CN111943296A - Fresh water-electricity combined supply system with coupling of fuel cell complementary energy and absorption type water generator - Google Patents
Fresh water-electricity combined supply system with coupling of fuel cell complementary energy and absorption type water generator Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
- B01D53/263—Drying gases or vapours by absorption
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/16—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using waste heat from other processes
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
- E03B3/28—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from humid air
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/80—Water
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Abstract
The invention relates to a fresh water-electricity combined supply system for coupling fuel cell complementary energy and an absorption type water generator, belonging to the technical field of new energy. The system comprises a fuel cell stack with the working temperature of 60-80 ℃, a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, an auxiliary cooling device, a heat storage device and a fresh water generating device; the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the inlet of a first heat exchanger through a pipeline, and the outlet of the first heat exchanger is communicated with the port of a high-humidity air channel of the fresh water generating device; the fresh water generating device comprises a salt solution tank and a wet gas space; a salt solution with the concentration of 85-88% is arranged in the salt solution tank; a thermosiphon circulating loop is formed among the thermosiphon, the second heat exchanger and the shell of the first heat exchanger; the working medium of the thermosiphon circulation loop is a substance which is in a liquid-gas two-phase state at the temperature of 60-80 ℃; by utilizing the waste heat of the FC, on one hand, the relative humidity of input air is improved through high-humidity gas, on the other hand, the dehydration of the adsorbent is realized, and finally, the high-efficiency fresh water-electricity combined supply efficiency is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of new energy, and particularly relates to a fuel cell and absorption type water generator technology.
Technical Field
China is the most populated country in the world, and energy and water consumption from the construction industry accounts for a considerable proportion of the total energy consumption of the country. Currently, the energy source for buildings is mainly provided by fossil fuel power plants, which generate large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO)2) And the like. Meanwhile, in areas lacking fresh water reserves, traditional thermal desalination plants are mostly utilized to prepare fresh water, and the thermal energy required by the equipment is still provided by burning fossil fuels. Therefore, the government of China invests huge funds, and the existing 'new energy' system, including fuel cells, solar energy, water desalination based on membrane distillation and other technologies, is further improved to improve the available energy capacity of human beings, and simultaneously reduce harmful emission of carbon dioxide and the like. However, the new energy technology has technical problems of high cost, insufficient energy utilization efficiency and the like, so that a huge optimization space is provided.
Fuel Cells (FCs) are an energy technology that can solve various global environmental problems, and have advantages of no pollution, high efficiency, and being renewable. The basic principle of the method is that the electrochemical reaction process of hydrogen and oxygen generates electric energy and water (both are high-humidity gas):
H2→2H++2e-
(1/2)O2+2H++2e-→H2O
there are many types of FC in current manufacturing, and each type has its characteristic operating temperature range. For example, the low temperature proton exchange membrane (LT-PEMFC) has a working temperature in the range of 20 deg.C to 80 deg.C, an Alkalinity (AFC) in the range of 20 deg.C to 90 deg.C, a high temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEMFC) in the range of 600 deg.C to 1000 deg.C, etc.
Since FC involves an electrochemical process, it is not limited by carnot efficiency compared to fossil combustion, and thus has a higher theoretical power generation efficiency. FC has been widely used in various fields such as electric vehicles, electric locomotives, or micro cogeneration systems (m-CHP) that provide heat and electricity to public buildings, so it has a great potential to replace fossil energy. In addition, FC has the potential for liquid water generation according to the reaction equation described above. According to theoretical analysis, assuming that the operating power of FC is 2000W and the power generation efficiency is 0.5, about 1.08kg/hr of water is obtained, which is enough for drinking water. In fact, the scheme of recovering drinking water by FC has been implemented on Space Shuttle (Space Shuttle) in the united states, and the analysis data proves that the amount of water recovered by FC is comparable to the purity of distilled water, and thus is suitable for daily life. In 2011, an author of Tibaquira et al studied a scheme for recovering liquid water from tail gases of 1kW LT-PEMFC and 300kW MCFC, and found that the liquid water recovered by LT-PEMFC is relatively pure and suitable for drinking water. However, it has also been found that the ratio of liquid water to the total amount of water produced by the FC (hereinafter referred to as FC water yield) can only reach 8% without any additional auxiliary equipment, and is therefore insufficient for everyday use. The main reasons for the lower values of FC water yield are: the reaction process of FC also generates a large amount of waste heat, resulting in the FC tail gas temperature being far away from the dew point temperature. Although this problem may reduce the FC tail gas temperature by cooling or refrigeration equipment, it involves additional energy consumption and makes the system more complex. Thus, the reaction water recovery scheme for FC is currently considered to be less practical and has no commercial potential.
