CN111962064B - Method for strengthening surface shape memory alloy coating of axial flow pump blade through jet cavitation - Google Patents
Method for strengthening surface shape memory alloy coating of axial flow pump blade through jet cavitation Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
- C23C24/106—Coating with metal alloys or metal elements only
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
- C22C9/04—Alloys based on copper with zinc as the next major constituent
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/006—Resulting in heat recoverable alloys with a memory effect
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/08—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of material surface strengthening, and relates to a method for strengthening a shape memory alloy coating on the surface of an axial flow pump blade by jet cavitation. The method comprises the steps of firstly cladding the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy to the position of the surface of the axial flow pump blade, where cavitation erosion is easy to occur, by laser cladding, then carrying out jet cavitation strengthening on the axial flow pump blade, and realizing surface strengthening but avoiding blade cavitation erosion by controlling the action time and target distance of jet cavitation. Under the condition of the jet cavitation strengthening process parameters, the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy used as the coating absorbs a large amount of impact stress generated by collapse of cavitation bubbles, so that a novel copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating with a large amount of fine structures, excellent shape memory effect and superelasticity is obtained, and the cavitation erosion resistance and the service life of the flow passage component are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of material surface strengthening, and relates to a method for strengthening a shape memory alloy coating on the surface of an axial flow pump blade by jet cavitation.
Background
Cavitation is a complex phase change phenomenon that occurs in liquids. When the local static pressure inside the liquid is lower than a certain pressure threshold, tiny gas nuclei in the liquid grow into cavitation bubbles which can be seen by naked eyes. When the cavitation bubbles migrate to the high pressure region, collapse will occur due to imbalance of pressure inside and outside the bubble walls. When cavitation bubble collapse occurs near the solid wall surface, instantaneous impact load is generated on the wall surface, and when the same position of the wall surface is repeatedly subjected to the impact load generated by cavitation bubble collapse, the wall surface is strengthened, so that the fatigue performance of the wall surface is improved. However, after the reinforcement, the cavitation collapse impact is still applied to the wall surface, and cavitation erosion, that is, the material is peeled off from the wall surface, and the wall surface is broken. The material of the wall surface is a key factor influencing the strengthening and cavitation erosion resistance performance of the wall surface.
The copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy has excellent superelasticity, shape memory effect and damping property based on the thermo-elastic martensite phase transformation property. The microstructure of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy contains a large number of microscopic interfaces which can move reversibly under an external field (including a temperature field and a stress field), including a matrix/martensite interface, a martensite/martensite interface and a twin crystal interface in martensite. This means that the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy can effectively absorb the energy released by collapse of cavitation bubbles through the reversible movement of these microscopic interfaces, and thus exhibits excellent cavitation erosion resistance. However, the high material cost of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy greatly restricts the large-scale application of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy on the flow passage component. Therefore, the surface of the flow passage component is coated with the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating, and the energy absorption effect of a large number of movable micro interfaces on cavitation bubble collapse is utilized, so that the manufacturing cost is reduced, the cavitation erosion resistance of the flow passage component is greatly improved, and the service life of the flow passage component is greatly prolonged.
The axial flow pump impeller has a complex blade geometry, and the blades are in a twisted shape; the axial flow pump impeller is generally an open impeller without the restraint of a front cover plate and a rear cover plate, so that the surface of the axial flow pump blade can be conveniently coated and strengthened. Axial flow pumps operating in marine, hydraulic, chemical engineering are at a high risk of suffering cavitation erosion, especially at the inlet part of the pump blade, where the possibility of local cavitation erosion is high. The cavitation erosion resistance of the axial flow pump blade is improved by a coating process, and reports are made at present. However, there are problems that: (1) the actual effect of the coating is not ideal; (2) the coverage area of the coating on the surface of the blade is large, and the waste of coating materials is serious. The two problems arise, one is that the coating materials currently used are not optimal; secondly, the cavitation erosion of the axial flow pump blade is not generated on the whole blade.
