CN111948199B - Detection catheter and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Detection catheter and manufacturing method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111948199B
CN111948199B CN202010837517.1A CN202010837517A CN111948199B CN 111948199 B CN111948199 B CN 111948199B CN 202010837517 A CN202010837517 A CN 202010837517A CN 111948199 B CN111948199 B CN 111948199B
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China
Prior art keywords
detection
catheter
liquid
liquid storage
coating
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CN202010837517.1A
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CN111948199A (en
Inventor
张桢焱
周容涛
万雪
闫顺杰
张帅
孙振龙
栾世方
殷敬华
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Weigao Holding Co ltd
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of CAS
Shandong Weigao Group Medical Polymer Co Ltd
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Weigao Holding Co ltd
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of CAS
Shandong Weigao Group Medical Polymer Co Ltd
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Publication of CN111948199A publication Critical patent/CN111948199A/en
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N21/78Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator producing a change of colour
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/0009Making of catheters or other medical or surgical tubes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/0021Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing
    • A61M25/0023Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by the form of the tubing by the form of the lumen, e.g. cross-section, variable diameter
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N21/78Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator producing a change of colour
    • G01N21/80Indicating pH value
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N2021/775Indicator and selective membrane

Abstract

The application discloses detection pipe and manufacturing method thereof, this detection pipe is inside to be provided with can cut off partial liquid and keep to liquid storage component wherein, and on the liquid storage component with at least the subregion of liquid contact have with liquid effect chromogenic instruction portion, instruction portion sets up in external visual area. The manufacturing method of the detection conduit comprises the steps of manufacturing a liquid storage component; an indicator portion which can develop color by the action of liquid is formed on the surface of the liquid storage member; the liquid storage component is fixed to the interior of the detection conduit, and the indication part is kept in an external visible area. The detection catheter and the manufacturing method thereof can be used for more conveniently detecting on the basis of low cost and simple and convenient operation.

Description

Detection catheter and manufacturing method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of detection equipment, and particularly relates to a detection catheter and a manufacturing method thereof.
Background
Medical catheters are one of the most common medical devices, and the common medical catheters comprise catheters, infusion tubes, central venous catheters, drainage tubes and the like, and the dosage of the medical catheters is hundreds of millions per year. Traditional medical catheter only has the function of infusion and drainage usually, and the function is comparatively single, if need detect the specific material in the outflow liquid, need collect earlier then detect, and real-time and convenience are not good enough.
In order to solve the problems of single function and complex detection method of the traditional catheter, a specific detection coating matched with a substance to be detected is coated inside the medical catheter, so that the intuition and the convenience of detection can be greatly improved, and the coating has a color development effect on a specific substance in liquid flowing through the catheter and can be directly used for detecting the change of the specific substance at a part to be detected. The current internal overall or partial coating for conventional medical catheters presents the following problems: 1. due to the material difference of the tube bodies, the tube bodies with inert surface of partial materials are difficult to carry out coating modification; 2. the coating process in the long and narrow pipeline is difficult to operate, and the local coating is also difficult; 3. the cost is high if the catheter is coated integrally; 4. the detection of the interaction of the coating with a specific substance in the liquid requires a certain reaction time, the coating is not ready to develop color if the liquid flows directly through the coating, and the liquid flowing over the surface of the catheter cannot cause the color development of the coating if the concentration of the substance to be detected is low.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a detection catheter and a manufacturing method thereof, which can carry out detection more conveniently on the basis of low cost and simple and convenient operation.
The invention provides a detection conduit, wherein a liquid storage component capable of intercepting partial liquid and storing the liquid into the detection conduit is arranged in the detection conduit, at least part of area, which is in contact with the liquid, of the liquid storage component is provided with an indicating part which is in color development with the liquid, and the indicating part is arranged in an external visible area.
Preferably, in the detection conduit, the liquid storage member has a hollow truncated cone shape, a spherical shape, or a gourd shape coaxial with the detection conduit, and a diameter near the liquid inflow end is smaller than a diameter near the liquid outflow end.
Preferably, in the above-described detection catheter, the liquid storage member is provided on a tube body of the detection catheter or in a connector connected to the tube body.
