CN112023879A - Preparation method and application of porous carbon material - Google Patents
Preparation method and application of porous carbon material Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
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- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of inorganic materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a porous carbon material, which comprises the following steps: s1, crushing agricultural solid waste or household garbage; s2, mixing the powder obtained in the step S1, an N source, a pore-forming activator, a template agent P123 and ethanol in parts by weight to obtain a mixed solution, and stirring; s3, carrying out hydrothermal reaction on the mixed solution obtained in the step S2 at 160-180 ℃, and then evaporating to dryness; s4, drying the solid obtained in the step S3 by distillation in a distillation mode in N2Calcining the mixture in the atmosphere,heating to 120-750 ℃ at a heating rate of 2-10 ℃/min, and calcining for 7-12 h; s5, after calcining is finished in the step S4, cooling to room temperature, grinding the calcined solid, dissolving the ground solid into a hydrochloric acid solution, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 2-4 hours; and then washing the mixture by pure water to be neutral, and drying the mixture in vacuum at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ to obtain the water-based paint. The porous carbon material obtained by the invention has good effect of simultaneously adsorbing heavy metal and antibiotics.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of inorganic materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method and application of a porous carbon material.
Technical Field
In recent years, in order to guarantee the health of human bodies and the development of agricultural economy, various antibiotics are widely applied to the medical industry, the breeding industry and agriculture. Most of the antibiotics can enter the water and soil environment in the forms of domestic sewage, medical wastewater, livestock breeding wastewater, aquaculture wastewater and the like, and seriously threatens the balance of a water and soil ecosystem. Wherein, a part of antibiotics further enter the human body again through water circulation, food chain and other modes, thus causing harm to the life health of the human body. Meanwhile, due to the rapid development of the smelting industry and the chemical industry in China, a large amount of heavy metal ions are discharged into the water and soil environment. It can enter the human body and organism in the same way as antibiotics, causing irreversible damage to the human body and physiological systems of different organisms. Therefore, how to remove antibiotics and heavy metals in the water soil environment at the same time and solve the problem of combined pollution of antibiotics and heavy metals are becoming the key points of environmental management.
The adsorption method is widely applied to the removal of antibiotics and heavy metals in water bodies due to the advantages of simple operation, low cost, no secondary pollution and the like. Among them, the selection of the adsorbent is the key. Currently, the most widely used adsorbent is activated carbon, and its adsorption includes physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. The physical adsorption capacity depends on the number of active adsorption sites (micro, mesoporous structure). The chemisorption capacity depends on the functional groups on the surface of the adsorbent, the number of heteroatoms, etc. The traditional method has the advantages of small quantity of functional groups of the activated carbon, weak chemical adsorption capacity and mainly physical adsorption. Moreover, the pore channels are not uniformly distributed, the occupation ratio of the micro-hollow structure to the hollow structure is limited, and although the antibiotics and heavy metals in the water body can be effectively adsorbed, the high-efficiency adsorption cannot be achieved. Therefore, how to effectively regulate and control the pore structure of activated carbon to make it have high adsorption capacity still needs continuous technical improvement.
China generates a large amount of agricultural waste and domestic garbage every year. The main components of agricultural solid waste and woody domestic garbage are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and the like. At present, the main treatment method is incineration, so that the environment is polluted and the resource waste is caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of insufficient adsorption capacity of an adsorbent in the prior art and the problems of environmental pollution and resource waste caused by incineration of agricultural and domestic wastes, and provides a preparation method and application of a porous carbon material.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for producing a porous carbon material, comprising the steps of:
s1, crushing agricultural solid waste or household garbage to 150-200 meshes of powder;
s2, mixing 0.3-1 part of the powder obtained in the step S1, 0.3-2 parts of an N source, 1-5 parts of a pore-forming activator, 1-2 parts of a template agent P123 and ethanol to obtain a mixed solution, and stirring for 24-48 h, wherein the adding amount of the ethanol is as follows: adding 18-25 mL of ethanol with the volume concentration of 70-80% into each part of the powder obtained in the step S1;
s3, carrying out a hydrothermal reaction on the mixed solution obtained in the step S2 at 160-180 ℃ for 20-30 h; then evaporating to dryness in a water bath at the temperature of 60-80 ℃;
s4, drying the solid obtained in the step S3 by distillation in a distillation mode in N2Calcining in an atmosphere, heating to 120-750 ℃ at a heating rate of 2-10 ℃/min, and calcining for 7-12 h;
s5, after calcining is finished in the step S4, cooling to room temperature, grinding the calcined solid, dissolving the ground solid into hydrochloric acid solution with the concentration of 1-2 mol/L, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 2-4 h; and then washing the mixture by pure water to be neutral, and drying the mixture in vacuum at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ to obtain the water-based paint.
