CN111948074A - Hopkinson bar-based continuous multiple equal pulse width collision impact test device and test method - Google Patents
Hopkinson bar-based continuous multiple equal pulse width collision impact test device and test method Download PDFInfo
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- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/30—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight
- G01N3/313—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight generated by explosives
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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Abstract
The invention discloses a continuous multiple equal pulse width collision impact test device and a test method based on a Hopkinson bar. The invention realizes numerical reproduction of penetration overload signals by utilizing the upgraded and improved multi-level bullet Hopkinson bar device, and obtains characteristic frequency equivalent to live ammunition penetration.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of multilayer target high-speed penetration numerical simulation, in particular to a Hopkinson bar-based continuous multiple equal pulse width collision impact test device and a test method.
Background
With the increase of penetration speed and the complicated structure of the target, the load borne by the bullet in the penetration process is high in strength, and the load spectrum shows a high-frequency complicated characteristic. At present, it is very difficult for researchers to obtain overload equivalent signals at a laboratory level.
At present, part of colleges and research institutions use a hopkinson experiment platform to perform various experiments, for example, CN103163037A discloses a high-speed constraint cutting experiment device based on a hopkinson pressure bar loading technology, which realizes constraint cutting experiments under high strain rate and different plastic deformation degrees. Still like CN203519410U discloses a bullet emitter of hopkinson pressure bar, is equipped with the loading mouth in the one end that the launching tube is close to the launching chamber, and loading mouth department is equipped with sealing door for the bullet is followed loading mouth department and is packed into the launching tube end, need not again fill in the bullet from the mouth of pipe of launching tube, then with the iron wire top income launching tube, has made things convenient for the loading of bullet, has improved the availability factor. For example, CN110296898A discloses a hopkinson pull rod device and method for dynamic and static combined loading in a high temperature environment, which realizes dynamic tensile loading of a sample in a temperature-pressure coupling (static pre-stress and real-time temperature control loading) state by improving a hopkinson pull rod system, and tests and studies dynamic tensile mechanical properties and failure rule characteristics of materials such as rock, concrete and the like in a high ground stress and high temperature environment in deep engineering.
None of the above patents or studies have addressed the accelerometer studies of fuze systems and have failed to obtain overload equivalent signals at the laboratory level. According to the method, a multi-level bullet Hopkinson platform technology is established, an equivalent test verification platform is utilized to determine the soft failure rule of the accelerometer in a dimensionless parameter interval, and different pulse waveforms are adopted to equivalently replace the real target hitting working condition. The characteristic working conditions of different target plates, including a combined target and a multilayer target, are realized by adjusting the material system and the geometric dimension of the bullet. The invention mainly breaks through the technical problem of the multi-level bullet equivalence principle, realizes the laboratory layer reproduction live-bullet penetration overload signal, reduces the experimental cost of a target range and improves the effectiveness of the experimental result.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a continuous multiple equal pulse width collision impact test device and a test method based on Hopkinson bars, provides an equivalent scaling theoretical basis, realizes numerical value reproduction of penetration overload signals by utilizing an upgraded and improved multi-level bullet Hopkinson bar device, establishes a corresponding numerical value model, and provides an equivalent numerical value method of live ammunition penetration.
Specifically, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the utility model provides a continuous many times pulse width collision impact test device based on hopkinson pole, testing device includes strutting arrangement, power loading mechanism, transmission barrel and incident rod, power loading mechanism is used for the drive bullet in the transmission barrel, the bullet striking the incident rod, its characterized in that: the bullet in the shooting barrel is a third-level bullet which generates three stress waves by impacting an incident rod, the third-level bullet is a closed nested bullet, the incident rod comprises a fuse system, and the fuse system is arranged at the tail part of the incident rod opposite to the impacting head part.
Further, the power loading mechanism is a pneumatic loading mechanism and comprises an air chamber and a control valve
Further, the fuze system at least comprises a spring damping system, a micro-electromechanical system and an acceleration sensor.