Preferably, in the above-mentioned detection catheter, the indicator is a phenolphthalein coating, a methyl orange coating, a crystal violet coating, a bromothymol blue coating, an iodine solution coating, a coomassie brilliant blue coating, an ninhydrin coating, or a biuret reagent coating.
Preferably, in the above-mentioned detection catheter, the detection catheter is a polyethylene catheter, a polyvinyl chloride catheter, a polypropylene catheter, a thermoplastic elastomer catheter, a polyamide catheter, a polyester catheter or a silicone catheter.
Preferably, in the above-described detection conduit, a diameter of the liquid storage member near the liquid outflow end is equal to an inner diameter of the detection conduit.
Preferably, in the above-described detection conduit, the length of the liquid storage member is 0.1cm to 10 cm.
The manufacturing method of the detection catheter provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
manufacturing a liquid storage component;
an indicator portion which can develop color by the action of liquid is formed on the surface of the liquid storage member;
the liquid storage component is fixed to the interior of the detection conduit, and the indication part is kept in an external visible area.
Preferably, in the method of manufacturing the detection tube, the liquid storage member is fixed to the inside of the detection tube by injection molding, bonding, extrusion, punching, laser cutting, wire cutting, or 3D printing.
Preferably, in the method of manufacturing the detection catheter, the indicator is manufactured by coating the indicator by spray coating or dip coating and then curing the indicator by air drying, heat curing, chemical crosslinking, or photo curing.
As can be seen from the above description, in the detection conduit provided by the present invention, since the liquid storage component capable of intercepting part of the liquid and storing the liquid therein is disposed inside the detection conduit, and at least a part of the area of the liquid storage component contacting with the liquid has the indicating part which is in color development with the liquid, and the indicating part is disposed in the external visible area, the detection can be directly performed inside the conduit, and the conduit is not required to be used to guide the liquid to a specific detection device, so that the operation is simpler and more convenient, and the conduit is easier to manufacture and lower in cost, so that the detection can be performed more conveniently on the basis of low cost and simple operation by using the detection conduit. The manufacturing method of the detection catheter provided by the invention has the same advantages as the detection catheter.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a top view of an embodiment of a detection catheter provided in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a detection catheter provided in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a different shape of liquid storage member;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a liquid flowing through a detection conduit;
fig. 5 is a schematic view illustrating a manufacturing method of a detection catheter according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The core of the invention is to provide a detection catheter and a manufacturing method thereof, which can be used for more convenient detection on the basis of low cost and simple operation.
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Fig. 1 and 2 show an embodiment of a detection conduit according to the present invention, fig. 1 is a top view of an embodiment of a detection conduit according to the present invention, fig. 2 is a front sectional view of an embodiment of a detection conduit according to the present invention, a liquid storage part 2 capable of intercepting a portion of liquid and storing the liquid therein is disposed inside the detection conduit 1, it can be seen that the liquid storage part 2 can be configured like the structure of fig. 1 and 2, including a lower bottom surface 201, an outer surface 202 and an upper bottom surface 203, and further having an internal cavity 204, and referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a liquid flowing through the detection conduit, it can be seen that when the liquid flows from top to bottom, most of the liquid can flow through the internal cavity 204 normally, and a part of the liquid is intercepted in an area enclosed by the lower bottom surface 201, the outer surface 202 and the upper bottom surface 203 and the inner wall of the detection conduit 1, and at least a part of the area of the liquid storage part 2 contacting with the liquid is provided with an indicating part (not shown) which is color-developed with the liquid, that is, only a part of the liquid storage part contacting with the liquid can be provided with the indicating part, or all the parts contacting with the liquid can be provided with the indicating part, so that the intercepted liquid can form long-time contact and reaction with the indicating part to display color, and the indicating part is arranged in an external visible area, so that a detector can directly judge the detection result according to the color from the outside of the detection conduit.