In areas where fresh water sources are scarce, human water demand is typically met by desalination plants. The water desalination technology can be realized through a thermodynamic process or a mechanical work (such as reverse osmosis), but the two schemes have to consume a large amount of energy (the former needs a high-temperature heat source, and the latter needs electric energy), and can be realized only near large saline water sources such as seasides. An Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) is a relatively new technology, which can convert moisture in the atmosphere into liquid water, and can be realized by a refrigeration and adsorbent method at present. In particular, the refrigerated approach (abbreviated as Cooling AWG, cabg) is achieved by Cooling the atmosphere to lower the temperature of the air below the dew point temperature to produce liquid water, which can be achieved by a vapor compression cycle. This technology has received a great deal of commercial interest, including products such as "H2O Machine", "Sky Water" and "EcoRBlue". In addition to schemes employing VCC, other cabg schemes exist in research, including semiconductor thermoelectric coolers and absorption refrigerators. However, the cabg must consume electrical energy to obtain refrigeration capacity, which produces lower water yields at lower Relative Humidity (RH, e.g., below 0.5), and therefore is generally more expensive to operate than traditional methods of taking water from fresh water sources. Here, a recent patent US20180209123a1 proposes adding a humidifier upstream of the cAWG technology to humidify the input air and improve water recovery. But this solution requires additional input of moisture and is therefore not advantageous from a resource and system complexity point of view.
The adsorbent absorbs moisture of the atmosphere using a highly hydrophilic material, and when the adsorbent is saturated, liquid water or steam can be obtained by releasing the amount of water in a high temperature environment, which is called a regeneration process of the adsorbent. The process of absorbing the water amount by the adsorbent is passive and does not require work, and the adsorbent can have a large water amount recovery rate even when RH is 0.2 or less. However, the water release process transient response of the sorbent solution is slow (several hours each). In addition, the adsorbent materials all have a rated regeneration temperature, i.e. a rated temperature must be reached to realize the water release process; the regeneration temperature is between 50 and 80 ℃, so the technology needs to add heat energy, and finally, the problem of low energy efficiency also exists.
Although FC has high power generation efficiency and has high water production potential with atmospheric water generator technology, both have various technical problems. Currently, FC has no effective solution for recovering water, and atmospheric water generator technology requires high energy consumption to produce sufficient water, and water production is limited in low RH, which is generally not satisfactory for daily drinking.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to realize the high-efficiency, continuous, stable and reliable fresh water production, the invention provides a fresh water-electricity combined supply system with coupling of fuel cell complementary energy and an absorption water generator.
