CN112055405A - Data collection method for increasing duty ratio only to connected domination centralized node - Google Patents

Data collection method for increasing duty ratio only to connected domination centralized node Download PDF

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CN112055405A
CN112055405A CN201910486962.5A CN201910486962A CN112055405A CN 112055405 A CN112055405 A CN 112055405A CN 201910486962 A CN201910486962 A CN 201910486962A CN 112055405 A CN112055405 A CN 112055405A
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刘安丰
史炜炜
王强
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Central South University
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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    • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
    • H04W52/46—TPC being performed in particular situations in multi hop networks, e.g. wireless relay networks
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Abstract

The invention relates to a data collection method in a wireless sensor network, in particular to a method for collecting data only by increasing duty ratio of a connected domination centralized node. The method firstly selects a part of nodes to construct a connected matching set containing the sink, and all data in the network are routed to the sink through the nodes on the connected matching set. The nodes (dominant nodes) on the connected dominating set adopt a duty ratio mode, the duty ratio of the dominant nodes is dynamically adjusted according to the condition that the energy of the nodes is sufficient, and most of the nodes in a far sink area have residual energy, so that the duty ratio can be increased, and the data collection speed is accelerated. The dominated node does not undertake the data routing function, enters an active state and sends data to the nodes of the dominating set only when the dominated node has data to send, and sleeps at other times to save energy. In order to balance the energy consumption of the network, the method of the invention periodically rotates the dominant node sets to keep higher network performance.

Description

Data collection method for increasing duty ratio only to connected domination centralized node
Technical Field
The invention relates to a data collection method, in particular to a wireless sensor network with sparse and randomly generated events.
Background
In wireless sensor networks, the energy consumption of sensor nodes is mainly due to data transmission operations, i.e. mainly due to node wireless transmitters. In practical situations, the sensor node does not always have data to transmit, especially in a network with rare data generation, the node may not have data transmission operation for a long time, and the wireless transmitter of the node is turned off when the node is not operated, so that the energy consumption of the node can be effectively reduced. In the following, the state in which the node turns off the wireless transmitter is referred to as a sleep state, and the state in which the node turns on the wireless transmitter is referred to as an active state. Based on this idea, there are currently two main data collection strategies:
(1) the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) approach is an efficient strategy for energy savings. In this way, the time is divided into equal time periods, each time period is called a time slot, and a node can complete communication with other nodes in one time slot, that is, a node can complete transmission (or reception) of a data packet in one time slot. TDMA policies typically schedule a reasonable active time slot for each node to complete the operation (transmission or reception) of data according to some optimization algorithm, while turning off the radio transmitter when the node is not operating with data. Therefore, the TDMA scheme is in an active state only when the node has data operation, and is in a sleep state in other time slots, so that the aim of saving energy can be achieved. The key of the TDMA strategy is to design an optimized algorithm to minimize the time that a node is in an active state and to minimize the time that elapses from the start of data transmission to the transmission of all data to a sink. Although the TDMA strategy can effectively save energy, the TDMA strategy has obvious disadvantages that only aiming at the network where data is generated periodically, the active time slot of the node needs to be planned before the data is generated because the time slot of the node data operation is determined in advance. Therefore, this strategy is not suitable for networks where random events (data) occur.
(2) In a network where events are randomly generated, energy is saved while reducing delays in the data collection process. Duty cycle based mode is the most commonly used approach, in which a node periodically sleeps/wakes up, and we refer to the ratio of the time a node wakes up in one cycle to the total cycle time as the duty cycle. The wireless transmitter is turned off when the node is asleep to save energy, but the sensing device still senses the surrounding environment and events, and the wireless device is turned on immediately for data transmission when sensing the event or data, i.e. when the node itself has data transmission. When a sending node transmits data (the data may be data of other relay nodes or data generated by the sending node), if the node in an active state exists in all forwarding nodes, a link can be established and data transmission is carried out. If all forwarding nodes are in a sleep state, the sending node needs to keep an active state until a receiving node wakes up to perform data transmission. Clearly, the duty cycle based pattern increases the delay of the data route to the sink.
