CN111979982A

CN111979982A - Full-material dam

Info

Publication number: CN111979982A
Application number: CN202010772591.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 金峰; 王浩; 周虎; 黄杜若
Original assignee: Tsinghua University
Current assignee: Tsinghua University
Priority date: 2020-08-04
Filing date: 2020-08-04
Publication date: 2020-11-24

Abstract

The invention discloses a full-material dam, which is built by using various naturally excavated and exploited stones, gravel stones, earth materials or mixture materials, and comprises: the dam body comprises at least one of a concrete dam body, a cementing material dam body and a backfill dam body; the impermeable layer is arranged on the upstream surface of the dam body; the protective layer is arranged on the downstream surface of the dam body, and the thickness of the protective layer is not less than 0.5 m. According to the full-material dam disclosed by the invention, the foundation adaptability is strong, the dam can be built on a soft foundation and a covering layer, the flood overtopping can be resisted, the safety is excellent, various natural building materials can be comprehensively used, no waste slag is generated, and the environmental protection benefit is outstanding.

Description

Full-material dam

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of hydraulic engineering, in particular to an all-material dam.

Background

The full-material dam in the related technology is built by comprehensively using various naturally excavated and exploited stones, gravel stones, soil materials or mixed materials, and is reasonably designed according to the types and the quantity of raw materials and the stability and the stress of the dam body structure, so that the purposes of material taking, excavation and building balance and in-situ dam formation are realized according to requirements. Dams in hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering are mainly divided into two categories, namely rigid material dams and bulk material dams, wherein the rigid material dams generally comprise: normal concrete dams, roller compacted concrete dams, rockfill concrete dams, masonry dams, and the like, and the bulk material dams generally include: earth dams, earth and rockfill dams, and the like.

The rigid material dam needs to use cement and other cementing materials and rock with higher strength as main raw materials, and has the advantages of less material consumption, small occupied area and the like, however, the rigid material dam has higher requirements on raw materials, foundations and the like.

The granular material dam mainly uses soil and stone materials, and is also called as a local material dam, and the granular material dam has the advantages that the granular material dam can be well compatible with raw materials with various properties, however, in order to stabilize the dam structure, the size, the occupied area and the consumption of the raw materials of the granular material dam are several times of those of a rigid dam, and the safety of resisting overproof flood is lower than that of the rigid dam.

Disclosure of Invention

The present invention is directed to solving at least one of the problems of the prior art. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an all-material dam, which has a strong foundation adaptability, can be built on a soft foundation and a covering layer, can resist flood overtopping, has excellent safety, can fully use various natural building materials, realizes no waste slag, and has an outstanding environmental protection benefit.

A full-material dam according to an embodiment of the present invention is constructed using various naturally excavated and exploited stones, gravel stones, earth materials, or mixed materials, and includes: the dam body comprises at least one of a concrete dam body, a cementing material dam body and a backfill dam body; the impermeable layer is arranged on the upstream surface of the dam body; the protective layer is arranged on the downstream surface of the dam body, and the thickness of the protective layer is not less than 0.5 m.

According to the full-material dam disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, the foundation adaptability is strong, the dam can be built on a soft foundation and a covering layer, the flood overtopping can be resisted, the safety is excellent, various natural building materials can be comprehensively used, the no waste slag is realized, and the environmental protection benefit is outstanding.

In addition, the full-material dam according to the above embodiment of the present invention has the following additional technical features:

according to some embodiments of the invention, the upstream face of the dam is configured as a vertical face; or, the upstream face of the dam body is configured as a slope inclined to the downstream side; or, the upstream face of the dam body is configured to include a vertical face and a slope inclined to the downstream side; when the upstream face of the dam body comprises a slope, the slope ratio of the upstream face is a single slope ratio, or the upstream face is composed of a plurality of slope ratios.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the full-material dam further comprises: a retaining wall provided at a downstream toe of the dam body, an upstream side of the retaining wall being configured in a stepped structure, and a downstream side of the retaining wall being configured in a slope.

According to some embodiments of the invention, when the dam comprises a concrete dam and/or a cement dam, the all-material dam further comprises: the overflow dam section is arranged on the downstream surface of the concrete dam body and/or the cementing material dam body, an overflow hole is formed in the overflow surface, and the downstream surface of the overflow dam section is constructed into an overflow surface; the top of the dam body is provided with a gate pier, and the side surface of the overflow surface is provided with a guide wall.