The fresh water-electricity combined supply system for coupling the residual energy of the fuel cell and the absorption water generator comprises a fuel cell stack, a first heat exchanger H1, a second heat exchanger H2, an auxiliary cooling device, a heat storage device and a fresh water generating device;
the working temperature of the fuel cell stack is 60-80 ℃;
the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the inlet of a first heat exchanger H1 through a pipeline, and the outlet of the first heat exchanger H1 is communicated with the port of a high-humidity air channel 1 of a fresh water generating device;
an auxiliary cooling device is arranged outside a pipeline between the outlet of the first heat exchanger H1 and the port of the high-humidity air channel 1 of the fresh water production device;
the fresh water producing device comprises a salt solution tank 3 and a damp air space 6; a salt solution with the concentration of 85-88% is arranged in the salt solution tank 3; the top surface of the middle part of the salt solution tank 3 is closed, the top surface of one side of the salt solution tank 3 is communicated with a moisture space 6, the bottom surface of the moisture space 6 outside the salt solution tank 3 is provided with a collecting tank 7, and the collecting tank 7 is communicated with a fresh water pipe 5; the top surface of the other side of the salt solution tank 3 is respectively communicated with a high-humidity air channel 1 and an ambient air channel 2; a thermosiphon 4 is arranged in the salt solution tank 3, one end of the thermosiphon 4 extends to the outer side of the lower part of the salt solution tank 3 and is communicated with the lower part of a shell of a first heat exchanger H1; the other end of the thermosiphon 4 extends to the outside of the upper part of the salt solution tank 3 and is communicated with an outlet of a second heat exchanger H2; the inlet of the second heat exchanger H2 is communicated with the upper part of the shell of the first heat exchanger H1; a heat storage device is arranged on one side of the outer part of the second heat exchanger H2;
a thermosiphon circulation loop is formed among the thermosiphon 4, the second heat exchanger H2 and the shell of the first heat exchanger H1; the working medium of the thermosiphon circulation loop is a substance which is in a liquid-gas two-phase state at the temperature of 60-80 ℃; the thermosiphon 4 is positioned in the hot end of the salt solution tank 3, and the high-humidity air channel 1 and the environment air channel 2 are positioned in the cold end of the salt solution tank 3;
the fuel cell stack operates, when the temperature of the exhausted high-humidity gas is more than 60 ℃, the high-humidity gas is firstly cooled to the ambient temperature through the heat exchange of the first heat exchanger H1 and the auxiliary cooling device, enters the saline solution tank 3, the gas in the high-humidity gas is exhausted from the ambient gas channel 2, the moisture in the gas is absorbed by the saline solution, moves to the hot end of the saline solution tank 3 through the seepage effect generated by concentration difference, and then is evaporated through the heat exchange with the thermosiphon 4 to enter the moisture space 6, and the heat in the moisture space 6 is discharged to the ambient environment through the heat conduction material to condense the moisture to form liquid water; on the other hand, working medium in the shell of the first heat exchanger H1 absorbs heat and working medium in the thermosiphon 4 absorbs heat, and waste heat is supplied to the heat storage device through the second heat exchanger H2;
when the fuel cell stack stops operating or operates under the condition of low output power and the temperature of the discharged high-humidity gas is below 60 ℃, the heat storage device provides the stored heat energy to the fresh water generating device to realize the continuous atmospheric water generating function.
The technical scheme for further limiting is as follows:
the fuel cell stack is a low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) or a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) or an Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC).
The auxiliary cooling device is a fan or a sky radiation refrigerating device;
the salt solution is a calcium chloride solution (CaCl2) with the concentration of 85-88% or a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate salt solution (EMIM ] [ Ac ] salt solution) with the concentration of 85-88%.
The working medium of the thermosiphon circulation loop is 0.2-0.485bar low-pressure water or normal-pressure pure ethanol which is in a liquid-gas two-phase state at the temperature of 60-80 ℃. The heat storage device is a heat-preservation water tank.
The first heat exchanger H1 is a countercurrent shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the second heat exchanger H2 is a plate heat exchanger.
The beneficial technical effects of the invention are embodied in the following aspects:
1. the present invention uses the water produced by the FC to humidify the flowing atmosphere which is then supplied to the fresh water producing device. The scheme is equivalent to increase the dew point temperature of input air, so that larger water quantity can be recovered under the working condition of the same fresh water generating device. The heat energy of the FC is supplied to the fresh water producing device, and the electric energy is supplied to the user. Therefore, compared with the traditional atmospheric water generator, the invention has more efficient fresh water-electricity combined supply potential in dry and hot areas such as deserts.
2. At present, the solution of applying the adsorbent to the fresh water production device is generally realized by electric heating or solar heat collection, while the former must consume extra electric energy, and the latter has intermittent problems (such as not realized at night or in cloudy days). In addition, a large amount of residual heat and enough water for drinking water are generated in the reaction process of the FC, and the residual heat is low in grade (below 80 ℃) on the common LT-PEMFC or AFC, so that the residual heat is not meaningful in other applications. Here, the waste heat of the present invention can be applied to regenerate the adsorbent (i.e., to effect the water release process), and the tail gas of the FC is supplied to the cold side of the adsorbent to absorb the water amount. Therefore, compared with the traditional cWG technology, the scheme avoids a large amount of electric energy consumption and liquid water generation, the adsorbent is utilized to avoid additional energy input, and finally, the efficient and energy-saving fresh water-electricity combined supply system is realized.