Further, the outermost first-level bullet in the third-level bullets is made of the same material as the incident rod.
Further, the third-level bullets are made of the same material, or are made of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and stainless steel from outside to inside in sequence.
According to the test method of the continuous multiple equal pulse width collision impact test device based on the Hopkinson bar, the collision process of the three-level closed nested bullets is regarded as a signal loading source, namely three layers of specific target targets are penetrated, the amplitude and the pulse width of each level of bullets correspond to the highest amplitude and the pulse width of an overload signal in penetration of a single-layer target, and the distance between every two levels of bullets represents the time interval between two layers of targets in penetration and overload.
Further, let the cross-sectional area of the three-stage bullet from outside to inside be A1、A2、A3The cross-sectional area of the incident rod is AbarWhen the bullet impacts the incident rod, it forms a strong interruption elastic wave propagating to the right at the impact end of the section, at the same time, there is a left-going elastic wave in the bullet, at the impact contact surface, according to the continuity condition, the particle speeds of the two rods are the same, the action force is the same as the reaction force, after the impact, the particle speed of the contact interface is V, the stress value in the bullet is sigma1The value of the stress in the incident rod is σ, which is determined by the conservation of wavefront momentum
A1σ1＝Abarσ
σ1＝ρ1C1(v-v0)
σ＝ρCv
Wherein, V0Is the impact velocity of the bullet, p1C1And ρ C are the acoustic impedances of the bullet and incident rod, respectively, where V0Can be controlled by the power loading device, the impact speed of each test can be accurately measured by the speed measuring device, and the impact speed can be obtained according to the formula
The stress amplitude value sigma of the first wave form in the incident rod can be obtainedfirstIs composed of
Similarly, the second and third bullets are each at a velocity of impact V0Upon striking the incident rod, a corresponding stress amplitude σ of the second wave is obtainedsecondAnd stress amplitude sigma of the third wavethird。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. the invention is based on a Hopkinson platform, is a device for pneumatically launching a plurality of (three) sections of bullets to strike an incident rod, cancels a transmission rod and an absorption rod in the Hopkinson rod, is an upgraded and improved multi-stage bullet Hopkinson rod device, and is used for simulating a projectile to penetrate a multi-layer target plate at a high speed. The multiple sections of bullets strike the incident rod in sequence after being launched, a fuse is arranged at the tail of the incident rod, and an acceleration sensor is arranged in the fuse and can acquire an acceleration signal of the multiple sections of bullets.
2. The invention adopts a closed nested three-level bullet structure, namely, the outermost first-level bullet is a hollow closed structure, the second-level bullet is a hollow closed structure, the inner third-level bullet is a solid structure, and the three impacts are all actual impacts of the outermost rod and the incident rod because the pulse width is determined by the length of the bullet, so that the three impact pulse widths are the same, and the device can realize continuous multiple equal pulse width impact test.
3. The invention provides theoretical basis of amplitude, pulse width and different bullet intervals of each level of bullet, establishes a corresponding numerical model, establishes an equivalent simulation theoretical method of multilayer target penetration, provides an equivalent scaling theoretical basis, obtains characteristic frequency equivalent to live ammunition penetration and provides an equivalent numerical method of live ammunition penetration.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1: the three-dimensional structure of the testing device is shown schematically.
FIG. 2: figure one of the geometry of the multipole rod bullet device.
FIG. 3: figure two of the geometry of the multipole rod bullet device.
FIG. 4: waveform transfer law diagram.
FIG. 5: typical multilayer targets penetrate the overload signature.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples and accompanying drawings, and the exemplary embodiments and descriptions thereof are only used for explaining the present invention and are not meant to limit the present invention.