According to some embodiments of the invention, when the all-material dam comprises a concrete dam, an upstream face of the concrete dam is configured as a vertical face; or the upstream surface of the concrete dam body is configured into a slope inclined towards the downstream side; when the upstream face of the concrete dam body is configured as a slope inclined toward the downstream side, the slope ratio of the upstream face is 1:0-1:0.3, the slope ratio of the upstream face is a single slope ratio, or the upstream face comprises a plurality of slope ratios; the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body is configured as a vertical surface; or the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body is configured to be an inclined surface inclined towards the upstream side; or the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body is configured to be step-shaped; when the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body is configured to incline towards the upstream side, the slope ratio of the downstream side boundary is 1:0-1:0.8, the slope ratio of the downstream side boundary is a single slope ratio, or the downstream side boundary comprises a plurality of slope ratios; transverse seams are arranged on the concrete dam body, a water stopping facility is arranged between every two adjacent transverse seams, and the distance between the transverse seams is not smaller than a preset width; the strength grade of the concrete dam body material is C10-C50, and the concrete dam body is at least one of rock-fill concrete, roller compacted concrete or normal concrete.

According to some embodiments of the invention, when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam and a cement dam, an upstream side of the cement dam is tightly connected with a downstream side of the concrete dam to form a whole; the downstream side boundary of the cemented material dam body is configured to incline towards the upstream side, the slope ratio of the cemented material dam body is 1:0-1:1, the slope ratio of the cemented material dam body is a single slope ratio, or the slope ratio of the cemented material dam body comprises a plurality of slope ratios; or the downstream side boundary of the cementing dam body is configured to be step-shaped; the strength grade of the cementing material in the cementing material dam body is C2-C15, the cementing material is completely cemented or partially cemented, and the cementing material is cemented rock-fill, cemented sand gravel or cemented soil.

According to some embodiments of the invention, when the full-material dam comprises a cement dam and a backfill dam, an upstream side of the backfill dam is tightly connected with a downstream side of the cement dam to form a whole; the downstream side boundary of the backfill dam is configured to slope towards the upstream side, the slope ratio of the backfill dam is 1:1-1:2.5, the slope ratio of the backfill dam is a single slope ratio, or the slope ratio of the backfill dam comprises a plurality of slope ratios; the backfill in the backfill dam body is at least one of rockfill, soil and stone materials, gravel and stone materials or soil materials.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, when the full-material dam includes a concrete dam, a cemented dam, and a backfill dam, the concrete dam and the cemented dam may be used as an integral rigid dam for slip stability analysis and stress analysis during construction and operation, and the analysis should take into account the soil pressure load generated by the backfill dam in addition to the normal load of the dam.

According to some embodiments of the invention, when the full-material dam comprises a backfill dam body, the backfill dam body should perform stability, seepage, stress, strain and settlement analysis during construction and operation according to the requirements of an earth dam, an earth-rock dam and a rock-fill dam according to the performance of backfill; when the stability, strength, modulus and deformation of the backfill dam body cannot meet the design requirements, a grouting and cementing mode can be adopted to improve the corresponding performance.

According to some embodiments of the invention, when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam, a cementitious dam, and a backfill dam, the concrete dam may be directly built on the basis of not less than the weakly weathered rock-based requirements; the cemented material dam body can be directly constructed on the basis of not less than the requirement of a strongly weathered rock foundation; when the construction foundation of the concrete dam body and the cementing material dam body does not meet the requirement, a reinforcing measure is adopted; the backfill dam body is based on a rock foundation, a sand gravel covering layer or a soil foundation.

In some embodiments of the invention, in the excavation and mining of materials, stones not lower than the requirement for harder rocks are preferentially used for the concrete dam body, the protective layer and the retaining wall at the toe; among stones meeting the requirements of harder rocks, stones with the grain size not less than 150mm are used as rockfill concrete, the rest stones can be used for processing concrete aggregate, and stones which are not used for a concrete dam body can be used for a cementing material dam body or a backfill dam body; compared with soft rock and soft rock stone, gravel stone, soil stone and soil material, the material can be used for a cementing material dam body and a backfill material dam body; the impermeable layer is concrete, geomembrane or polyurea; when the dam body comprises a concrete dam body, the impermeable layer and the concrete dam body are integrally cast; the protective layer is made of concrete or completely cemented rockfill.

According to some embodiments of the invention, when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam body and a cementing material dam body, a transition region is constructed at a boundary part between the concrete dam body and the cementing material dam body, the concrete dam body and the cementing material dam body are in close contact and are in an irregular occlusion shape, and no construction joint is left during integral construction; and/or when the full-material dam comprises a cementing material dam body and a backfill material dam body, a transition region is constructed at the boundary part of the cementing material dam body and the backfill material dam body, the cementing material dam body and the backfill material dam body are in close contact and are in an irregular occlusion shape, and no construction joint is left during the whole construction; and/or when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam body and a backfill dam body, a transition region is formed at the boundary part of the concrete dam body and the backfill dam body, the concrete dam body and the backfill dam body are in close contact and are in an irregular occlusion shape, and no construction joint is left during integral construction.

Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.

Drawings

The above and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an all-material dam according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the encircled portion of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an all-material dam according to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a full-material dam according to yet another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an all-material dam according to yet another embodiment of the present invention.