The invention takes agricultural wastes and domestic garbage as precursors of the porous biological carbon material. The template method, the hydrothermal pyrolysis method and the pore-forming activating agent are combined to prepare the N-doped porous biological carbon material with uniformly distributed pores and developed micro and mesoporous structures. The doping of the N element can regulate and control the pore structure of the porous biological carbon, increase the number of surface functional groups of the porous biological carbon, and improve the chemical adsorption performance of the biological carbon material. The better adsorption effect is achieved by taking physical adsorption as a main mode and chemical adsorption as an auxiliary mode. The raw materials of the preparation method are agricultural solid waste and household garbage, the raw materials are wide in source, the cost is low, the preparation process is simple and convenient, the preparation process is green and environment-friendly, and the preparation method is suitable for industrial application.
Preferably, the agricultural solid waste of the step S1 includes crop straws; the domestic garbage is wood waste.
Preferably, the N source is urea or ammonia.
Preferably, the pore former comprises KHCO3、NH4HCO3、KOH。
Preferably, in the step S3, the reaction temperature is 180 ℃ and the reaction time is 24 h.
Preferably, in the step S4, the mixture is calcined at 120 ℃ for 3h at a heating rate of 2 ℃/min, then calcined at 450 ℃ for 3h, and then calcined at 750 ℃ for 3 h.
The porous carbon material prepared by the preparation method of the porous carbon material.
Use of the porous carbon material as an adsorbent.
The porous carbon material is applied to adsorption of heavy metal ions.
The porous carbon material is applied to adsorption of antibiotics.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:
(1) the raw materials for preparing the N-doped biological carbon material comprise agricultural solid wastes such as sweet sorghum straws, corn straws, wheat straws and rice straws, and woody domestic wastes such as waste paper scraps, waste wood living goods, waste wood furniture and waste wood office supplies. The raw material cost is low, and the source is wide.
(2) The raw materials of the invention are solid wastes, so the invention has good economic benefit and environmental benefit and can synchronously achieve the purposes of resource recycling and sewage purification.
(3) The prepared N-doped biological carbon material has good stability, is environment-friendly, can synchronously adsorb antibiotics and heavy metals in a composite polluted water body, and has high adsorption performance. And the material can be regenerated and reused. The preparation process of the material is simple and convenient, and no secondary pollution of waste water and waste residue is generated.
(4) The porous biochar is prepared by combining the template method, the pore-forming activating agent and the template method, so that the pore channels are distributed more uniformly, the number of micropores and mesopores is increased, the specific surface area is increased, and adsorption sites are increased, so that the biochar has higher efficient adsorption performance.
(5) The doping of the N element can form an N-containing functional group in the carbon material, regulate and control the pore structure of the biological carbon and improve the adsorption performance of the biological carbon to antibiotics and heavy metals.
Drawings
FIG. 1 porous carbon material (MSC-1N-1P-5 KHCO) obtained in example 13) Structural topography (SEM);
FIG. 2 porous carbon material (MSC-1N-1P-5 KHCO) obtained in example 13) Transmission structure diagram (TEM);
FIG. 3 porous carbon material (MSC-1N-1P-5 KHCO) obtained in example 13) The elemental composition diagram (EDS).