3. The invention improves the combined supply efficiency of fresh water and electricity, avoids the problem of high energy consumption brought by a water desalination plant, and realizes a combined supply scheme of fresh water and electricity with high energy efficiency.
4. The invention utilizes the heat storage device to store the residual heat of the FC, and can still perform the atmospheric water generation process because the state is equivalent to directly providing the atmospheric water to the fresh water production device when the FC is not operated. Therefore, the system can continuously generate liquid water regardless of the operation of FC, and is more stable and reliable than the existing solar-based water generation scheme.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a fresh water producing device.
Sequence numbers in the upper figure: a high humidity air channel 1, an ambient air channel 2, a salt solution tank 3, a thermosiphon 4, a fresh water pipe 5, a moisture space 6, a collection tank 7, a first heat exchanger H1, a second heat exchanger H2.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1, the combined fresh water-electricity supply system for coupling the residual energy of the fuel cell with the absorption water generator comprises a fuel cell stack, a first heat exchanger H1, a second heat exchanger H2, an auxiliary cooling device, a heat storage device and a fresh water generating device.
The fuel cell stack is a low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) or a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC); the working temperature of the fuel cell stack is 60-80 ℃.
The auxiliary cooling device is a fan or a sky radiation refrigerating device.
The heat storage device is a heat-preservation water tank.
The cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the inlet of a first heat exchanger H1 through a pipeline, and the outlet of the first heat exchanger H1 is communicated with the port of a high-humidity air channel 1 of the fresh water generating device; an auxiliary cooling device is arranged outside the pipeline between the outlet of the first heat exchanger H1 and the port of the high-humidity air channel 1 of the fresh water generating device.
Referring to fig. 2, the water producing device comprises a salt solution tank 3 and a wet gas space 6; a calcium chloride solution (CaCl2) or an [ EMIM ] [ Ac ] solution with the concentration of 86% is arranged in the salt solution tank 3. The top surface of the middle part of the saline solution tank 3 is closed, the top surface of one side of the saline solution tank 3 is communicated with a moisture space 6, the bottom surface of the moisture space 6 outside the saline solution tank 3 is provided with a collecting tank 7, and the collecting tank 7 is communicated with a fresh water pipe 5; the top surface of the other side of the salt solution tank 3 is respectively communicated with a high-humidity air channel 1 and an ambient air channel 2; a thermosiphon 4 is arranged in the salt solution tank 3, one end of the thermosiphon 4 extends to the outer side of the lower part of the salt solution tank 3 and is communicated with the lower part of a shell of a first heat exchanger H1; the other end of the thermosiphon 4 extends to the outside of the upper part of the salt solution tank 3 and is communicated with an outlet of a second heat exchanger H2; the inlet of the second heat exchanger H2 is communicated with the upper part of the shell of the first heat exchanger H1; a heat storage device is arranged on one side of the outer portion of the second heat exchanger H2, and heat exchange is achieved between the second heat exchanger H2 and the heat storage device through heat conduction.
A thermosiphon circulation loop is formed among the thermosiphon 4, the second heat exchanger H2 and the shell of the first heat exchanger H1; the working medium of the thermosiphon circulation loop is a substance which is in a liquid-gas two-phase state at the temperature of 60-80 ℃, and is specifically low-pressure water of 0.2-0.485bar or normal-pressure pure ethanol.
The thermosiphon 4 is located in the hot end of the salt solution tank 3 and the highly humid air channel 1 and the ambient air duct 2 are located in the cold end of the salt solution tank 3.