It should be noted that, the liquid storage component 2 is an added component to the existing ordinary conduit in this embodiment, and can ensure that part of the liquid intercepted forms continuous contact with the indicating part, so as to realize enrichment of the substance to be detected to improve the concentration of the substance to be detected, and perform a reaction for a long enough time, so as to ensure timely color development of the indicating part, and the detecting personnel can see the indicating part after the color development from the outside. The shape or size of the liquid storage part 2 is not limited in this embodiment, and it is sufficient if it can block a part of the liquid, but it is ensured that most of the liquid flows normally, and it may adopt any type of structure with a narrow top and a wide bottom, for example, a basket-shaped structure fixed on the inner wall of the detection catheter, and the liquid storage part 2 may adopt the same material as the catheter, so that the liquid storage part is easy to be functionalized, and it should be noted that this embodiment can be applied to many kinds of medical instruments, such as a urinary catheter, a gastrointestinal tube, an infusion catheter, a hemodialysis catheter, a drainage tube, an endotracheal tube, and the like.
As can be seen from the above description, in the embodiment of the detection conduit provided by the present invention, since the liquid storage component capable of intercepting part of the liquid and storing the liquid therein is disposed inside the detection conduit, and at least a part of the area of the liquid storage component contacting with the liquid has the indicating part which is in color with the liquid, and the indicating part is disposed in the external visible area, the detection can be directly performed inside the conduit, and the conduit is not required to be used to guide the liquid to a specific detection device, so that the operation is simpler and more convenient, and the conduit is easier to manufacture and lower in cost, so that the detection can be performed more conveniently on the basis of low cost and simple operation by using the detection conduit.
In one embodiment of the above-mentioned detection conduit, the shape of the liquid storage part 2 may be a hollow truncated cone shape, a spherical shape or a gourd shape coaxial with the detection conduit, and the diameter near the liquid inflow end is smaller than the diameter near the liquid outflow end, and there are many shapes that can be selected. It should be noted that fig. 1 and fig. 2 are illustrations of hollow truncated cone shapes, so that the description of this embodiment is omitted here, and a sphere shape is more easily understood, and fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of liquid storage components with different shapes, and as can be seen from fig. 3, most of the liquid flows through the channel marked as a, and part of the liquid can be intercepted in the area marked as B to react with the indicating part, so as to achieve the purpose of color development detection, the liquid storage component in the first small drawing gradually increases in diameter from top to bottom and continues to extend a distance downwards with the size of the inner diameter after the diameter increases to be equal to the inner diameter of the detection conduit 1, the liquid storage component in the second small drawing gradually increases in diameter from top to bottom and does not increase to the inner diameter of the detection conduit 1, and then directly extends a distance downwards with the inner diameter of the detection conduit 1, the third small picture is similar to the shape of a wine bottle, the fourth small picture is basically in the combined shape of two hollow cylinders, the diameter of the upper cylinder is smaller, the diameter of the lower cylinder is larger, and as the inner diameter of the detection conduit is increased, the diameter of the lower cylinder is synchronously increased, the effect of interception detection can be realized, the fifth small graph is used for the condition that the inner diameter of the detection conduit is not changed, this is achieved by using two standard hollow cylinders, in the sixth small figure, below one hollow cylinder, the upper part is a cylinder with an irregular curved surface on the side surface, the seventh small picture is gourd-shaped and comprises an upper half part and a lower half part, wherein the upper half part does not contact the inner wall of the detection conduit, and the lower half part contacts with the inner wall, thereby performing liquid interception and color development in the B area. These figures are intended to illustrate that many shapes of liquid storage components can be used in this embodiment, and other shapes not shown in fig. 3 are also possible, as long as the purpose of liquid interception can be achieved, and are not limited herein.
In another embodiment of the above-mentioned detection catheter, the liquid storage part 2 may be provided on the tube body of the detection catheter or in a connector connected to the tube body. That is to say, the liquid storage part 2 can be arranged on the pipe body and also can be arranged in the connecting piece, and liquid flows through the two parts after all, so that the interception detection can be realized as long as the liquid storage part can be installed in the pipe body.