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples and comparative examples. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the examples given herein without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise specified, the devices used in the present examples, comparative examples and experimental examples were all conventional experimental devices, the materials and reagents used were commercially available without specific reference, and the experimental methods without specific reference were also conventional experimental methods.
Example 1
A method for producing a porous carbon material, comprising the steps of:
(1) cleaning and drying corn stalk (maize straw), crushing and grinding into powder. Weighing 1g of corn straw powder and 5g of KHCO31g P123, 20mL of ethanol (75%), 20mL of ammonia (25%), and 1g of urea were mixed and stirred for 24 hours.
(2) Transferring the uniformly stirred liquid into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 24h at the temperature of 180 ℃. After the completion of the hydrothermal reaction, the mixture was evaporated to dryness in a water bath at 80 ℃.
(3) The evaporated solid is placed in N2Calcining at the temperature of 120 ℃ for 3h, at the temperature of 450 ℃ for 3h and at the temperature of 750 ℃ for 3h in the atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 2-10 ℃/min. And cooling to room temperature after the temperature rise is finished.
(4) And grinding the calcined solid for 20-30 min, and then transferring the calcined solid into a pickling solution, wherein the pickling solution is 1-2M HCl solution, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 2 h. After the acid washing is finished, washing the steel plate by pure water until the pH value of a washing liquid is about 7. Finally drying in a vacuum drying oven at 80 ℃ to obtain the N-doped porous biological carbon material (MSC-1N-1P-5 KHCO)3)。
Example 2:
a method for producing a porous carbon material, comprising the steps of:
(1) cleaning and drying wheat straw (wheat straw), crushing and grinding into powder. Weighing 1g of wheat straw powder and 5g of NH4HCO31g P123, 20mL of ethanol (75%), 20mL of ammonia (25%), and 1g of urea were mixed and stirred for 24 hours.
(2) Transferring the uniformly stirred liquid into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 24h at the temperature of 180 ℃. After the completion of the hydrothermal reaction, the mixture was evaporated to dryness in a water bath at 80 ℃.
(3) The evaporated solid is placed in N2Calcining at the temperature of 120 ℃ for 3h, at the temperature of 450 ℃ for 3h and at the temperature of 750 ℃ for 3h in the atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 2-10 ℃/min. And cooling to room temperature after the temperature rise is finished.
(4) Grinding the calcined solid for 20-30 min, and then transferring the solid into a pickling solution, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 2h, wherein the pickling solution is 1-2M HCl solution. After the acid washing is finished, washing the steel plate by pure water until the pH value of a washing liquid is about 7. Finally drying in a hollow drying oven at 80 ℃ to obtain the N-doped porous biological carbon materialMaterial (WSC-1N-1P-5 NH)4HCO3)。
Example 3
A method for producing a porous carbon material, comprising the steps of:
(1) rice straw (rice straw) is washed, dried, crushed and ground into powder. Weighing 1g of straw powder, mixing the straw powder with 5g of KOH, 1g P123, 20mL of ethanol (75%), 20mL of ammonia water (25%) and 1g of urea, and stirring for 24 h.
(2) Transferring the uniformly stirred liquid into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 24h at the temperature of 180 ℃. After the completion of the hydrothermal reaction, the mixture was evaporated to dryness in a water bath at 80 ℃.
(3) And calcining the evaporated solid in the atmosphere of N2 at 120 ℃ for 3h, at 450 ℃ for 3h and at 750 ℃ for 3h, wherein the heating rate is 2-10 ℃/min. And cooling to room temperature after the temperature rise is finished.
(4) Grinding the calcined solid for 20-30 min, and then transferring the solid into a pickling solution, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 2h, wherein the pickling solution is 1-2M HCl solution. After the acid washing is finished, washing the steel plate by pure water until the pH value of a washing liquid is about 7. And finally, drying in a hollow drying oven at 80 ℃ to obtain the N-doped porous biological carbon material (RSC-1N-1P-5 KOH).
Example 4
A method for producing a porous carbon material, comprising the steps of:
(1) waste wood furniture (aboandrounded wood furniture) is cleaned, dried, crushed and ground into powder. Weighing 1g of straw powder and 5g of KHCO31g P123, 20mL of ethanol (75%), 20mL of ammonia (25%), and 1g of urea were mixed and stirred for 24 hours.