The working principle of the invention is explained in detail as follows:
when the fuel cell stack operates, the generated electric energy is provided for users or auxiliary equipment (such as an air fan, a control panel and the like) of a fuel cell device, the FC cathode discharges FC tail gas, and the FC tail gas is high-humidity gas; when the temperature of the high-humidity gas is above 60 ℃, the high-humidity gas is firstly cooled to the ambient temperature through a first heat exchanger H1 heat exchange and auxiliary cooling device, enters a salt solution tank through a high-humidity air channel 1, the water in the FC tail gas is absorbed into a salt solution by utilizing the hydrophilicity of high-concentration salt, the gas is discharged from an ambient air channel 2, and the water in the gas is absorbed by the salt solution and is used as a raw material for producing fresh water; water at the cold end in the salt solution tank 3 moves to the hot end of the salt solution tank 3 through a seepage effect generated by concentration difference, and then is evaporated into water vapor through heat exchange with the thermosiphon 4, the thermosiphon 4 heats the salt solution, the temperature of the salt solution at the hot end of the salt solution tank 3 is 50-80 ℃, the water vapor enters the moisture space 6, the heat of the water vapor is discharged to the ambient environment through the heat conduction material at the top of the moisture space 6, the water vapor is cooled through natural convection or radiation heat dissipation and other modes, the water vapor is condensed into liquid water after being saturated, then is descended to the liquid water collecting tank through gravity, and is discharged through the fresh water pipe 5;
on the other hand, the working medium in the shell of the first heat exchanger H1 absorbs heat and the working medium in the thermosiphon 4 absorbs heat, and the working medium of the thermosiphon 4 rises to the second heat exchanger H2 from a steam state; supplying heat to the heat storage device through a second heat exchanger H2;
when the fuel cell stack stops operating or operates under the condition of low output power, and the temperature of the discharged high-humidity gas is below 60 ℃, air enters the salt solution tank, the heat storage device supplies heat to the thermosiphon 4 through the second heat exchanger H2, and water vapor formed by heat exchange and evaporation of the thermosiphon 4 and the salt solution enters the moisture space 6 to form liquid water, so that the continuous atmospheric water production function is realized.
Example 1
At home power supplyFor water supply application, under the condition that the ambient humidity is 0.6, a 2000W low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) stack is used, the working temperature of the fuel cell is 80 ℃, a 30kg heat preservation water tank and an auxiliary refrigerating device are 1m arranged in the atmosphere2The contact area of the sky radiation refrigeration plate and FC tail gas with the salt solution is set to be 1m2And 86% strength 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate salt solution ([ EMIM ]][Ac]Salt solution) and a high humidity space of 1m2The working medium of the thermosyphon is normal-pressure pure ethanol. Under the above condition, the water production rate of the liquid water is about 2 kg/hr.
Example 2
Under the condition that the power supply and water supply application background of a small town and the environmental humidity is 0.6, a 1MW high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) pile is used, the working temperature of the fuel cell is 70 ℃, a 500kg heat preservation water tank and an auxiliary cooling device are 50m air-cooled2The contact area of the radiating fin and FC tail gas with the salt solution is set to be 100m2The contact area of the calcium chloride solution (CaCl2) with the concentration of 86% and the high-humidity space is 50m2The working medium of the thermal siphon is 0.4bar low-pressure water which is in a liquid-gas two-phase state at 70 ℃. Under the above condition, the water production rate of liquid water is about 500 kg/hr.