It should be noted that in the description of the present invention, the terms "lateral", "longitudinal", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
Referring to fig. 1, a hopkinson pole test platform specifically comprises a support rack 1, an air chamber 2, a control valve 3, a launching gun barrel 4 and an incident pole 5, wherein the support rack 1 is provided with support legs and walking wheels/universal wheels, and can walk, move and be fixed at any time. The air chamber 2 drives the bullet in the shooting barrel 4 to strike the incident rod 5. The entrance bar 5 further comprises a fuse system, which is arranged at the rear of the entrance bar 5 opposite to the impact head, in particular the fuse system may be mounted at the rear of the entrance bar by means of a screw thread. The fuze system at least comprises a spring damping system, a micro-electromechanical system and an acceleration sensor.
The bullet loaded in the shooting barrel 4 is a three-level bullet, and a closed nested three-level bullet structure is adopted, namely, the outermost first-level bullet is of a hollow closed structure, the second-level bullet of the secondary outer layer is also of a hollow closed structure, the inner third-level bullet is of a solid structure, and the third-level bullet can also be of a hollow/hollow structure under complex conditions. The second stage bullet is movable within the cavity of the first stage bullet and the third stage bullet is movable within the cavity of the second stage bullet.
The impact of the three-level closed nested bullets is a loading source of signals, namely three layers of specific target targets are penetrated, three stress waves are generated by impacting the incident rod 5, and referring to fig. 4, curves respectively represent the waveforms of the impact of the first, second and third-level bullets and the incident rod. The slope of the waveform transfer is determined by the acoustic impedance of the material. In the analysis of the present invention, the slope is not given as a true number, but is used as a schematic of the waveform propagation.
Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the left side is the geometric figure of the third-level bullet, the right side is the geometric figure of the incident rod, the third-level bullet is the closed nested bullet, the pulse width is determined by the bullet length, and the pulse width of the third collision is the same because the outermost rod actually collides with the incident rod in all three collisions.
The theoretical analysis of the multistage rod system is established on the basis of the propagation theory of elastic waves in a variable cross-section rod, different waveform conditions are obtained through different interface collisions, and the independent control of the incident wave amplitude is realized. The method for determining the amplitude, the pulse width and the distance between different bullets of each bullet level is developed.
Let the sectional area of the third-stage bullet be A1、A2、A3The cross section area of the incident rod is Abar, when the bullet impacts the incident rod piece, a strong discontinuous elastic wave which is propagated rightwards is formed at the impact end of the cross section, and meanwhile, a left-going elastic wave is arranged in the bullet. At the impact interface, the particle velocities of the two rods should be the same, and the force and reaction forces the same, depending on the continuity condition. At the end of the impact, the particle velocity at the contact interface is V, the stress value in the bullet is σ 1, and the stress value in the incident rod is σ. Then, by conservation of wavefront momentum
A1σ1＝Abarσ
σ1＝ρ1C1(v-v0)
σ＝ρCv
Wherein V0 is the impact velocity of the bullet, ρ 1C1 and ρ C are the acoustic impedances of the bullet and the incident rod, respectively, wherein V0 can be controlled by air pressure, and the impact velocity of each test can be accurately measured by a laser velocimeter/high-speed photography, etc. According to the above formula can obtain
The magnitude of the stress wave in the incident rod can be determined. Then, the stress amplitude σ of the first pass waveformfirstIs composed of
Similarly, the stress amplitude σ of the corresponding second wave and the stress amplitude σ of the corresponding third wave can be obtained when the second bullet and the third bullet both hit the incident rod at V0secondAnd σthird。
The time interval between every two bullets is represented by the free flight phase of the projectile body penetrating out of the first layer target until impacting the second layer target in the penetration process by controlling the length difference between the bullets.
As shown in fig. 3, S1 and S2 are distances between the first-stage projectile and the second-stage projectile and between the second-stage projectile and the third-stage projectile, respectively.
The vertical line represents the propagation of a stress wave at a section of the incident rod over time, and the rightmost T- σ diagram is the stress waveform for that section. The first bullet collides with the incident rod to form a bullet with a pulse width of 2L1/C1 and an amplitude of sigmafirstThe waveform of (2).