Reference numerals:

the full-material dam 100 is constructed of a single-wall material,

the dam comprises a concrete dam body 1, a cementing material dam body 2, a backfill dam body 3, a protective layer 4, a retaining wall 5, an overflow surface 6, a gate pier 7, a guide wall 8, a transition area 9, an irregular occlusion shape 10 and an impermeable layer 11.

Detailed Description

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are illustrative only for the purpose of explaining the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.

In the related technology, in the actual engineering, different quantities of rock materials and earth materials can be obtained at the same time according to different geological conditions of the dam site.

An all-material dam 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to fig. 1-5.

According to the full-material dam 100 of the embodiment of the present invention, the full-material dam 100 is constructed using various naturally excavated and exploited stones, gravels, soils, or mixed materials, and the full-material dam 100 includes: a dam body, an impermeable layer 11 and a protective layer 4.

Specifically, the dam body comprises at least one of a concrete dam body 1, a cementing material dam body 2 and a backfill dam body 3. For example, in some embodiments of the invention, it may be that the dam comprises a concrete dam 1; or the dam body comprises a cementing material dam body 2; or the dam body comprises a backfill dam body 3; or the dam body comprises a concrete dam body 1 and a cementing material dam body 2; or the dam body comprises a cementing material dam body 2 and a backfill dam body 3; or the dam body comprises a concrete dam body 1 and a backfill dam body 3; or the dam body comprises a concrete dam body 1, a cementing material dam body 2 and a backfill dam body 3. The full material dam 100 includes a concrete dam 1, a cement dam 2, and a backfill dam 3 in this order from the upstream side to the downstream side.

Referring to fig. 5, an impermeable layer 11 may be provided on the upstream face of the dam body; therefore, the impermeable layer 11 is arranged on the upstream surface of the dam body, so that the leakage of the full-material dam 100 can be better prevented, the use reliability of the full-material dam 100 is improved, and the service life of the full-material dam 100 is prolonged.

Referring to fig. 1, the protective layer 4 may be disposed on the downstream surface of the dam body, and the thickness of the protective layer 4 is not less than 0.5 m. Therefore, the downstream dam face can resist scouring caused by overtopping of flood through the protective layer 4, and the service performance of the full-material dam 100 is improved.

According to the full-material dam 100 provided by the embodiment of the invention, various naturally excavated and exploited stones, gravel stones, earth materials or mixture materials are used for damming, various excavated and exploited materials obtained by engineering are comprehensively used for designing the dam, and design parameters and the amount of each dam body are optimized according to the type, the performance and the amount of the dam bodies, so that no waste slag is basically realized.

According to the full-material dam 100 provided by the embodiment of the invention, the foundation adaptability is strong, the dam can be built on a soft foundation and a covering layer, the flood overtopping can be resisted, the safety is excellent, various natural building materials can be comprehensively used, the waste slag is basically avoided, and the environmental protection benefit is remarkable.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the upstream face of the dam may be configured as a vertical face; or, the upstream face of the dam body is configured as a slope inclined to the downstream side; or, the upstream face of the dam body is configured to include a vertical face and a slope inclined to the downstream side; when the upstream face of the dam body comprises a slope, the slope ratio of the upstream face is a single slope ratio, or the upstream face is composed of a plurality of slope ratios.

Here, it should be noted that since the different materials have different degrees of stability, by defining the slope ratio, self-stabilization of the different materials can be achieved. The specific shape of the upstream surface of the dam body can be adaptively set according to actual needs.

Referring to fig. 3, according to some embodiments of the present invention, the full-material dam 100 may further include: a retaining wall 5, the retaining wall 5 may be provided at a downstream toe of the dam body, an upstream side of the retaining wall 5 is configured as a stepped structure, and a downstream side of the retaining wall 5 is configured as a slope.

For example, when more rock materials are obtained, the dam body can comprise the concrete dam body 1, a part of rock materials can be used for building the concrete dam body 1, and the surplus rock materials can be used for building the retaining wall 5, so that the rock materials can be fully utilized, the waste of raw materials is reduced, and the environment is protected.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the upstream side of the retaining wall 5 may be constructed in a stepped structure, thereby contributing to the improvement of the stability of the all-material dam 100 and facilitating construction.

For example, in some alternative embodiments of the invention, the step-wise structure has a slope ratio equivalent to 1:0.45 (e.g., the slope ratio of a line connecting the highest point and the lowest point of the step); the slope ratio of the inclined plane is 1: 0.2; the retaining wall 5 can adopt the design reference number C₉₀15 of rockfill concrete material.

Of course, the upstream side of the retaining wall 5 may be constructed as a vertical surface, or the upstream side of the retaining wall 5 may be constructed as an inclined surface, or the upstream side of the retaining wall 5 may be constructed to include a vertical surface and an inclined surface, etc., on the basis of satisfying the stability performance of the all-material dam 100.