Claims (8)
1. The fresh water-electricity combined supply system for coupling the residual energy of the fuel cell and the absorption water generator is characterized in that: the system comprises a fuel cell stack, a first heat exchanger H1, a second heat exchanger H2, an auxiliary cooling device, a heat storage device and a fresh water generating device;
the power of the fuel cell stack is 1000W-1MW, and the working temperature is 60-80 ℃;
the cathode outlet of the fuel cell stack is communicated with the inlet of a first heat exchanger H1 through a pipeline, and the outlet of the first heat exchanger H1 is communicated with the port of a high-humidity air channel (1) of a fresh water generating device;
an auxiliary cooling device is arranged outside a pipeline between the outlet of the first heat exchanger H1 and the port of the high-humidity air channel (1) of the fresh water production device;
the fresh water generating device comprises a salt solution tank (3) and a wet gas space (6); a salt solution with the concentration of 85-88% is arranged in the salt solution tank (3); the top surface of the middle part of the salt solution tank (3) is closed, the top surface of one side of the salt solution tank (3) is communicated with a moisture space (6), the bottom surface of the moisture space (6) outside the salt solution tank (3) is provided with a collecting tank (7), and the collecting tank (7) is communicated with a fresh water pipe (5); the top surface of the other side of the salt solution tank (3) is respectively communicated with a high-humidity air channel (1) and an ambient air channel (2); a thermosiphon (4) is arranged in the salt solution tank (3), one end of the thermosiphon (4) extends to the outer side of the lower part of the salt solution tank (3) and is communicated with the lower part of a shell of a first heat exchanger H1; the other end of the thermosiphon (4) extends to the outer side of the upper part of the salt solution tank (3) and is communicated with an outlet of a second heat exchanger H2; the inlet of the second heat exchanger H2 is communicated with the upper part of the shell of the first heat exchanger H1; a heat storage device is arranged on one side of the outer part of the second heat exchanger H2;
the top of the moisture space (6) is provided with a heat conducting material;
a thermosiphon circulation loop is formed among the thermosiphon (4), the second heat exchanger H2 and the shell of the first heat exchanger H1; the working medium of the thermosiphon circulation loop is a substance which is in a liquid-gas two-phase state at the temperature of 60-80 ℃;
the thermosiphon (4) is positioned in the hot end of the salt solution tank (3), and the high-humidity air channel (1) and the environment air channel (2) are positioned in the cold end of the salt solution tank (3);
the fuel cell stack operates, when the temperature of the exhausted high-humidity gas is more than 60 ℃, the high-humidity gas is firstly cooled to the ambient temperature through a first heat exchanger H1 heat exchange and an auxiliary cooling device, enters a salt solution tank (3), the gas in the high-humidity gas is exhausted from an ambient air channel (2), the moisture in the gas is absorbed by a salt solution, moves to the hot end of the salt solution tank (3) through a seepage effect generated by concentration difference, is evaporated through heat exchange with a thermosiphon (4) to form water vapor, enters a moisture space (6), and the heat in the water vapor is discharged to the ambient environment through a heat conduction material to be condensed to form liquid water; on the other hand, working medium in the shell of the first heat exchanger H1 absorbs heat and working medium in the thermosiphon (4) absorbs heat, and waste heat is supplied to the heat storage device through the second heat exchanger H2;
when the fuel cell stack stops operating or operates under the condition of low output power and the temperature of the discharged high-humidity gas is below 60 ℃, the heat storage device provides the stored heat energy to the fresh water generating device to realize the continuous atmospheric water generating function.
2. The combined fresh water and electricity system for coupling fuel cell waste energy and an absorption water generator according to claim 1, wherein: the fuel cell stack is a low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell or an alkaline fuel cell.
3. The combined fresh water and electricity system for coupling fuel cell waste energy and an absorption water generator according to claim 1, wherein: the contact area of the high-humidity gas and the salt solution is 1m2-200 m2。
4. The combined fresh water and electricity system for coupling fuel cell waste energy and an absorption water generator according to claim 1, wherein: the auxiliary cooling device is a fan or a sky radiation refrigerating device;
5. the combined fresh water and electricity system for coupling fuel cell waste energy and an absorption water generator according to claim 1, wherein: the salt solution is a calcium chloride solution with the concentration of 85-88% or a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate solution with the concentration of 85-88%.
6. The combined fresh water and electricity system for coupling fuel cell waste energy and an absorption water generator according to claim 1, wherein: the working medium of the thermosiphon circulation loop is 0.2-0.485bar low-pressure water or normal-pressure pure ethanol which is in a liquid-gas two-phase state at the temperature of 60-80 ℃.
7. The combined fresh water and electricity system for coupling fuel cell waste energy and an absorption water generator according to claim 1, wherein: the heat storage device is a heat-preservation water tank.
8. The combined fresh water and electricity system for coupling fuel cell waste energy and an absorption water generator according to claim 1, wherein: the first heat exchanger H1 is a countercurrent shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and the second heat exchanger H2 is a plate heat exchanger.
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