The pulse time is determined by the left-going stress wave in the bullet. When the left-going compression stress wave is transmitted to the bullet tail interface to be launched and changed into the right-going tension wave, the stress wave transmitted to the bullet impact end is just zero. The first bullet separates from the incident rod and moves in the opposite direction at the same velocity. The second bullet continues to strike the right at a driving speed V0 to catch up with the incident rod at a speed V, forming a pulse width of 2L2/C2 and an amplitude of σsecondThe second compression wave of (1).
The pulse width is determined by the bullet length, and since the three impacts are all actual impacts of the outermost rod and the incident rod, the pulse widths of the three impacts are the same.
Considering that the incident rod has momentum input after the first-stage bullet impacts the incident rod, the incident rod obtains a certain initial velocity V, and the process that the secondary rod impacts the incident rod at the moment is regarded as a two-body pursuit problem. According to law of conservation of momentum
m1v0＝m1v1+mV
Wherein m is1、V1The mass and post-impact velocity of the first-order bullet, and m, V the mass and rigid body velocity of the incident rod. First-stage bullet reverse transport after collisionWhen the incident rod moves to the right, the distance between the incident rod and the incident rod is defined as deltaS. To simplify the calculation, the distance between the first bullet and the entrance rod is the maximum distance Δ S, provided that the second bullet and the first bullet complete the collision. During the time interval, the relative movement distance of the second-stage bullet and the first-stage bullet is S1, and Delta S is less than S1Is provided with
ΔS＝(V-v1)Δt1
Δt1＝S1/(v0-V)
Second stage bullet at initial velocity V0The first-stage bullet is impacted, a second pulse is needed after the first-stage bullet is impacted, the speed of the first-stage bullet is rightward, and the speed of the second-stage bullet is leftward. At this time, the first-order bullet requires a time interval Δ t2Can catch up with the incident rod
Δt2＝ΔS/(v′1-V)
Wherein V1' is the velocity of the first bullet after it collides with the second bullet.
The time interval between the first compressional wave and the second compressional wave is as follows:
ΔT1＝Δt1+Δt2
V1' given by conservation of momentum and energy (process of collision of first and second bullet)
m2v0+m1v1＝m1v′1+m2v2
The time interval of the third wave is slightly more complex than the two waveforms, and the relationship among S1, S2 and Δ S and the specific positions among the three-level bullets need to be considered comprehensively.
At the cross section shown in fig. 1, the second incident wave is immediately behind the first reflected wave, and the second waveform obtained by measurement is the effect of the superposition of the second incident wave and the first reflected wave. In fact, the first waveSpaced from the second wave by Δ T1. The time range is 2-3 ms, 3-4 complete waveform transmissions of the first wave are completed, and the influence of the reflected wave on the waveform of the second incident wave is gradually weakened. The two methods can effectively reduce the influence of mutual superposition of waveforms: 1. increase S1A boost time interval; 2. and selecting a proper measuring section to ensure that the component is just in a zero stress area in the loading time of the second incident wave.
Thus, we can implement autonomous control waveforms. Estimating the impact velocity V of the bullet according to the required stress amplitude0The time interval between each waveform is represented by S1、S2And (5) controlling.
Aiming at materials such as a metal target plate, a concrete target plate, a ceramic target plate and the like, different impact speeds and acoustic impedances are changed, and different stress amplitudes and overload are realized. If the standard 40CrMnSi steel shot of 120mm penetrates into the C40 concrete target plate at the speed of 1000m/s, the three-layer concrete target plate can be equivalent to an SHPB platform three-level high-strength steel bullet, and the corresponding working condition simulation can be completed by the collision of homogeneous materials. Especially, when the thickness of the multilayer target is the same, namely the pulse width is basically consistent, the test bench can effectively reproduce penetration signal characteristics. In order to ensure the clarity and conciseness of stress wave signals inside the rod piece, the first-order bullet and the incident rod are made of the same material, namely impedance matching. However, the same material brings about the result that the amplitude of the three-shot signal is substantially uniform or gradually reduced, which phenomenon is related to the mass ratio of the bullet under the condition that the simultaneous firing speeds of the three-stage bullets are uniform.