(2) Transferring the uniformly stirred liquid into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, and carrying out hydrothermal reaction for 24h at the temperature of 180 ℃. After the completion of the hydrothermal reaction, the mixture was evaporated to dryness in a water bath at 80 ℃.
(3) The evaporated solid is placed in N2Calcining at the temperature of 120 ℃ for 3h, at the temperature of 450 ℃ for 3h and at the temperature of 750 ℃ for 3h in the atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 2-10 ℃/min. And cooling to room temperature after the temperature rise is finished.
(4) Grinding the calcined solid for 20-30 min, and then transferring the solid to a pickling solution for ultrasonic treatment 2h, the pickling solution is 1-2M HCl solution. After the acid washing is finished, washing the steel plate by pure water until the pH value of a washing liquid is about 7. Finally drying in a hollow drying oven at 80 ℃ to obtain the N-doped porous biological carbon material (AWFC-1N-1P-5 KHCO)3)。
Experimental example 1
The N-doped biochar material (MSC-1N-1P-5 KHCO) of example 1 was used3) For Tetracycline (TC) and Pb [ II ] in the composite polluted water body]And (3) carrying out an adsorption performance test:
(1) 100mL of compound polluted water sample containing tetracycline and Pb II is prepared accurately with ultrapure water and placed in a conical flask. Wherein the concentration of tetracycline is 20mg/L, and the concentration of Pb [ II ] is 20 mg/L.
(2) Accurately weighing 5mg of the prepared biological carbon material, placing the biological carbon material into the conical flask in the step (1) (the concentration of the adsorbent is 50mg/L), and then placing the biological carbon material into a constant-temperature shaking table to perform adsorption reaction at the temperature of 20-30 ℃ and the rotating speed of 200 rpm. After adsorption reaction for 3h, the solution is passed through a membrane to separate the material from the solution. The concentrations of the residual antibiotics and heavy metals in the solution were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), respectively. The calculated removal rates of TC and Pb [ II ] can reach 90% and 80% respectively after repeated tests.
Experimental example 2
The N-doped biochar material (WSC-1N-1P-5 NH) of example 2 was used4HCO3) For sulfadimethy pyrimidine (SM2) and Cr [ VI) in the composite polluted water body]And (3) carrying out an adsorption performance test:
(1) 100mL of composite polluted water sample containing sulfadimidine (SM2) and Cr VI is prepared accurately with ultrapure water and placed in a conical flask. Wherein the concentration of SM2 is 20mg/L, and the concentration of Cr VI is 20 mg/L.
(2) Accurately weighing 5mg of the prepared biological carbon material, placing the biological carbon material into the conical flask in the step (1) (the concentration of the adsorbent is 50mg/L), and then placing the biological carbon material into a constant-temperature shaking table to perform adsorption reaction at the temperature of 20-30 ℃ and the rotating speed of 200 rpm. After adsorption reaction for 3h, the solution is passed through a membrane to separate the material from the solution. The concentrations of the residual antibiotics and heavy metals in the solution were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), respectively. After repeated tests, the calculated removal rates of SM2 and Cr VI can reach 85% and 80% respectively.
Experimental example 3
The N-doped biological carbon material (RSC-1N-1P-5KOH) in the example 3 is adopted to carry out the adsorption performance test on Norfloxacin (NOR) and Pb [ II ] in the composite polluted water body:
(1) 100mL of complex contaminated water sample containing Norfloxacin (NOR) and Pb < II > is accurately prepared by ultrapure water and placed in a conical flask. Wherein the NOR concentration is 20mg/L, and the Pb [ II ] concentration is 20 mg/L.
(2) Accurately weighing 5mg of the prepared biological carbon material, placing the biological carbon material into the conical flask in the step (1) (the concentration of the adsorbent is 50mg/L), and then placing the biological carbon material into a constant-temperature shaking table to perform adsorption reaction at the temperature of 20-30 ℃ and the rotating speed of 200 rpm. After adsorption reaction for 3h, the solution is passed through a membrane to separate the material from the solution. The concentrations of the residual antibiotics and heavy metals in the solution were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), respectively. The removal rates of NOR and Pb II calculated after repeated tests can reach 90% and 80% respectively.