The wireless sensor network based on the duty ratio can greatly reduce the energy consumption of the nodes, particularly in the network which has low data generation probability and is insensitive to delay, the duty ratio of the nodes can be set to be very small, for example, n time slots exist in one period, and the nodes only select one time slot as an active time slot and switch to a sleep state in other time slots. Obviously, the energy consumption of the node is only 1/n of the energy consumption of the node without adopting the duty cycle mode. Although the node adopts the duty ratio working mode to effectively improve the energy efficiency, the following 2 problems exist: (a) when a sending node has data to transmit, if all forwarding nodes are in a sleep state, the transmission delay of the network is increased. Obviously, the smaller the duty cycle of a node, the greater the delay of its data transmission; (b) in some applications, a large value must be maintained to ensure the effectiveness of the monitoring event. But if all nodes of the network maintain a large duty cycle, the energy consumption of the whole network is still very large.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a data collection method for increasing duty ratio only to nodes in a connected domination set, and aims to enable as many nodes as possible to be in a sleep state by establishing a connected domination set in the data collection process so as to save energy. Meanwhile, the duty ratio of the nodes is adaptively adjusted according to the energy consumption condition of the nodes, and the data collection delay of the network is reduced.
In a wireless sensor network, firstly, a part of nodes are selected to establish a connected backbone network, a set formed by the nodes in the backbone network is a connected dominating set, and the connected dominating set can meet the following requirements: (a) the number of nodes contained in the connected dominating set is as small as possible; (b) each node (dominating node) in the connected dominating set has at least one route to sink; (c) the other nodes (non-dominant nodes) in the network must be directly communicable with at least one node in the connectivity-dominant set. All dominating nodes adopt a duty ratio-based working mode, the non-dominating nodes close the wireless device when no data is transmitted, only the surrounding environment is sensed, when data is transmitted, the wireless device is opened and transmits the data to the nodes in the connected dominating set, and then the data is routed to the sink through the nodes in the connected dominating set. Therefore, the invention ensures that only a small part of nodes adopt the duty ratio working mode, and the majority of nodes are in the sleep state when no data is transmitted, thereby saving a large amount of energy.
Secondly, from the aspect of data transmission, the invention can adaptively adjust the duty ratio of the node according to the energy consumption condition of the dominant node, thereby greatly reducing the delay of data transmission in the network.
Finally, because the dominant nodes in the network adopt a duty ratio mode, the energy consumption of the dominant nodes is high, and the dominant nodes in the network are periodically rotated to balance the energy consumption of the network nodes, so that the service life of the network can be prolonged.
The first step of the invention is to construct a connected dominating set, and the construction process of the connected dominating set is described in detail in two stages as follows:
stage 1: firstly, initializing the information of the nodes, and enabling the color of all the nodes to be white, wherein the color is represented as the initial state of the nodes. Then selects N in the network0A node as a dominant node, where N0Is the optimal number of nodes under the condition of ensuring network connectivity. If the area of the network region is assumed to be PareaThe communication radius of the sensor is r, then N0The calculation is as follows:
Figure BDA0002085718640000031
note that N at this time0It is only an ideal value, and in practical cases, we need to activate a part of the dominating nodes to construct a dominating set that can cover the whole network.
For N selected above0And the nodes mark the color of the part of nodes as black to represent the dominant node and broadcast the message to the adjacent nodes, and for the adjacent nodes receiving the message, if the color of the adjacent nodes is white, the color of the adjacent nodes is marked as gray again to represent the dominated node. At this time, if there is a white node in the network, it indicates that the node belongs to neither the dominant node nor the dominated node, and we refer to the node as an isolated node. For an isolated node in the network, we randomly activate it as the dominant node, set its color to black, and broadcast the message again. The above process is repeated until no more isolated nodes exist in the network.