Under the condition that the thickness and the material of a target are unknown, the subsequent overload of live ammunition penetration is higher than that of the previous penetration, and the material system of the three-stage bullet can be changed, for example, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and stainless steel are sequentially arranged from outside to inside, namely, the signal equivalent under a more complex target plate system can be simulated by continuous multiple impacts of a non-homogeneous rod piece.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, but is intended to cover various modifications, equivalents, improvements, and equivalents within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a continuous many times pulse width collision impact test device based on hopkinson pole, testing device includes strutting arrangement, power loading mechanism, transmission barrel and incident rod, power loading mechanism is used for the drive bullet in the transmission barrel, the bullet striking the incident rod, its characterized in that: the bullet in the launching barrel is a closed nested third-level bullet, three stress waves are generated by impacting an incident rod, the incident rod comprises a fuse system, and the fuse system is arranged at the tail part of the incident rod opposite to the impacting head part.
2. The Hopkinson bar-based continuous multiple equal pulse width impact test device according to claim 1, wherein: the power loading mechanism is a pneumatic loading mechanism and comprises an air chamber and a control valve.
3. The Hopkinson bar-based continuous multiple equal pulse width impact test device according to claim 3, wherein: the fuze system at least comprises a spring damping system, a micro-electromechanical system and an acceleration sensor.
4. The Hopkinson bar based consecutive multiple equal pulse width impact test apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein: the outermost first-level bullet in the third-level bullets is made of the same material as the incident rod.
5. The Hopkinson bar based consecutive multiple equal pulse width impact test apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein: the third-stage bullets are made of the same material, or aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and stainless steel are sequentially arranged from outside to inside.
6. In the test method using the Hopkinson bar based consecutive multiple equal pulse width impact test apparatus according to claims 1-5, the impact of the closed nested three-level bullets is a loading source of signals, namely penetration of three specific target layers, the amplitude and pulse width of each level of bullets correspond to the highest amplitude and pulse width of the overload signal in penetration of a single layer target, and the distance between each level of bullets represents the time interval between two layers of targets in penetration of overload.
7. The test method according to claim 6, characterized in that: let the cross-sectional area of the three-stage bullet from outside to inside be A1、A2、A3The cross-sectional area of the incident rod is AbarWhen the bullet impacts the incident rod, it forms a strong interruption elastic wave propagating to the right at the impact end of the section, at the same time, there is a left-going elastic wave in the bullet, at the impact contact surface, according to the continuity condition, the particle speeds of the two rods are the same, the action force is the same as the reaction force, after the impact, the particle speed of the contact interface is V, the stress value in the bullet is sigma1The value of the stress in the incident rod is σ, which is determined by the conservation of wavefront momentum
A1σ1＝Abarσ
σ1＝ρ1C1(v-v0)
σ＝ρCv
Wherein, V0Is the impact velocity of the bullet, p1C1And ρ C are the acoustic impedances of the bullet and incident rod, respectively, where V0Can be controlled by the power loading device, the impact speed of each test can be accurately measured by the speed measuring device, and the impact speed can be obtained according to the formula
The stress amplitude value sigma of the first wave form in the incident rod can be obtainedfirstIs composed of
Similarly, the second and third bullets are each at a velocity of impact V0Upon striking the incident rod, a corresponding stress amplitude σ of the second wave is obtainedsecondAnd stress amplitude sigma of the third wavethird。
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| CN112539992A (en) * | 2020-12-02 | 2021-03-23 | 山东科技大学 | Hopkinson pressure bar experiment multistage pulse loading device and experiment method thereof |
| CN113405928A (en) * | 2021-08-19 | 2021-09-17 | 煤炭科学研究总院 | Impact warhead and impact test equipment with same |
| CN117686358A (en) * | 2024-02-02 | 2024-03-12 | 煤炭科学研究总院有限公司 | Parameter determination method and device for low-frequency controllable impact physical simulation device |
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