Referring to fig. 4, according to some embodiments of the invention, when the dam comprises a concrete dam 1 and/or a cement dam 2, the full-material dam 100 may further comprise: the overflow dam section can be arranged on the downstream surface of the concrete dam body 1 and/or the cementing material dam body 2, an overflow hole is formed in the overflow dam section, and the downstream surface of the overflow dam section is constructed into an overflow surface 6; the top of the dam body is provided with a gate pier 7, and the side surface of the overflow surface 6 is provided with a guide wall 8. Thereby, the full-material dam 100 has not only a water retaining function but also a flood discharge function.

For example, in some alternative embodiments of the present invention, the dam body may include a concrete dam body 1, and in a width direction of the all-material dam 100 (for example, a direction perpendicular to a paper surface in fig. 4), the concrete dam body 1 may include a plurality of concrete dam segments, the overflow dam segment may be disposed between two adjacent concrete dam segments, the overflow dam segment is formed with overflow holes, and a downstream surface of the overflow dam segment is configured as an overflow surface 6; for example, in some embodiments of the invention, when it is desired to discharge a flood through the overflow dam section, the flood may flow through the overflow apertures and out through the overflow surface 6. In some optional embodiments of the present invention, a gate pier 7 is arranged at the top of the dam body, and a guide wall 8 is arranged on the side surface of the overflow surface 6.

In some optional embodiments of the invention, the dam comprises a cement dam 2; or, the dam body comprises a concrete dam body 1 and a cementing material dam body 2 (refer to fig. 4); in the width direction of the full-material dam 100 (for example, the direction perpendicular to the paper surface in fig. 3), the cementing material dam body 2 may include a plurality of cementing material dam segments, an overflow dam segment may be disposed between two adjacent cementing material dam segments, an overflow hole may be formed in the overflow dam segment, and the downstream surface of the overflow dam segment is configured as an overflow surface 6; the top of the dam body is provided with a gate pier 7, and the side surface of the overflow surface 6 is provided with a guide wall 8.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, when the all-material dam 100 comprises a concrete dam 1, the upstream face of the concrete dam 1 is configured as a vertical face; alternatively, the upstream face of the concrete dam 1 is configured as a slope inclined toward the downstream side. When the upstream face of the concrete dam 1 is configured as a slope inclined toward the downstream side, the slope ratio of the upstream face is 1:0 to 1:0.3, the slope ratio of the upstream face is a single slope ratio, or the upstream face includes a plurality of slope ratios.

The downstream side boundary of the concrete dam 1 is configured as a vertical face; alternatively, the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam 1 is configured as a slope inclined to the upstream side; alternatively, the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam 1 is configured to be stepped. When the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam 1 is configured to be inclined toward the upstream side, the slope ratio of the downstream side boundary is 1:0 to 1:0.8, the slope ratio of the downstream side boundary is a single slope ratio, or the downstream side boundary includes a plurality of slope ratios.

The concrete dam body 1 is provided with transverse seams, a water stopping facility is arranged between every two adjacent transverse seams, and the distance between the transverse seams is not smaller than a preset width (for example, 15m and the like). The strength grade of the material of the concrete dam body 1 is C10-C50, and the concrete dam body 1 is at least one of rock-fill concrete, roller compacted concrete or normal concrete.

Referring to fig. 1, when the all-material dam 100 includes a concrete dam 1 and a cement dam 2, an upstream side of the cement dam 2 is tightly connected integrally with a downstream side of the concrete dam 1, according to some embodiments of the present invention. The downstream side boundary of the cementing dam 2 is configured to incline towards the upstream side, the slope ratio of the cementing dam 2 is 1:0-1:1, the slope ratio of the cementing dam 2 is a single slope ratio, or the slope ratio of the cementing dam 2 comprises a plurality of slope ratios; alternatively, the downstream-side boundary of the cement dam 2 is configured to be stepped (refer to fig. 4). The strength grade of the cementing material in the cementing material dam body 2 is C2-C15, the cementing material is completely cemented or partially cemented, and the cementing material is cemented rock-fill, cemented sand gravel or cemented soil.

Referring to fig. 1, according to some embodiments of the present invention, when the full-material dam 100 includes a cement dam 2 and a backfill dam 3, an upstream side of the backfill dam 3 is tightly connected integrally with a downstream side of the cement dam 2. The downstream side boundary of the backfill dam 3 is configured to be inclined toward the upstream side, the slope ratio of the backfill dam 3 is 1:1-1:2.5, the slope ratio of the backfill dam 3 is a single slope ratio, or the slope ratio of the backfill dam 3 includes a plurality of slope ratios. The backfill in the backfill dam body 3 is at least one of rockfill, soil and stone materials, gravel and stone materials or soil materials.

Referring to fig. 1, according to some embodiments of the present invention, when the full-material dam 100 includes a concrete dam 1, a cement dam 2, and a backfill dam 3, the concrete dam 1 and the cement dam 2 can be used as an integral rigid dam for slip stability analysis and stress analysis during construction and operation, and the analysis considers the earth pressure load generated by the backfill dam 3 on the dam (e.g., the full-material dam 100) in addition to the normal load of the dam.