And (2) stage: (1) the minimum hop count between each node and the sink in the network is obtained first. The minimum hop count is determined by acquiring the information of the neighbor nodes through broadcast diffusion, the broadcast center is sink, and the broadcast radius is r. In network initialization, each node must provide a minimum number of hops to the sink, denoted NsSink will send its NsSet to 0, other nodes set their NsSet to infinity. The receiver then sends a broadcast message to nodes within its communication range informing them of Ns. Each node receiving the broadcast information will broadcast NsAdding 1 and adding itself to NsA comparison is made. If the value is less than its own NsThen N of the node itself is setsReset to the broadcast value plus 1. The node then sends it a new NsBroadcast to its neighboring nodes. This process continues until N for all nodes in the networksUntil the value of (c) is not updated.
(2) A communication link is established from the dominant node to the sink. When each node in the network determines its NsThen, only the dominant node acquires the neighbor by means of broadcast diffusionInformation of nodes, each node can select one more than self N from neighbor nodessThe dominant node with a small value is used as the next hop node. If a dominant node can not find more than N than itselfsThe dominant node with small value is added with N than the dominant nodesThe dominant node with a small value is used as the next hop node of the dominant node. This process continues until all the dominant nodes can establish a route with the sink.
The process is a construction process of the connected dominating set, and after the process is completed, all data in the network can be routed to the sink through nodes on the connected dominating set. However, since the wireless sensor network collects data in a many-to-one manner, the energy consumption of nodes in a near sink region is high, the energy consumption of nodes in a far sink region is low, and energy remains, and especially for nodes within a hop range (hot zone) from the sink, the forwarding of the whole network data packet is undertaken. In a wireless sensor network, it is because the death of the hotspot nodes results in the death of the entire network. Therefore, in the invention, the duty ratio of the nodes is increased according to the residual energy of the dominant nodes, so that the transmission delay can be ensured to be reduced under the condition of not influencing the service life of the network because the duty ratio of the hot area nodes is not changed. Wherein the energy consumption of a node can be calculated according to the following formula:
Figure BDA0002085718640000041
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002085718640000042
representing the energy consumption of the sensing environment of the node,
Figure BDA0002085718640000043
representing the energy consumption of the node for low power listening,
Figure BDA0002085718640000044
representing the energy consumption of a node to send a data packet,
Figure BDA0002085718640000045
representing the energy consumption of one packet of data by the node,
Figure BDA0002085718640000046
the number of data packets sent for a node,
Figure BDA0002085718640000047
the number of packets received for a node.
In the present invention, we assume that
Figure BDA0002085718640000048
Which represents the duty cycle of the node,sen，s，t，rrespectively representing the perceived power, sleep power, transmission power and reception power, S, of the noded，SpAnd SalRespectively representing a data packet duration, a preamble duration and an acknowledgement window ACK duration. t is tcomAnd tsenRespectively representing the communication period and the sensing period of the node. In order to prevent the target missing detection, the sensing module of the node is always in the working state, so that the node
Figure BDA0002085718640000049
Can be expressed as:
Figure BDA00020857186400000410
the energy consumption for sending a packet can be expressed as:
Figure BDA00020857186400000411
the energy consumption for receiving a packet can be expressed as:
Figure BDA00020857186400000412
low power monitor for nodeEnergy consumption of hearing
Figure BDA00020857186400000413
Can be calculated by the following formula:
Figure BDA0002085718640000051
Figure BDA0002085718640000052
and
Figure BDA0002085718640000053
can be respectively expressed as:
Figure BDA0002085718640000054
Figure BDA0002085718640000055
the amount of data received and transmitted by the dominant node may be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002085718640000056
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure BDA0002085718640000057
representing the proportion of the dominant node in the network,
Figure BDA0002085718640000058
r is the network radius, R is the communication radius of the node, x is the distance between the node and the sink,
Figure BDA0002085718640000059
is the event occurrence probability.
