CN111983457A - Battery pack SOH estimation method based on LSTM neural network - Google Patents
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- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
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- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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Abstract
The invention provides a battery pack SOH estimation method based on an LSTM neural network, which comprises the steps of firstly, collecting battery pack charging data of an electric vehicle which actually runs for more than one year, carrying out correlation analysis, and extracting input characteristics of the LSTM neural network; calculating the maximum available capacity of the battery pack by using an SOC-electric quantity gain method, and taking the maximum available capacity as the output characteristic of the LSTM neural network; constructing an LSTM neural network model and determining an output value of the LSTM neural network; and finally, estimating the SOH of the battery pack by using the trained and verified LSTM neural network model. The input characteristic and the output characteristic of the LSTM neural network are both obtained by battery pack charging data of the electric vehicle which actually runs for more than one year, the method is suitable for estimating the SOH of the battery pack when the electric vehicle runs in a full state and in a full climate, and the problem that an estimation method based on laboratory verification is difficult to adapt to a complex actual working environment is solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of health state estimation of new energy electric vehicle battery packs, and particularly relates to a battery pack SOH estimation method based on an LSTM neural network.
Background
The lithium ion power battery is applied to the electric automobile due to the advantages of long cycle life, high energy density, good safety and the like. In order to meet the energy and power requirements of the electric automobile during actual operation, a large number of single batteries are connected in series and in parallel to the battery pack. From the viewpoint of safety and power performance of the electric vehicle, online estimation of State of Health (SOH) of the battery pack is important. The state of health of the battery pack directly reflects the aging condition of the battery pack and the current state of the battery pack (including the capacity and the power output capability). The correct estimation of the health state of the battery pack not only can avoid unsafe behaviors of the battery in time, but also can provide guarantee for maintenance and replacement of the battery pack.
Currently, the main methods for estimating the SOH of the battery pack are:
(1) table look-up method: testing the corresponding relation between the cycle number of the battery pack and the SOH through experiments, and estimating the SOH of the battery pack by off-line table look-up; however, the test period of experimental data is long, and the error of the estimation result is large.
(2) Internal resistance method: estimating the SOH of the battery pack by taking the internal resistance as an evaluation index of the SOH of the battery pack, but the internal resistance of the battery pack cannot be directly obtained, and a battery pack model needs to be established to perform parameter identification on the internal resistance of the battery pack; the accuracy of the established battery pack model and the identification precision of the model parameters greatly influence the SOH of the battery pack.
(3) The capacity increment method comprises the following steps: and selecting a characteristic variable from the IC curve, and taking the characteristic as an input data set to construct an SOH estimation model to estimate the SOH of the battery pack. Since ica (incremental Capacity analysis) generally requires constant charge and discharge data, this method is mostly applied to laboratory estimation of SOH of battery packs.
The estimation method needs to be completed in a laboratory, and in the actual driving process of the electric automobile, driving conditions, weather and driving behaviors of a driver have certain influences on the SOH of the battery pack, and the influences cannot be obtained through experimental simulation, so that the SOH of the battery pack cannot be estimated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a battery pack SOH estimation method based on an LSTM neural network, which solves the problem that the estimation method based on laboratory verification is difficult to adapt to a complex actual working environment.
The present invention achieves the above-described object by the following technical means.
A battery pack SOH estimation method based on an LSTM neural network comprises the following steps:
step (1), collecting battery pack charging data of an electric vehicle which actually runs for more than one year, carrying out correlation analysis, and extracting input characteristics of an LSTM neural network;
step (2), calculating the maximum available capacity of the battery pack by using an SOC-electric quantity gain method, and using the maximum available capacity as the output characteristic of the LSTM neural network;
step (3), constructing an LSTM neural network model, and determining an output value of the LSTM neural network;
a forgetting gate sigmoid layer forgets part of information in the t-1 moment memory unit, then updates the information in the t moment memory unit, and an output gate determines an output value of the LSTM neural network;
and (4) estimating the SOH of the battery pack by using the trained and verified LSTM neural network model.
According to a further technical scheme, the input characteristics comprise current, voltage, temperature and SOC of the battery pack during charging.
In a further technical scheme, a calculation formula of the maximum available capacity of the battery pack is as follows:
wherein, CnormThe maximum available capacity of the battery pack, delta Q is the variation of the electric quantity of the battery pack, delta SOC is the variation of the SOC of the battery pack, and SOC (t)0) For the initial moment of discharge, the state of charge of the battery, SOC (t)end) For the state of charge of the battery at the end of discharge, i (t) is the battery current at time t, and η is the coulombic efficiency.