In yet another embodiment of the above-described detection catheter, the indicator can be embodied as a phenolphthalein coating, a methyl orange coating, a crystal violet coating, a bromothymol blue coating, an iodine solution coating, a coomassie brilliant blue coating, an ninhydrin coating, or a biuret reagent coating, and the factors that can cause a color change in the indicator include, but are not limited to, the following: the detection catheter is used for detecting substances or factors, namely, the detection catheter is used for detecting the substances or the factors, and a coating which reacts with the specific substances or the factors is selected as an indicating part, so that a detection result can be obtained by using the detection catheter, and the convenience and the accuracy of detection are greatly improved. Of course, in addition to the above-mentioned type of coating, other types of coatings can be selected according to actual needs, such as N-ethyl-N- (2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) -3-methylaniline sodium salt (toss) coating, N-ethyl-N- (3-sulfopropyl) -3-methoxyaniline sodium salt (ADPS) coating, N-ethyl-N- (2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl) -3, 5-dimethoxyaniline sodium salt (DAOS) coating, and the like, and are not limited herein.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the detecting conduit may be a polyethylene conduit, a polyvinyl chloride conduit, a polypropylene conduit, a thermoplastic elastomer conduit, a polyamide conduit, a polyester conduit or a silicone conduit, and these materials can be made into transparent or translucent states, so that the detecting person can see the color change of the indicating portion inside the conduit from the outside, and of course, other detecting conduits may be selected according to actual needs, and the present invention is not limited thereto.
It should be noted that the length of the liquid storage member may be 0.1cm to 10cm, which may be determined by the length of the tube body of the catheter, and the diameter of the liquid storage member near the liquid outflow end may preferably be equal to the inner diameter of the detection catheter, so that the liquid does not flow out of the trap.
In summary, with the above embodiments, a liquid storage component is added in a transparent medical catheter, and a detection coating is coated on the surface of the liquid storage component, so that the detection catheter can detect various symptoms, such as determining whether an affected part is infected by detecting bacteria, detecting the change of certain indexes in a human body by detecting the change of pH value of body fluid, and determining the physical condition of a patient by detecting specific enzymes and proteins. When the liquid storage component is used, after liquid flows through the liquid storage component, a part of liquid can be trapped through the structure with the narrow upper part and the wide lower part, specific substances in the trapped liquid can chemically react with the coating on the surface, the color of the coating changes in a short time, and the change of the color of the coating can be directly observed, so that the change of the specific substances in the body of a patient can be rapidly and clearly diagnosed.
Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a detection catheter, where fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a detection catheter, the method including the following steps:
s1: manufacturing a liquid storage component;
specifically, the liquid storage part may be manufactured by, but not limited to, 3D printing, and the shape of the liquid storage part is not limited as long as the functions of intercepting and storing liquid can be achieved.
S2: an indicating part which can act and develop color with the liquid is manufactured on the surface of the liquid storage component;
specifically, the indicator may be fixed to the liquid storage member by dipping or bonding.
S3: the liquid storage member is fixed to the inside of the detection tube, and the indicator is kept in an externally visible area.
In particular, the liquid storage component may be, but is not limited to being, adhesively secured to the interior of the detection conduit.
The detection catheter manufactured by the method can be used for more conveniently detecting on the basis of low cost and simple and convenient operation.
In a specific embodiment of the above method for manufacturing a detection catheter, the liquid storage component may be fixed inside the detection catheter by injection molding, bonding, extrusion, punching, laser cutting, wire cutting or 3D printing, which can ensure that the liquid storage component is fixed firmly enough to ensure that the liquid storage component is not flushed away when flowing through, and of course, other methods may be selected according to actual needs, and are not limited herein.
In another specific embodiment of the above method for manufacturing a detection catheter, the indication portion may be manufactured by coating in a spray coating or dip coating manner, and then curing in a natural drying, heat curing, chemical crosslinking, or photo curing manner, or other manners may be selected according to actual needs, which is not limited herein.
The above scheme is explained in detail below by specific examples:
the first example is as follows:
a liquid storage component made of polyurethane is manufactured in a 3D printing mode, 0.1g of catechol violet is dissolved in an ethanol/water mixed solution with the ethanol concentration of 75%, the liquid storage component is soaked in the solution for 24 hours and then taken out, the liquid storage component is dried at 40 ℃ for 8 hours, then the liquid storage component is fixed inside a tube body of a detection catheter in an adhesion mode, the detection catheter can detect the change of pH value in body fluid, the interior of the detection catheter is yellow if the pH value is weak and acidic, the interior of the detection catheter is purple if the pH value is neutral, and the interior of the detection catheter is purple if the pH value is weak and the interior of the detection catheter is alkalescent.