As an important coating preparation technology, the laser cladding technology can obtain the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating with stable component distribution on the surfaces of substrates with different shapes. However, although the components of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating prepared based on the laser cladding technology are uniform and controllable, the relatively coarse microstructure (the content of movable micro-interfaces is low) and the low yield strength (easy plastic deformation) greatly limit the obtainment of a large number of movable micro-interfaces and the occurrence of shape memory effect and super elasticity. Therefore, refining the microstructure of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating and improving the memory effect and superelasticity thereof by strengthening means have become an academic research frontier and application research hotspot in the field of copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coatings. In the past, the strengthening treatment of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy mostly adopts the traditional thermal-mechanical treatment (including plastic deformation, aging, annealing and other processes), but the strengthening treatment is easy to fail under the long-term cavitation working condition. The jet cavitation strengthening technology provided by the invention has no relevant report on the improvement of the surface coating performance of the flow passage component.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the traditional thermal-mechanical treatment, the invention discloses a method for strengthening a surface shape memory alloy coating of an axial flow pump blade by jet cavitation. The microstructure of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating can be effectively refined and the yield strength of the coating (the shape memory effect and the superelasticity are improved) can be improved in a jet cavitation strengthening mode, so that the novel high-service-life flow passage component coating with excellent cavitation erosion resistance can be obtained.
The method comprises the steps of firstly cladding the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy to the position on the surface of the axial flow pump blade, where cavitation erosion is easy to occur, through laser cladding, and then carrying out jet cavitation strengthening on the axial flow pump blade. Jet cavitation generates cavitation bubbles, and the novel copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating with a large number of fine structures (mainly a large number of movable microscopic interfaces) and excellent shape memory effect and superelasticity is obtained by means of repeated impact of cavitation bubble collapse on the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating, so that the cavitation erosion resistance of the flow passage component is improved, and the service life of the flow passage component is prolonged.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the surface of the axial flow pump blade is cladded with a copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating, and the coating thickness can not be absolutely and uniformly distributed on the surface of the blade due to the fact that the surface of the blade is a complex curved surface, so that the coating thickness range is controlled to be 0.5-1.5 mm, the geometric shape of the blade is changed due to excessive thickness, the smoothness of the surface of the blade is damaged due to excessive thickness range, the hydrodynamic performance of the axial flow pump blade is changed due to the excessive thickness range, and the working capacity of the axial flow pump blade is reduced. After the coating process is finished, performing jet cavitation strengthening on the whole impeller, immersing the impeller in a water tank, and generating cavitation bubbles by means of submerged jet; all the blades are strengthened through the rotation of the impeller; by controlling the action time and the target distance of jet cavitation, the surface strengthening is realized, but the blade cavitation erosion, namely the damage to the blade surface, is avoided. The shape memory alloy coating described above is a copper zinc aluminum shape memory alloy, and the material of the axial flow pump blade as the base body may be stainless steel and copper.
The method for strengthening the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating on the surface of the axial flow pump blade by jet cavitation comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing cladding powder: the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy comprises, by mass, 24.7-27% of Zn, 3.61-4% of Al, La: 0.04-0.05 percent of Ce, 0.04-0.05 percent of Ce and the balance of Cu, and the raw materials of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy are ground and mixed in a vacuum ball mill to obtain cladding powder.
(2) Performing laser cladding on the surface of the axial flow pump blade by using a fiber laser in a coaxial powder feeding manner under the argon protection atmosphere; the cladding position is the surface from the inlet edge of the axial flow pump blade to the middle part of the blade, and comprises a working surface and a back surface of the blade.
(3) And (3) performing jet cavitation strengthening on the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating finished by laser cladding in the step (2).
In the step (1), the grinding time is 15-35 min, and the particle size of the mixed powder is ground to 350-500 meshes, wherein the shape of the mixed powder is spherical or nearly spherical.
In the step (2), the important parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the laser power is 1500W, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the scanning speed is 400mm/min, the lap joint rate is 50%, the powder feeding speed is 10g/min, and the thickness of the coating is 0.5 mm-1.5 mm.