In a further technical scheme, the forgetting gate sigmoid layer forgets part of information in the memory unit at the time t-1, and the formula is as follows:
ft=σ(Wfx·xt+Wfh·ht-1+bf)
wherein f istIs the output vector of the forgetting gate, sigma is sigmoid function,is the input vector of the LSTM neural network at time t, M represents the input dimension,is the output state of the LSTM neural network at time t-1,andare all a matrix of weights, and are,to forget the biasing of the gate state, N represents the output dimension and R is the data matrix.
According to a further technical scheme, the information in the memory unit at the time t is updated according to the formula:
Ct=ftCt-1+it tanh(Wzxxt+Wzhht-1+bz)
wherein itIs the output vector of the input gate, and it=σ(Wix·xt+Wih·ht-1+bi),Ct-1And CtThe memory cell states at time t-1 and time t respectively,are all a matrix of weights, and are,in order to input the offset of the gate state,is the bias of the candidate gate state.
In a further technical scheme, the output gate determines the output value of the LSTM neural network, and the formula is as follows:
ht=Ottanh(ct)
wherein, OtIs the output vector of the output gate, and Ot=σ(Woxxt+Wohht-1+bo),For the output state of the LSTM neural network at time t,are all a matrix of weights, and are,is the biasing of the output gate state.
In a further technical scheme, the LSTM neural network model is trained by using input features and output features.
In a further technical scheme, the formula for estimating the SOH of the battery pack is as follows:
wherein C islstmPredicted battery capacity, C, for LSTM neural network0Is the initial capacity of the battery.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the method adopts the LSTM neural network to estimate the SOH of the battery pack, and the input characteristic and the output characteristic of the LSTM neural network are obtained by the battery pack charging data of the electric vehicle which actually runs for more than one year, so that the estimation method is suitable for the SOH of the battery pack when the electric vehicle runs in the full state and the full climate, is not limited by the running environment, and overcomes the problem that the estimation method based on laboratory verification is difficult to adapt to the complex actual working environment.
(2) The LSTM neural network model not only forgets part of information in the t-1 moment memory unit, but also updates the information in the t moment memory unit, and can be improved according to data accumulated at any time, so that the method for estimating the SOH of the battery pack based on the LSTM neural network has stronger timeliness and applicability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the LSTM neural network model according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the following figures and specific examples, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
A battery pack SOH estimation method based on an LSTM neural network specifically comprises the following steps:
and S1, collecting battery pack charging data of the electric vehicle which actually runs for more than one year (including four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter), carrying out correlation analysis on the collected data, and extracting input characteristics of the LSTM neural network, including current, voltage, temperature and SOC (residual electric quantity) of the battery pack during charging.
S2, calculating the maximum available capacity of the current battery pack through an SOC-electric quantity gain method
Because the charging data of the battery pack of the electric automobile is sampled every 20s and all current data in 20s cannot be obtained, the maximum available capacity of the battery pack is calculated by adopting a discretization SOC-electric quantity gain method and is used as the output characteristic of the LSTM neural network; the formula is as follows:
in the formula, CnormThe maximum available capacity of the battery pack, delta Q is the variation of the electric quantity of the battery pack, delta SOC is the variation of the SOC of the battery pack, and SOC (t)0) For the initial moment of discharge, the state of charge of the battery, SOC (t)end) For the state of charge of the battery at the end of discharge, i (t) is the battery current at time t, and η is the coulombic efficiency (in general, η ≈ 1).
S3, constructing an LSTM neural network model, and determining the output value of the LSTM neural network
As shown in FIG. 1, the LSTM neural network model includes an input gate, a forgetting gate, and an output gate, where the cell input given the current time is xtThe hidden state at the previous moment is ht-1The last moment memory cell state is Ct-1. Firstly, completing the memory cell C at the last moment by a forgetting gate sigmoid layert-1The partial information in the above step (A) is forgotten, and then the current time memory cell C is completed together with the input gate sigmoid layer and the candidate gate tanh layertThe state of the output gate is updated, and finally, the output gate sigmoid layer and the current moment memory cell C are usedtFinishing the update of the output value at the moment on the LSTM neural network, namely determining the output state h at the current momentt。
S31, firstly, a forgetting gate sigmoid layer forgets partial information in the t-1 time memory unit, and the formula is as follows:
ft=σ(Wfx·xt+Wfh·ht-1+bf)
in the formula (f)tIs the output vector of the forgetting gate, sigma is sigmoid function,is the input vector of the LSTM neural network at time t, M represents the input dimension,is the output state of the LSTM neural network at time t-1,andare all a matrix of weights, and are,to forget the biasing of the gate state, N represents the output dimension and R is the data matrix.