Maximum energy consumption e of nodemaxCan be expressed as:
Figure BDA00020857186400000510
according to the formula, the node N can be obtainediResidual energy of
Figure BDA00020857186400000511
Comprises the following steps:
Figure BDA00020857186400000512
wherein:
Figure BDA00020857186400000513
if the duty ratio of the node is increased according to the residual energy of the node, the optimal condition is that the residual energy of the node is completely converted into an active time slot, and the initial duty ratio of the node is assumed to be
Figure BDA00020857186400000514
Node NiNew duty cycle
Figure BDA00020857186400000515
Can be expressed as:
Figure BDA00020857186400000516
wherein α ═sSp+sSal+rSp-tSd,β＝sSd+sSal-rSd-tSal，
Figure BDA00020857186400000517
Figure BDA00020857186400000518
Through the formula, the invention can fully utilize the residual energy of the nodes dominated by the far sink region and convert the residual energy into the active time slots of the nodes, thereby achieving the purpose of reducing the delay.
However, the dominant node can bear the data volume of the whole network, so that the energy consumption of the nodes is high, and in order to prolong the service life of the network, the dominant node in the network is periodically rotated by the method, so that the energy consumption of the network nodes is balanced. The concrete implementation is as follows:
we give an energy threshold eΘEnergy consumption greater than e once there is a dominant node in the current backbone networkΘThe node is marked, the sink broadcasts a message for reconstructing a backbone network, and the unmarked node is selected as a dominant node when the backbone network is constructed next time. Wherein e isΘCan be expressed as:
eΘ＝beinit
wherein e isinitThe b is an initial energy value of the node, represents a decimal number between 0 and 1, and is related to parameters of different sensor nodes, and the value of b is taken to be 0.25 in the invention.
In summary, the data collection method for increasing the duty ratio only for the connected domination concentration node provided by the invention can efficiently and quickly transmit data to the sink. According to the method, a part of nodes are selected to construct a connected dominating set, the dominating node is enabled to adopt a duty ratio-based working mode, and the wireless transmitter is turned off when the nodes in the non-dominating set do not have data transmission requirements, so that energy is saved. In the invention, because only a small part of nodes adopt the duty ratio working mode, and most of nodes are converted into the active state only when data are transmitted, the energy consumption of the network can be obviously reduced. In addition, the duty ratio of the nodes in the remote sink area is increased, and the dominant nodes are periodically rotated, so that the network delay and the service life are optimized.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical method of the present invention, the drawings, which are required to be used in the embodiment or the prior art description, will be briefly described below. It is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the invention, and that for a person skilled in the art, other drawings can be derived from them without inventive effort.
Fig. 1 is a network architecture diagram of the inventive arrangements.
Fig. 2 is a network structure diagram after the backbone network is constructed in the scheme of the present invention.
Fig. 3 shows the energy consumption of the dominant nodes in different regions.
Fig. 4 shows the adjustment of the duty cycle of the dominant node in different regions.
Fig. 5 shows the end-to-end delay in different regions.
Figure 6 shows network lifetime under different scenarios.
Fig. 7 shows the lifetime of the network in the solution of the invention.
Fig. 8 shows the energy consumption of all nodes in different areas.
Fig. 9 shows the energy consumption in the solution according to the invention.
Fig. 10 shows network delays in different scenarios.
Fig. 11 shows the network delay in the scheme of the invention.
Detailed Description
The network model of the invention is shown in figure 1, belongs to a circular plane network, the radius of the network is R, the nodes are randomly distributed, the density is rho, the communication radius of each node is R, and the sink is positioned at the center of the circle. For ease of understanding, only a portion of the nodes are selected for illustration in the figure, and referring to fig. 2, all dominant nodes in the network can establish connections with the sink, and for non-dominant nodes in the network, can communicate directly with at least one dominant node.
Referring to fig. 3, the energy consumption of the dominant nodes in different areas in the network is described when the radius of the network is 500 and each node uses the shortest path for data transmission. As shown, the closer the distance to sink, the higher the energy consumption of the dominant node. The reason is that the wireless sensor network adopts a many-to-one data collection mode, and the closer the distance to the sink is, the more data volume borne by the nodes is, and the higher the energy consumption of the nodes is.