Experimental example 4
The N-doped biochar material (AWFC-1N-1P-5 KHCO) of example 4 was used3) For Tetracycline (TC) and Pb [ II ] in the composite polluted water body]And (5) carrying out a cyclic adsorption performance test.
(1) 100mL of compound polluted water sample containing tetracycline and Pb II is prepared accurately with ultrapure water and placed in a conical flask. Wherein the concentration of tetracycline is 20mg/L, and the concentration of Pb [ II ] is 20 mg/L.
(2) Accurately weighing 5mg of the prepared biological carbon material, placing the biological carbon material into the conical flask in the step (1) (the concentration of the adsorbent is 50mg/L), and then placing the biological carbon material into a constant-temperature shaking table to perform adsorption reaction at the temperature of 20-30 ℃ and the rotating speed of 200 rpm. After adsorption reaction for 3h, the solution is passed through a membrane to separate the material from the solution. The concentrations of the residual antibiotics and heavy metals in the solution were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), respectively.
(3) Desorbing the separated adsorbent with desorbing agent (ethanol and pure water), repeating the steps (1) and (2) after the desorption is completed, and adsorbing Tetracycline (TC) and Pb [ II ] in the composite polluted water body again. This was repeated five times. The removal rates of TC and Pb < II > after 5 times of cyclic adsorption reaction are respectively kept above 75% and 70%.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the protection scope of the present invention, although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made on the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for producing a porous carbon material, characterized by comprising the steps of:
s1, crushing agricultural solid waste or household garbage to 150-200 meshes of powder;
s2, mixing 0.3-1 part of the powder obtained in the step S1, 0.3-2 parts of an N source, 1-5 parts of a pore-forming activator, 1-2 parts of a template agent P123 and ethanol to obtain a mixed solution, and stirring for 24-48 h, wherein the adding amount of the ethanol is as follows: adding 18-25 mL of ethanol with the volume concentration of 70-80% into each part of the powder obtained in the step S1;
s3, carrying out a hydrothermal reaction on the mixed solution obtained in the step S2 at 160-180 ℃ for 20-30 h; then evaporating to dryness in a water bath at the temperature of 60-80 ℃;
s4, drying the solid obtained in the step S3 by distillation in a distillation mode in N2Calcining in an atmosphere, heating to 120-750 ℃ at a heating rate of 2-10 ℃/min, and calcining for 7-12 h;
s5, after calcining is finished in the step S4, cooling to room temperature, grinding the calcined solid, dissolving the ground solid into a hydrochloric acid solution with the concentration of 1-2 mol/L, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 2-4 h; and then washing the mixture by pure water to be neutral, and drying the mixture in vacuum at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ to obtain the water-based paint.
2. The method for producing a porous carbon material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the agricultural solid waste of step S1 includes crop straw; the domestic garbage is wood waste.
3. The method for producing a porous carbon material according to claim 1, wherein the N source is urea or ammonia water.
4. The method for producing a porous carbon material according to claim 1, wherein the pore-forming agent comprises KHCO3、NH4HCO3、KOH。
5. The method for producing a porous carbon material according to claim 1, wherein the hydrothermal reaction temperature is 180 ℃ and the reaction time is 24 hours in step S3.
6. The method for producing a porous carbon material as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the porous carbon material is calcined at 120 ℃ for 3 hours at a temperature rise rate of 2 ℃/min, then calcined at 450 ℃ for 3 hours, and then calcined at 750 ℃ for 3 hours.
7. A porous carbon material produced by the method for producing a porous carbon material according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
8. Use of the porous carbon material according to claim 7 as an adsorbent.
9. Use of the porous carbon material according to claim 7 for adsorbing heavy metal ions.
10. Use of the porous carbon material according to claim 7 for adsorbing antibiotics.
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