The second example:
the polyurethane liquid storage component in the first example is soaked in a copper sulfate methanol solution, taken out after 24 hours and dried, and then soaked in a sodium hydroxide ethanol solution for 2 hours and dried, and the liquid storage component is fixed inside a tube body of a detection catheter in an adhesion mode, wherein the detection catheter can detect whether protein exists in body fluid to be detected, if no protein exists in the liquid to be detected, the coating does not change color, and if protein exists in the liquid to be detected, purple color is displayed.
The third example:
a polyurethane solid round table with the diameter of the upper bottom surface being 2.74mm and the diameter of the lower bottom surface being 3.96mm is processed through an injection molding machine, a hole with the diameter of 2mm is punched in the middle of the round table through a punching machine, 0.1g of catechol violet is dissolved in an ethanol/water mixed solution with the ethanol concentration being 75%, the liquid storage component is soaked in the solution, the liquid storage component is taken out after 24 hours, the liquid storage component is dried for 8 hours at the temperature of 40 ℃, then the liquid storage component is fixed inside a pipe body of a detection pipe through a bonding mode, the detection pipe can detect the change of the pH value in body fluid, if the pH value is weak acid, the liquid storage component in the pipe body is yellow, if the pH value is neutral, the liquid storage component is purple, and if the pH value is weak alkali, the liquid storage component is purple.
The fourth example:
the two detection tubes of the second example were prepared, one was injected with physiological saline from the tip, and the other was injected with a solution containing bovine serum albumin, and the color reaction at the liquid storage part was observed after the solution flowed through, and it was found that the liquid retained by the liquid storage part exhibited a pale blue color when the physiological saline flowed through, and the liquid retained by the liquid storage part exhibited a purple color when the protein-containing solution flowed through.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims (9)

1. A detection conduit is characterized in that a liquid storage part which can intercept partial liquid and store the liquid in the detection conduit is arranged in the detection conduit, at least part of area of the liquid storage part which is in contact with the liquid is provided with an indicating part which is in color development with the liquid, and the indicating part is arranged in an external visible area;
the liquid storage part is in a hollow round table shape, a spherical shape or a gourd shape which is coaxial with the detection conduit, and the diameter close to the liquid inflow end is smaller than the diameter close to the liquid outflow end.
2. The test catheter of claim 1, wherein the fluid storage component is disposed on a tube of the test catheter or in a connector attached to the tube.
3. The detection catheter of claim 1, wherein the indicator is a phenolphthalein coating, a methyl orange coating, a crystal violet coating, a bromothymol blue coating, an iodine solution coating, a coomassie brilliant blue coating, a ninhydrin coating, or a biuret reagent coating.
4. The detection catheter of claim 1, wherein the detection catheter is a polyethylene catheter, a polyvinyl chloride catheter, a polypropylene catheter, a thermoplastic elastomer catheter, a polyamide catheter, a polyester catheter, or a silicone catheter.
5. The detection catheter according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the liquid storage member near the liquid outflow end is equal to an inner diameter of the detection catheter.
6. The detection catheter of claim 1, wherein the liquid storage component is 0.1cm to 10cm in length.
7. A method of manufacturing a test catheter, comprising:
manufacturing a liquid storage part, wherein the shape of the liquid storage part is a hollow round table shape, a spherical shape or a gourd shape which is coaxial with the detection conduit, and the diameter close to the liquid inflow end is smaller than the diameter close to the liquid outflow end;
an indicator portion which can develop color by the action of liquid is formed on the surface of the liquid storage member;
the liquid storage component is fixed to the interior of the detection conduit, and the indication part is kept in an external visible area.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the liquid storage member is fixed to the inside of the detection tube by injection molding, bonding, extrusion, punching, laser cutting, wire cutting, or 3D printing.
9. The method of manufacturing a detection catheter according to claim 7, wherein the indicator is manufactured by coating by spray coating or dip coating and then curing by air drying, heat curing, chemical crosslinking, or photo curing.
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