Fig. 4 shows the adjustment of the duty cycle of the dominant node in different areas in the network, in the case where the initial duty cycles of the nodes are different. As the distance from the sink increases, the duty cycle of the node also increases. The reason is that the nodes in the far sink region have more residual energy, and the residual energy is all used for increasing the active time slots of the nodes, which finally results in the increase of the duty ratio. When the initial duty ratio of the node is 0.1, the duty ratio of the far sink end is improved by 2.5 times.
Referring to fig. 5, shown is the end-to-end delay for different areas in the network. Two network scenarios are compared, one is that a backbone network is not established, and all nodes in the network adopt the same duty ratio (scheme 1); another is to build a backbone network and only the nodes on the backbone network use the same duty cycle (scheme 2). Through comparison, the delay of the far sink end in the method is reduced by about 50% compared with other two methods, and therefore the method can transmit data to the sink in a shorter time.
Fig. 6 shows network lifetime when the initial duty cycle of the node is different. In both the scheme 2 and the scheme of the present invention, data collection is performed by establishing a backbone network, and the dominating nodes are periodically alternated, so that the dominating nodes can bear more data volume, the idle monitoring time of the nodes is reduced, the energy consumption effective utilization rate of the nodes is improved, and the service life of the network is prolonged. In addition, compared with the scheme 2, although the method improves the energy consumption utilization rate of the nodes in the remote sink area, the duty ratio of the nodes in the hot area does not occur, so the service life of the network is not influenced.
Figure 7 shows the lifetime of the network under the method of the invention. Wherein the abscissa represents the initial duty ratio of the node, and the four-color columns represent the probability of event generation, respectively. The higher the duty cycle of the node and the probability of generating an event, the longer the node will be active, the more data will be in the network, and the shorter the lifetime of the network will be.
Fig. 8 shows the power consumption situation in different areas of the network. In the scheme of the invention, the residual energy consumption of the nodes in the far sink region is fully utilized to increase the duty ratio of the nodes, so that the energy consumption curve in the invention is more gentle.
Referring to fig. 9, the total energy consumption of the network under different combinations of network parameters is shown. When the probability of generating an event is higher and the radius of a node is smaller, more relay hops are needed for data transmission, which undoubtedly increases the forwarding amount of data in the network and further increases the energy consumption of the network.
Referring to fig. 10, a comparison of network delays is shown. The network delay refers to the time elapsed for the last data packet in the network to be transmitted to the sink. In the present invention, since the duty ratio of the remote sink zone node is increased, the upstream node on the data transmission path can transmit data to the downstream node in a shorter time, which reduces the total transmission delay of the network. It can be seen from the figure that when the initial duty ratio of the node is 0.1, the network delay in the method of the present invention is reduced by nearly 30%.
Fig. 11 shows the network delay under different network parameter combinations in the method of the present invention. When the radius of the network is smaller and the communication radius of the node is larger, less hops are needed to transmit data to the sink, so that the delay of the network is smaller.
In summary, the data collection method for increasing the duty ratio only for the connected domination centralized node provided by the invention can effectively improve the energy efficiency of the network and prolong the service life of the network, and in addition, the delay of the network is optimized by increasing the duty ratio of the domination node in the far sink region.

Claims (5)

1. A data collection method for increasing the duty ratio of a connected dominating set node in a wireless sensor network is used for improving the effectiveness of network energy and reducing transmission delay. The method firstly selects a part of nodes to construct a connected matching set containing the sink, and all data in the network are routed to the sink through the nodes on the connected matching set.
