料；将称好的物料放入V混机中在40r/min转速下进行混合3.5h；将混合合格的物料在四柱液压机上以单压350MPa进行冷压成形，保压时间6s；将压坯入钟罩式加压烧结炉在氨分解保护气氛下进行加压烧结，烧结温度840℃，保温时间2.5h。
实施例2
将氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯的粉体放入三维混合机中，在70℃下混合5h，将粉体在压强15Pa下烘20h，降温至35℃，将粉体与其质量8倍的无水乙醇混合，在700W的超声波震荡下，浸泡70min，然后将所得混合物在8Pa、25℃下干燥5h，在干燥后的产物中加入聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉混合均匀，用制粒机在6MPa下压制成粒度3mm的颗粒，将颗粒放在1300℃下、氧气体积含量为25％的空气中烧结20h，将烧结后的陶瓷颗粒降温，用球磨机加工成超微粉体，即得所述导电陶瓷；
将铜粉在氨分解气氛中还原处理2.5h后冷却至室温；将石墨、锡粉、镍粉、铬粉、二硫化钼、导电陶瓷分别进行烘干，保温2.5h后随炉冷却；将还原、烘干后的各组元按照质量百分比为：铜粉75％、石墨5％、锡粉4％、镍粉6％、铬粉1％、二硫化钼2％、导电陶瓷7％，分别称取各物料；将称好的物料放入V混机中在45r/min转速下进行混合3h；将混合合格的物料在四柱液压机上以单压380MPa进行冷压成形，保压时间6s；将压坯入钟罩式加压烧结炉在氨分解保护气氛下进行加压烧结，烧结温度850℃，保温时间3h。
实施例3
将氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯的粉体放入三维混合机中，在67℃下混合4h，将粉体在压强13Pa下烘17h，降温至33℃，将粉体与其质量8倍的无水乙醇混合，在500W的超声波震荡下，浸泡70min，然后将所得混合物在3Pa、25℃下干燥3h，在干燥后的产物中加入聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉混合均匀，用制粒机在6MPa下压制成粒度3mm的颗粒，将颗粒放在1200℃下、氧气体积含量为25％的空气中烧结15h，将烧结后的陶瓷颗粒降温，用球磨机加工成超微粉体，即得所述导电陶瓷；
将铜粉在氨分解气氛中还原处理3h后冷却至室温；将石墨、锡粉、镍粉、铬粉、二硫化钼、导电陶瓷分别进行烘干，保温3h后随炉冷却；将还原、烘干后的各组元按照质量百分比为：铜粉70％、石墨7％、锡粉6％、镍粉8％、铬粉3％、二硫化钼1％、导电陶瓷5％，分别称取各物料；将称好的物料放入V混机中在35r/min转速下进行混合4h；将混合合格的物料在四柱液压机上以单压400MPa进行冷压成形，保压时间6s；将压坯入钟罩式加压烧结炉在氨分解保护气氛下进行加压烧结，烧结温度870℃，保温时间3h。
对比例1
与实施例1的区别是铜粉未经氨分解气氛中还原处理。
对比例2
与实施例1的区别是制作原料中未使用导电陶瓷。
对比例3
与实施例1的区别是混合合格的物料在四柱液压机上以单压250MPa进行冷压成形，保压时间3s；
对比例4
与实施例1的区别是制作导电陶瓷时粉体时，原料中未使用碳酸氢钡，制作步骤中未经无水乙醇浸泡、未经超声波处理。
试验例
分别对实施例1～3和对比例1～4的铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板在受磨试验台上进行性能试验，以铁标要求的指标作为对比，试验数据结果如下:
Figure BDA0002616798200000081
由表可以看出，使用本发明方法制备的铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板性能良好，显著优于对比例1～4。
以上所述，仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (7)

1.一种单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料，其特征在于，该材料所包含的组元及其在材料中所占的质量百分比为：
铜粉69～75％、石墨5～7％、锡粉4～6％、镍粉4～9％、铬粉1～3％、二硫化钼1～3％、导电陶瓷5～10％；所述导电陶瓷由质量比为2～5:12～18:22～27:1～3:2～3:1～2:2～3的氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉制备而成。
2.如权利要求1所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料，其特征在于，该材料所包含的组元及其在材料中所占的质量百分比为：
铜粉69～75％、石墨6～7％、锡粉5～6％、镍粉7～9％、铬粉2～3％、二硫化钼2～3％、导电陶瓷5～10％，所述导电陶瓷由质量比为3～5:13～15:26～27:2～3:2～3:1～2:2～3的氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉制备而成。
3.如权利要求1～2任一项所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料，其特征在于，制备方法如下：
(1)将氧化铌、氧化锆、碳化硅、石墨烯的粉体放入三维混合机中，在50～70℃下混合3～5h，将粉体在压强10～15Pa下烘10～20h，降温至30～35℃，将粉体与其质量5～8倍的无水乙醇混合，在500～700W的超声波震荡下，浸泡50～70min，然后将所得混合物在3～8Pa、20～25℃下干燥3～5h，在干燥后的产物中加入聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、碳酸氢钡、淀粉混合均匀，用制粒机在6MPa下压制成粒度2～3mm的颗粒，将颗粒放在1200～1300℃下、氧气体积含量为23～25％的空气中烧结15～20h，将烧结后的陶瓷颗粒降温，用球磨机加工成超微粉体，即得所述导电陶瓷；
(2)将铜粉在氨分解气氛中还原处理后冷却至室温；
(3)将石墨、锡粉、镍粉、铬粉、二硫化钼、导电陶瓷分别进行烘干，保温后随炉冷却；
(4)将还原、烘干后的各组元按比例进行称料；
(5)将称好的物料放入V混机中混合3～4h；
(6)将混合合格的物料在四柱液压机上以单压300～400MPa进行冷压成形，保压时间大于5s；
(7)将压坯入钟罩式加压烧结炉在氨分解保护气氛下进行加压烧结，冷却后即可制得铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板。
4.如权利要求1所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述还原处理时间为2.5～3h。
5.如权利要求1所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述保温时间为2.5～3h。
6.如权利要求1所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述V混机的转速为35～50r/min。
7.如权利要求1所述的单轨车用铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述烧结参数：温度840～870℃，保温时间2～3h。
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CN109182833A (zh) * 2018-08-28 2019-01-11 合肥工业大学 一种以球形铬粉为强化相的铜基粉末冶金受电弓滑板材料及其制备方法
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CN111286642A (zh) * 2020-03-26 2020-06-16 中南大学 一种适用于碳陶制动盘的铜基摩擦材料及其制备方法

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CN114632934B (zh) * 2022-02-17 2024-03-15 贵州新安航空机械有限责任公司 一种双层铜合金粉末冶金受电弓滑板及其制作工艺
CN117403090A (zh) * 2023-12-13 2024-01-16 电子科技大学 一种石墨烯改性铜基碳系机车受电弓滑板及其制备方法
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