In the step (3), the jet cavitation strengthening process parameters are as follows: pure water is used as a jet medium, the jet pressure is 20-25 MPa, the medium temperature is kept at 19-25 ℃, the cavitation time is 40-55 min, the target distance is 35-50 mm, and the impeller rotating speed is 120-150 r/min.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
under the condition of the jet cavitation strengthening process parameters, the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy used as the coating absorbs a large amount of impact stress generated by collapse of cavitation bubbles, so that a novel copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating with a large amount of fine structures (mainly a large amount of movable micro interfaces) and excellent shape memory effect and superelasticity is obtained, and the cavitation erosion resistance and the service life of the flow passage component are improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an axial flow pump impeller;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an axial flow pump impeller jet cavitation strengthening experimental device; a-front view, b-back view;
FIG. 3 is a metallographic structure diagram of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy before strengthening;
FIG. 4 is a metallographic structure of the Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy after strengthening in example 1;
FIG. 5 is a metallographic structure of the Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy strengthened according to example 2;
FIG. 6 is a metallographic structure of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy strengthened according to example 3;
in the figure: 1-axial pump blade 1; 2-laser cladding layer; 3-pump impeller shaft; 4-bearing A; 5-a nozzle adjusting mechanism; 6-connecting a jet system; 7-a nozzle; 8-a variable frequency motor; 9-rotational speed torquemeter; 10-bearing B; 11-a liquid storage tank; 12-an overflow aperture; 13-a drain hole.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
The method for strengthening the surface shape memory alloy coating of the axial flow pump blade by jet cavitation is to form the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating on the surface of the axial flow pump blade by jet cavitation strengthening under laser cladding.
The method comprises the following steps:
step (1): preparing cladding powder: the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy comprises, by mass, 24.7-27% of Zn, 3.61-4% of Al, La: 0.04-0.05 percent of Ce, 0.04-0.05 percent of Ce and the balance of Cu. Grinding and mixing the component raw materials of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy in a vacuum ball mill. Grinding for 15-35 min, and grinding the mixed powder to 350-00 mesh with spherical or nearly spherical shape.
Step (2): and (3) laser cladding process. And carrying out laser cladding on the surface of the blade of the axial flow pump by using a fiber laser in an argon protective atmosphere in a coaxial powder feeding mode. The cladding position is the surface from the inlet edge of the axial flow pump blade 1 to the middle of the blade, and comprises a working surface and a back surface of the blade. The laser power is 1500W, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the scanning speed is 400mm/min, the lap joint rate is 50%, the powder feeding speed is 10g/min, and the thickness of the laser cladding layer 2 is 0.5 mm-1.5 mm.
And (3): and carrying out jet cavitation strengthening treatment on the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating on the surface of the axial flow pump blade subjected to laser cladding treatment. The jet cavitation intensification experiment table is shown in fig. 3. The jet cavitation strengthening process parameters are as follows: pure water is used as a jet medium, the jet pressure is 20-25 MPa, the medium temperature is kept at 19-25 ℃, the cavitation time is 40-55 min, the target distance is 35-50 mm, and the impeller rotating speed is 120-150 r/min.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and any obvious improvements, substitutions or modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Example 1
The laser cladding copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy cavitation erosion resistant coating comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 27% of Zn, 4% of Al, La: 0.05 percent of Ce, 0.05 percent of Ce and the balance of Cu. The raw materials of the components of the shape memory alloy are ground and mixed in a vacuum ball mill. Grinding for 20min, and grinding the mixed powder to 350 mesh with spherical or nearly spherical shape. And carrying out laser cladding on the upper surface of the substrate by using a fiber laser in a coaxial powder feeding manner under the argon protection atmosphere. The laser power is 1500W, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the scanning speed is 400mm/min, the lap joint rate is 50%, the powder feeding speed is 10g/min, and the thickness of the coating is 1 mm. And putting the sample subjected to laser cladding into a jet cavitation strengthening experiment table. Pure water is used as a jet medium, the jet pressure is 20MPa, the medium temperature is kept at 19 ℃, the cavitation time is 40min, the target distance is 35mm, and the impeller rotating speed is 120 r/min.