Referring to fig. 3, when the full-material dam 100 includes the backfill dam 3, the backfill dam 3 should perform construction and operation stability, seepage, stress, strain and settlement analysis according to the performance of backfill and the requirements of an earth dam, an earth-rock dam and a rock-fill dam according to the performance of backfill. When the stability, strength, modulus, deformation and the like of the backfill dam body 3 can not meet the design requirements, a grouting and cementing mode can be adopted to improve the corresponding performance.

Referring to fig. 1, according to some embodiments of the present invention, when the all-material dam 100 includes a concrete dam 1, a cementitious material dam 2, and a backfill dam 3, the concrete dam 1 may be directly constructed on the basis of not less than the weakly weathered rock-based requirements; the cementing material dam body 2 can be directly constructed on the basis of the requirement of not less than the strongly weathered rock foundation; the backfill dam body 3 is based on a rock foundation, a sand gravel covering layer or a soil foundation.

Wherein, when the construction foundation of the concrete dam body 1 and the cementing material dam body 2 does not meet the requirement, reinforcement measures are taken. For example, a foundation reinforcement portion or the like may be provided at the construction foundation of the concrete dam 1 and the cement dam 2.

In some embodiments of the invention, of the excavated and mined material, stone not less than the requirement for harder rock is preferentially used for the concrete dam 1, the protective layer 4 and the retaining wall 5 at the toe. Among stones meeting the requirements of harder rocks, stones with the grain size not less than 150mm are used as rockfill concrete, the rest stones can be used for processing concrete aggregates, and stones which are not used for the concrete dam body 1 can be used for the cementing material dam body 2 or the backfill dam body 3; softer and softer rock materials, gravel materials, earth and stone materials, and earth materials can be used for the cementing dam body 2 and the backfill dam body 3.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, the barrier layer 11 may be concrete, geomembrane, polyurea, or the like. When the dam body comprises the concrete dam body 1, the impermeable layer 11 and the concrete dam body 1 can be integrally cast. Because the concrete dam body 1 has a certain anti-seepage function, the anti-seepage layer 11 is arranged on the upstream surface of the concrete dam body 1, and the anti-seepage layer 11 and the concrete dam body 1 are integrally cast, so that the all-material dam 100 has a better anti-seepage function.

The protective layer 4 may be made of concrete or fully cemented rock-fill. When the dam body at the lower part of the protective layer 4 deforms too much or has insufficient modulus, the dam body can be cemented and reinforced.

Referring to fig. 2 in combination with fig. 1, according to some embodiments of the present invention, when the full-material dam 100 includes a concrete dam 1 and a cementing dam 2, a transition region 9 is formed at a boundary portion between the concrete dam 1 and the cementing dam 2, and the concrete dam 1 and the cementing dam 2 are in close contact with each other in an irregular occlusion shape 10, and a construction joint should not be left during the whole construction. And/or

When the full-material dam 100 comprises the cementing material dam body 2 and the backfill dam body 3, a transition region 9 is constructed at the boundary part of the cementing material dam body 2 and the backfill dam body 3, the cementing material dam body 2 and the backfill dam body 3 are in close contact with each other to form an irregular occlusion shape 10, and no construction joint is left during integral construction. And/or

When the full-material dam 100 comprises the concrete dam body 1 and the backfill dam body 3, a transition region 9 is constructed at the boundary part of the concrete dam body 1 and the backfill dam body 3, the concrete dam body 1 is in close contact with the backfill dam body 3 to form an irregular occlusion shape 10, and no construction joint is left during integral construction.

A specific embodiment of the full-material dam 100 according to the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

The first embodiment is as follows:

referring to fig. 1 and 2, a certain project may obtain gravel, weathered rock and fresh rock from a river bed section and a dam bank mountain through excavation, and the dam structure design is performed according to the slag-free design concept of the all-material dam 100.

The bottom of the concrete dam body 1 is a weakly weathered rock foundation, the upstream face of the concrete dam body 1 comprises an inclined face with a slope ratio of 1:0.2, the inclined face inclines to the downstream side from the foundation face to 1/4 of the dam height, the upright face is arranged at the position 1/4 of the dam height, the minimum thickness of the dam body is 6m, the thickness direction of the dam body can refer to the left and right direction in the dam body 1, the concrete dam body 1 adopts the design reference number C₉₀The 20W6 rock-fill concrete, the upstream side of which is provided with a self-compacting concrete impervious layer with the thickness of 0.5m, and a concrete dam body (such as dam body rock-fill concrete) are integrally cast. The used rockfill material is fresh rock material or large-particle-size stone in gravel material, the particle size of the rockfill material is not less than 200mm, the gravel aggregate required by self-compacting concrete is obtained by screening excavated gravel material or crushing excavated fresh rock, the particle size of the gravel aggregate is 0.08-20 mm, the powder required by the self-compacting concrete comprises stone powder and cement, the stone powder is obtained by crushing and grinding the mined fresh rock, the cement is purchased material, and the mass ratio of the required cement is comprehensively calculated and calculated to be about 3%.