Is connected toThe construction of the dominating set is mainly divided into two stages, and the dominating set is ensured to cover the network and is ensured to be communicated with the sink. The method comprises the following specific steps: (1) forming an dominating set: first, N is selected0Each node being a dominant node (N)0Given below), and for other nodes in the network, if a node cannot communicate with any one of the dominant nodes, the node is activated as the dominant node, and the process continues until all nodes can communicate with the dominant node; (2) and (3) forming a connected set: each node obtains the minimum hop number (using N) reaching the sink through a broadcast diffusion algorithmsExpress), then only the dominant node broadcasts diffusion if a dominant node cannot find more than N than itselfsAnd adding a dominant node in the communication range of the dominant node with a small value to enable the dominant node to have a next hop node with a smaller hop count reaching the sink, and continuing the process until all dominant nodes can establish a route with the sink. N is a radical of0May be represented by the following formula:
Figure FDA0002085718630000011
wherein the area of the network region is PareaThe communication radius of the sensor is r.
2. In the method, a duty ratio mode is adopted by a dominating node, the duty ratio of the dominating node is dynamically adjusted according to node residual energy, the residual energy refers to a difference value between the energy consumption of the node and the energy consumption of the maximum node in a network, wherein the energy consumption of the node can be represented as:
Figure FDA0002085718630000012
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002085718630000013
representing the energy consumption of the sensing environment of the node,
Figure FDA0002085718630000014
representing the energy consumption of the node for low power listening,
Figure FDA0002085718630000015
representing the energy consumption of a node to send a data packet,
Figure FDA0002085718630000016
representing the energy consumption of a node receiving a data packet,
Figure FDA0002085718630000017
the number of data packets sent for a node,
Figure FDA0002085718630000018
the number of packets received for a node.
Suppose that
Figure FDA0002085718630000019
Which represents the duty cycle of the node,sen，s，t，rrespectively representing the perceived power, sleep power, transmission power and reception power, S, of the noded，SpAnd SalRespectively representing the data packet duration, preamble duration and acknowledgement window ACK duration, tcomAnd tsenRespectively representing the communication period and the sensing period of the node. In order to prevent the target missing detection, the sensing module of the node is always in the working state, so that the node
Figure FDA00020857186300000110
Can be expressed as:
Figure FDA00020857186300000111
the energy consumption for transmitting and receiving a data packet can be expressed as:
Figure FDA0002085718630000021
energy consumption for low power listening of nodes
Figure FDA0002085718630000022
Can be calculated by the following formula:
Figure FDA0002085718630000023
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002085718630000024
and
Figure FDA0002085718630000025
can be respectively expressed as:
Figure FDA0002085718630000026
the amount of data received and transmitted by the dominant node may be expressed as:
Figure FDA0002085718630000027
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
Figure FDA0002085718630000028
representing the proportion of the dominant node in the network,
Figure FDA0002085718630000029
Figure FDA00020857186300000210
r is the network radius and R is the communication of the nodeThe signal radius, x, is the distance between the node and the sink,
Figure FDA00020857186300000211
is the event occurrence probability.
According to the formula, a dominant node N can be obtainediDuty ratio of
Figure FDA00020857186300000212
Comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA00020857186300000213
wherein α ═sSp+sSal+rSp-tSd，β＝sSd+sSal-rSd-tSal，
Figure FDA00020857186300000214
Figure FDA00020857186300000215
N represents the number of nodes in the network.
3. In the method, the dominated node enters an active state only when the dominated node has data to send, and sends the data of the dominated node to the nodes of the dominating set, and sleeps at other times to save energy.
4. In the method, the dominant node set is periodically rotated in consideration of high energy consumption of the dominant node. Firstly, an energy threshold e is givenΘEnergy consumption greater than e once there is a dominant nodeΘThe dominant node is marked, the sink broadcasts a message for reconstructing the connected dominating set, and the next time the connected dominating set is constructed, the dominant node is selected from the unmarked nodes. Wherein e isΘCan be expressed as:
eΘ＝beinit
wherein e isinitB is an initial energy value of the node, represents a decimal number between 0 and 1, and is related to the perception power of different sensor nodes, and the value of b is taken as 0.25 in the invention.
5. When data is transmitted, the node can preferentially select N than the node per sesThe dominant node with small value is used as the next hop for routing, and if the dominant node cannot be found to be N compared with the dominant node per sesThe dominant node with small value selects N with itselfsAnd the dominant nodes with the same value are used as the next hop for data transmission.
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