Example 2
The laser cladding copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy cavitation erosion resistant coating comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 24.7% of Zn, 3.61% of Al, La: 0.04 percent of Ce, and the balance of Cu. The raw materials of the components of the shape memory alloy are ground and mixed in a vacuum ball mill. Grinding for 20min, and grinding the mixed powder to 350 mesh with spherical or nearly spherical shape. And carrying out laser cladding on the upper surface of the substrate by using a fiber laser in a coaxial powder feeding manner under the argon protection atmosphere. The laser power is 1500W, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the scanning speed is 400mm/min, the lap joint rate is 50%, the powder feeding speed is 10g/min, and the thickness of the coating is 1 mm. And putting the sample subjected to laser cladding into a jet cavitation strengthening experiment table. Pure water is used as a jet medium, the jet pressure is 22MPa, the medium temperature is kept at 23 ℃, the cavitation time is 50min, the target distance is 45mm, and the impeller rotating speed is 135 r/min.
Example 3
The laser cladding copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy cavitation erosion resistant coating comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 26% of Zn, 3.8% of Al, La: 0.045%, 0.045% of Ce and the balance of Cu. The raw materials of the components of the shape memory alloy are ground and mixed in a vacuum ball mill. Grinding for 20min, and grinding the mixed powder to 350 mesh with spherical or nearly spherical shape. And carrying out laser cladding on the upper surface of the substrate by using a fiber laser in a coaxial powder feeding manner under the argon protection atmosphere. The laser power is 1500W, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the scanning speed is 400mm/min, the lap joint rate is 50%, the powder feeding speed is 10g/min, and the thickness of the coating is 1 mm. And putting the sample subjected to laser cladding into a jet cavitation strengthening experiment table. Pure water is used as a jet medium, the jet pressure is 25MPa, the medium temperature is kept at 25 ℃, the cavitation time is 55min, the target distance is 50mm, and the impeller rotating speed is 150 r/min.
The copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy cavitation erosion resistant coating obtained in the embodiments 1-3 of the invention is subjected to metallographic observation. Fig. 3, 4, 5 and 6 are metallographic structure photographs before and after the jet strengthening. Table 1 shows the grain sizes of the Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy coatings obtained in examples 1-3.
TABLE 1 grain size values of the products obtained in examples 1 to 3
| Not strengthened | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | |
| Grain size | 0.411mm | 0.334mm | 0.328mm | 0.208mm |
Experimental results show that grains are refined to different degrees after jet flow strengthening, the micro interface of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy is increased, and energy released by cavitation bubble collapse is effectively absorbed. The grain refinement degree of example 3 is the highest, and as can be seen from table 1, the grain size is reduced by almost one time, and excellent cavitation erosion resistance is exhibited.
Claims (3)
1. A method for strengthening a surface shape memory alloy coating of an axial flow pump blade through jet cavitation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) preparing cladding powder: the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy comprises, by mass, 24.7-27% of Zn, 3.61-4% of Al, La: 0.04-0.05 percent of Ce, 0.04-0.05 percent of Ce and the balance of Cu, and grinding and mixing the raw materials of the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy in a vacuum ball mill to obtain cladding powder;
(2) performing laser cladding on the surface of the axial flow pump blade by using a fiber laser in a coaxial powder feeding manner under the argon protection atmosphere; the cladding position is the surface from the inlet edge of the axial flow pump blade to the middle part of the blade, and comprises a working surface and a back surface of the blade;
(3) carrying out jet cavitation strengthening on the copper-zinc-aluminum shape memory alloy coating finished by laser cladding in the step (2);
wherein, the jet cavitation strengthening process parameters are as follows: pure water is used as a jet medium, the jet pressure is 20-25 MPa, the medium temperature is kept at 19-25 ℃, the cavitation time is 40-55 min, the target distance is 35-50 mm, and the impeller rotating speed is 120-150 r/min.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the grinding time is 15 to 35min, and the mixed powder is ground to a particle size of 350 to 500 mesh and has a spherical or nearly spherical shape.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein in the step (2), important parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the laser power is 1500W, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, the scanning speed is 400mm/min, the lap joint rate is 50%, the powder feeding speed is 10g/min, and the thickness of the coating is 0.5 mm-1.5 mm.
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