The cemented material dam body 2 is connected with the concrete dam body 1, the bottom of the cemented material dam body 2 is a strongly weathered rock foundation or a weakly weathered rock foundation, and the downstream side of the cemented material dam body 2 is a dam slope adopting a broken line scheme (not shown in the figure) inclining towards the upstream side: the slope ratio of the first section of broken line is 1:0.75, the starting point is the position 8m away from the downstream side of the concrete dam body 1 and the dam crest in vertical direction, and the end point is 17m away from the dam crest in vertical direction; the starting point of the second section of broken line is the end point of the first section of broken line, the slope ratio is 1:0.3, and the second section of broken line extends to the dam foundation.

The cementing material dam body 2 adopts the design reference number C ₁₈₀10, the rockfill material is gravel, weathered rock or fresh rock with a grain size of not less than 50mm, and the grouting cementing material for filling the cemented rockfill material satisfies C ₁₈₀10, the aggregate of the grouting cementing material can be obtained by screening sand gravel materials and crushing weathered rocks or fresh rocks, the particle size requirement of the aggregate is less than 10mm, auxiliary vibration rolling is required to ensure that the grouting cementing is compact, and the mass ratio of the required cement is about 1 percent by comprehensive measurement and calculation.

The backfill dam body 3 is positioned at the downstream side of the cementing material dam body 2 and is connected with the cementing material dam body 2, the bottom of the backfill dam body 3 is a gravel foundation or a strongly weathered rock foundation, the downstream side of the backfill dam body 3 is an inclined plane with a slope ratio of 1:1.5, the inclined plane inclines towards the upstream side, the backfill dam body 3 can be backfilled by gravel materials, weathered rock materials and fresh rock materials, compaction is realized through vibration rolling, and the material of the backfill dam body 3 does not need to use cementing materials such as cement and the like.

The protective layer 4 of the downstream surface is positioned at the downstream side of the dam and is laid on the downstream surface of the backfill dam body 3, the thickness of the protective layer 4 is 2m, and the design reference number of the protective layer 4 is C₉₀The 20W6 rockfill concrete is characterized in that the rockfill material is large-particle-size stones in fresh rock materials or gravel materials, the particle size of the rockfill material is not less than 200mm, the self-compacting concrete for filling the rockfill gap is consistent with the self-compacting concrete for the impervious layer 11, and the mass ratio of the required cement is about 3% through comprehensive measurement.

The boundary between the concrete dam 1 and the cementing material dam 2 and the boundary between the cementing material dam 2 and the backfill dam 3 are realized by changing the rockfill material or the backfill material, and are not neat and regular boundaries. The construction of each layer is carried out by piling materials or backfilling materials and finally carrying out pouring and cementing of concrete and grouting materials.

The concrete dam 1 and the cementing material dam 2 can be used as a rigid dam part to perform anti-slip stability analysis of different elevations by adopting a rigid body limit balance method, dam stress analysis is performed according to a material mechanics method or a finite element method, and besides the reservoir water load, the dead weight load, the uplift pressure and the like which are normally born by the dam, the backfill dam 3 is used as soil pressure load to act on the downstream side of the rigid dam part. The backfill dam body 3 needs to achieve a void ratio not greater than 22% through vibration rolling, and the stability, seepage, stress, strain and settlement of the backfill are analyzed according to the design requirements of the rock-fill dam and the mechanical performance indexes of the backfill.

The dam section with the height of hectometer is used for measurement, the proportion of the impermeable layer 11 is about 0.7 percent, the proportion of the concrete dam body 1 is about 8 percent, the proportion of the cementing material dam body 2 is about 17 percent, the proportion of the backfill dam body 3 is about 70 percent, and the proportion of the protective layer 4 is about 4.3 percent; the required cement amount accounts for about 0.13 percent of the total amount of the dam body. Compared with a concrete dam with the same height, the cement consumption can be saved by more than 80%; compared with a face rockfill dam with the same height, under the condition that the cement consumption is similar, the land occupation, excavation and total material consumption of the dam body can be reduced by about 50 percent; therefore, the full-material dam 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention has significant economic benefits and is energy-saving and environment-friendly.

Example two:

referring to fig. 3, in a certain project, gravel materials, weathered rock materials and fresh rock materials can be obtained from a riverbed section and a dam abutment mountain through excavation, the proportion of harder rock materials in the excavated materials is higher through early geological survey excavation, and dam design is carried out by adopting a mode of arranging a concrete retaining wall 5 at the position of a downstream toe.