S32, the information in the storage unit at time t is updated, and the formula is as follows:
it=σ(Wix·xt+Wih·ht-1+bi)
Ct=ftCt-1+it tanh(Wzxxt+Wzhht-1+bz)
in the formula itFor the output vector of the input gate, tanh is a tanh function, Ct-1And CtThe memory cell states at time t-1 and time t respectively,are all a matrix of weights, and are,in order to input the offset of the gate state,is the bias of the candidate gate state.
And S33, determining the output value of the LSTM neural network by the output gate, wherein the formula is as follows:
Ot=σ(Woxxt+Wohht-1+bo)
ht=Ottanh(ct)
in the formula, OtIs the output vector of the output gate,for the output state of the LSTM neural network at time t, are all a matrix of weights, and are,is the biasing of the output gate state.
S4, estimating SOH of battery pack based on LSTM neural network model
S41, training LSTM neural network model
The LSTM neural network model is trained by using a certain electric vehicle data set (data provided by a manufacturer for more than one year) in a certain region, wherein the LSTM algorithm is a machine learning algorithm with supervised learning, and the LSTM neural network model is trained by using the maximum available capacity of a battery pack calculated by using a SOC-electric quantity gain method as an output characteristic and using voltage, current, temperature and SOC as input characteristics.
S42, testing four electric vehicle data sets (data provided by manufacturers for more than one year) in the same region, taking the RMSE (root mean square error) of a predicted value (LSTM neural network model output value) and a true value (namely the maximum available capacity of the battery pack) of the battery pack as an evaluation index, wherein the RMSE (root mean square error) is used for measuring the deviation between the predicted value and the true value of the battery capacity in the whole life cycle of the battery pack, and the RMSE of the four electric vehicles is shown in the table 1, except that the RMSE of the third vehicle is slightly larger than 1, the RMSE of the other vehicles is smaller than 1, so that the LSTM neural network model is effective.
TABLE 1 prediction error for four electric vehicles
Verifying the number of cars | First vehicle | The second vehicle | Third vehicle | Fourth vehicle |
RMSE | 0.715 | 0.472 | 1.044 | 0.503 |
S43, estimating the SOH of the battery pack by using the LSTM neural network model, and adopting the following formula:
wherein, ClstmPredicted battery capacity, C, for LSTM neural network0The initial capacity of the battery (provided by the manufacturer).
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and any obvious improvements, substitutions or modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A battery pack SOH estimation method based on an LSTM neural network is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step (1), collecting battery pack charging data of an electric vehicle which actually runs for more than one year, carrying out correlation analysis, and extracting input characteristics of an LSTM neural network;
step (2), calculating the maximum available capacity of the battery pack by using an SOC-electric quantity gain method, and using the maximum available capacity as the output characteristic of the LSTM neural network;
step (3), constructing an LSTM neural network model, and determining an output value of the LSTM neural network;
a forgetting gate sigmoid layer forgets part of information in the t-1 moment memory unit, then updates the information in the t moment memory unit, and an output gate determines an output value of the LSTM neural network;
and (4) estimating the SOH of the battery pack by using the trained and verified LSTM neural network model.
2. The LSTM neural network-based battery SOH estimation method of claim 1, wherein the input characteristics include current, voltage, temperature and SOC of the battery while charging.
3. The LSTM neural network-based battery SOH estimation method of claim 1, wherein the calculation formula of the maximum available capacity of the battery is:
wherein, CnormThe maximum available capacity of the battery pack, delta Q is the variation of the electric quantity of the battery pack, delta SOC is the variation of the SOC of the battery pack, and SOC (t)0) For the initial moment of discharge, the state of charge of the battery, SOC (t)end) To the end time of dischargeThe state of charge of the battery, I (t), is the battery current at time t, and eta is the coulombic efficiency.
4. The battery pack SOH estimation method based on the LSTM neural network as claimed in claim 1, wherein the forgetting gate sigmoid layer forgets part of information in the memory unit at the time t-1, and the formula is as follows:
ft=σ(Wfxxt+Wfh·ht-1+bf)
wherein f istIs the output vector of the forgetting gate, sigma is sigmoid function,is the input vector of the LSTM neural network at time t, M represents the input dimension,is the output state of the LSTM neural network at time t-1,andare all a matrix of weights, and are,to forget the biasing of the gate state, N represents the output dimension and R is the data matrix.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the updating of the information in the memory unit at time t is performed according to the formula:
Ct=ftCt-1+ittanh(Wzxxt+Wzhht-1+bz)
6. The LSTM neural network-based battery SOH estimation method of claim 5, wherein the LSTM neural network output value is determined by an output gate, and the formula is:
ht=Ottanh(ct)
7. The LSTM neural network-based battery SOH estimation method of claim 1, wherein the LSTM neural network model is trained using input features and output features.
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