In the second embodiment, the design schemes of the concrete dam 1, the cementing material dam 2 and the backfill dam 3 are basically the same as those in the first embodiment, and the differences are as follows: in the second embodiment, the retaining wall 5 (for example, a concrete retaining wall) having a predetermined height (for example, a height of 25m or the like) is provided on the downstream side of the backfill dam body 3, so that the dam footprint can be reduced. The upstream side of the retaining wall 5 adopts a step-type scheme, the slope ratio of the step-type scheme is 1:0.45, the downstream side of the retaining wall 5 adopts a slope with the slope ratio of 1:0.2, the retaining wall 5 adopts a design label C₉₀15 of rockfill concrete material. Except as in embodiment oneThe scheme analyzes the stability, stress, deformation, seepage, settlement and the like of the concrete dam body 1, the cementing material dam body 2 and the backfill dam body 3, and also analyzes the stability and stress of the downstream side retaining wall 5 resisting the soil pressure load of the backfill dam body 3. The dam section with the height of hundred meters is used for measurement, the total material quantity needed by the dam body is saved by 5%, and the land occupation of the dam is saved by 23%.

According to the all-material dam 100 provided by the embodiment of the invention, various naturally excavated and exploited stones, gravel stones, earth materials or mixture materials can be used for damming, the basic section of the dam is triangular, the concrete dam 1, the cementing material dam 2, the backfill dam 3 and the protective layer 4 are sequentially arranged from the upstream side to the downstream side, and each part is reasonably designed according to the types and the quantity of raw materials and the stability and stress of the dam structure, so that the purposes of material taking, excavation and construction balance as required and in-situ dam forming are realized.

Wherein, the concrete dam body 1 can be rock-fill concrete, roller compacted concrete or normal concrete; the cementing material dam body 2 can be used for cementing rockfill materials or gelled gravel materials; the backfill dam body 3 can be earth and stone, sand and gravel or backfill earth and stone mixed with a cementing material and sand and gravel; the protective layer 4 may be rock-fill concrete or cemented rock-fill material.

According to the full-material dam 100 provided by the embodiment of the invention, the dam can be built on a soft foundation and a covering layer, the flood overtopping can be resisted, the safety is excellent, various natural building materials can be comprehensively used, no waste slag is basically realized, and the environmental protection benefit is outstanding.

Other configurations and operations of the full-material dam 100 according to embodiments of the present invention are known to those of ordinary skill in the art and will not be described in detail herein.

In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are only for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an illustrative embodiment," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples" or the like mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.

While embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A full-material dam (100), wherein the full-material dam (100) is constructed using various naturally excavated and mined stone, gravel stone, earth material, or mixed material dams, the full-material dam (100) comprising:

the dam comprises at least one of a concrete dam (1), a cementing material dam (2) and a backfill dam (3);

the impermeable layer (11), the impermeable layer (11) is arranged on the upstream surface of the dam body;

the protective layer (4) is arranged on the downstream surface of the dam body, and the thickness of the protective layer (4) is not less than 0.5 m.

2. The full-material dam (100) of claim 1,

the upstream face of the dam body is configured as a vertical face; or, the upstream face of the dam body is configured as a slope inclined to the downstream side; or, the upstream face of the dam body is configured to include a vertical face and a slope inclined to the downstream side;

when the upstream face of the dam body comprises a slope, the slope ratio of the upstream face is a single slope ratio, or the upstream face is composed of a plurality of slope ratios.

3. The full-material dam (100) of claim 1, further comprising:

a retaining wall (5), the retaining wall (5) being provided at a downstream toe of the dam body, an upstream side of the retaining wall (5) being configured in a stepped structure, and a downstream side of the retaining wall (5) being configured in a slope.

4. The full-material dam (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that when the dam comprises a concrete dam (1) and/or a cement dam (2), the full-material dam further comprises:

the overflow dam section is arranged on the downstream surface of the concrete dam body (1) and/or the cementing material dam body (2), an overflow hole is formed in the overflow dam section, and the downstream surface of the overflow dam section is constructed into an overflow surface (6);

the top of the dam body is provided with a gate pier (7), and the side surface of the overflow surface (6) is provided with a guide wall (8).

5. The full-material dam (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam (1), the upstream face of the concrete dam (1) is configured as a vertical face; or the upstream surface of the concrete dam body (1) is configured into a slope inclined towards the downstream side;

when the upstream face of the concrete dam body (1) is configured as a slope inclined toward the downstream side, the slope ratio of the upstream face is 1:0-1:0.3, the slope ratio of the upstream face is a single slope ratio, or the upstream face comprises a plurality of slope ratios;

the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body (1) is configured into a vertical surface; or the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body (1) is configured to be an inclined surface inclined towards the upstream side; or the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body (1) is configured to be step-shaped;

when the downstream side boundary of the concrete dam body (1) is configured to be inclined toward the upstream side, the slope ratio of the downstream side boundary is 1:0-1:0.8, the slope ratio of the downstream side boundary is a single slope ratio, or the downstream side boundary comprises a plurality of slope ratios;

transverse seams are arranged on the concrete dam body (1), a water stopping facility is arranged between every two adjacent transverse seams, and the distance between the transverse seams is not smaller than a preset width;

the strength grade of the material of the concrete dam body (1) is C10-C50, and the concrete dam body (1) is at least one of rock-fill concrete, roller compacted concrete or normal concrete.

6. The full-material dam (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that, when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam (1) and a cement dam (2), the upstream side of the cement dam (2) is tightly connected integrally with the downstream side of the concrete dam (1);

the downstream side boundary of the cementing dam (2) is configured to incline towards the upstream side, the slope ratio of the cementing dam (2) is 1:0-1:1, the slope ratio of the cementing dam (2) is a single slope ratio, or the slope ratio of the cementing dam (2) comprises a plurality of slope ratios;

or the downstream side boundary of the cementing dam body (2) is configured to be step-shaped;

the strength grade of the cementing material in the cementing material dam body (2) is C2-C15, the cementing material is completely cemented or partially cemented, and the cementing material is cemented rock heaps, cemented sand gravel or cemented soil.

7. The full-material dam (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that, when the full-material dam comprises a cement dam (2) and a backfill dam (3), an upstream side of the backfill dam (3) is tightly connected integrally with a downstream side of the cement dam (2);

the downstream side boundary of the backfill dam (3) is configured to incline towards the upstream side, the slope ratio of the backfill dam (3) is 1:1-1:2.5, the slope ratio of the backfill dam (3) is a single slope ratio, or the slope ratio of the backfill dam (3) comprises a plurality of slope ratios;

the backfill in the backfill dam body (3) is at least one of rockfill, soil and stone materials, gravel and stone materials or soil materials.

8. The full-material dam (100) according to claim 1, wherein when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam (1), a cementing dam (2) and a backfill dam (3), the concrete dam (1) and the cementing dam (2) can be used as an integral rigid dam for skid resistance stability analysis and stress analysis during construction and operation, and the analysis considers the earth pressure load generated by the backfill dam (3) in addition to the regular load of the dam.

9. The full-material dam (100) according to claim 1, wherein when the full-material dam comprises a backfill dam (3), the backfill dam (3) is subjected to construction and operation stability, seepage, stress, strain and settlement analysis according to the performance of backfill and the requirements of an earth dam, an earth-rock dam and a rock-fill dam;

when the stability, strength, modulus and deformation of the backfill dam body (3) cannot meet the design requirements, a grouting and cementing mode can be adopted to improve the corresponding performance.

10. The full-material dam (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that, when the full-material dam comprises a concrete dam (1), a cement dam (2) and a backfill dam (3),

the concrete dam body (1) can be directly built on the basis of not less than the requirement of a weakly weathered rock foundation;

the cementing material dam body (2) can be directly built on the basis of not less than the requirement of a strongly weathered rock foundation;

when the construction foundation of the concrete dam body (1) and the cementing material dam body (2) does not meet the requirement, reinforcement measures are taken;

the backfill dam body (3) is based on a rock foundation, a sand gravel covering layer or a soil foundation.

11. The full-material dam (100) of claim 3,

in the excavation and mining materials, stones which are not lower than the requirements of harder rocks are preferentially used for a concrete dam body (1), a protective layer (4) and a retaining wall (5) at the toe of the dam;

among stones meeting the requirements of harder rocks, stones with the grain size not less than 150mm are used as stones for rock-fill concrete, the rest stones can be used for processing concrete aggregates, and stones which are not used for the concrete dam body (1) can be used for the cementing material dam body (2) or the backfill dam body (3);

compared with soft rock and soft rock stone materials, gravel stone materials, soil stone materials and soil materials, the material can be used for a cementing material dam body (2) and a backfill material dam body (3);

the impermeable layer (11) is concrete, geomembrane or polyurea;

when the dam body comprises a concrete dam body (1), the impermeable layer (11) and the concrete dam body (1) are integrally cast;

the protective layer (4) is made of concrete or completely cemented rockfill.

12. Full material dam (100) according to any of claims 1-11,

when the full-material dam (100) comprises a concrete dam body (1) and a cementing material dam body (2), a transition region (9) is constructed at a boundary part between the concrete dam body (1) and the cementing material dam body (2), the concrete dam body (1) and the cementing material dam body (2) are in close contact to form an irregular occlusion shape (10), and construction joints are not reserved during integral construction; and/or

When the full-material dam (100) comprises a cementing material dam body (2) and a backfill dam body (3), a transition region (9) is constructed at the boundary part of the cementing material dam body (2) and the backfill dam body (3), the cementing material dam body (2) and the backfill dam body (3) are in close contact with each other to form an irregular occlusion shape (10), and construction joints are not reserved during integral construction; and/or

When the full-material dam (100) comprises a concrete dam body (1) and a backfill dam body (3), a transition region (9) is constructed at the boundary part of the concrete dam body (1) and the backfill dam body (3), the concrete dam body (1) and the backfill dam body (3) are in close contact with each other to form an irregular occlusion shape (10), and construction joints are not reserved during integral construction.