CN111937634A - 以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法 - Google Patents

以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN111937634A
CN111937634A CN202010693841.0A CN202010693841A CN111937634A CN 111937634 A CN111937634 A CN 111937634A CN 202010693841 A CN202010693841 A CN 202010693841A CN 111937634 A CN111937634 A CN 111937634A
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seedling raising
edible fungus
seedling
tray
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吉春明
黄年生
张小祥
张秀琴
刘建凤
吴政
袁静
季红娟
蒋敏
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JIANGSU LIXIAHE REGION AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
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Abstract

以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，涉及水稻栽培技术领域，本发明以食用菌菌渣为主要原料，经发酵后与蛭石、珍珠岩等矿物质，同时补充适量的氮、磷、钾短效缓释肥、保水剂高吸水树脂、粘结剂、植物生长调节剂、中微量元素等研制一种新型绿色机插秧育苗盘。该基质育苗盘不仅具有常规基质育苗和营养土育苗的优点，而且具有出苗整齐、秧苗素质好、供肥强度高、肥效达到20～30天、根系盘结力强、秧龄弹性大、易于机插、栽后缓苗期短等特点。

Description

以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及水稻栽培技术领域，尤其涉及水稻机插秧用秧盘育秧技术。
背景技术
随着我国农业现代化及水稻耕作制度的变迁，广大农村地区的青壮劳动力大量进城务工，客观造成农村从事农业生产劳动力数量的逐年减少，必然要求农业生产能够最大程度地实现机械化、集约化、规模化种植，满足用较少的劳力能够种植更多的土地，产出与投入效益比能够显著上升。为满足稻米需求主要依靠提高单产增加总产来实现的国情下，更迫切需要发展水稻丰产栽培机械化。水稻机插秧正是基于这样的农业生产背景应运而生。以江苏为例，近几年水稻种植面积一直稳定在3300万亩左右，而早在2009年机插秧种植面积就已突破1000万亩，2017年达到了2400万亩，且有逐年增加的趋势。
机插秧的关键环节之一在于前期育好秧、育壮秧。育秧的前提是苗床材料的准备，目前机插秧主流的育秧材料主要有两种：一种是营养土育苗，采用农田表层土来配制营养土，对于小规模低层次的育秧尚可，而对大规模育秧则存在用土费工费时，取土难，连年的取土造成耕作层土壤的破坏以及大量高产良田表层土流失的问题，并且用农田土育秧易产生水稻恶苗病、立枯病等病害。另一种是基质育苗，采用基质育秧替代营养土育秧，既能省时节工，又可减少取土对土层的破坏，且无病害传染。
当前市场上基质的种类多种多样，但主要有以下几种：一是以稻壳、秸秆等通过物理和微生物发酵等技术，结合水稻秧苗的生长特点开发而成；二是以腐殖土、蛭石、珍珠岩等制成的专用有机基质；三是采用草炭土与营养土配制的基质；四是采用菇渣为主料的育秧基质也已逐步应用。但在这些基质育秧中仍然存在秧苗不壮，秧苗叶色易落黄，后期肥力不足，需要人工补肥；秧苗盘根差，易断根，不利于机插；秧龄弹性小等方面缺点，影响了水稻育苗基质的进一步深入推广。
目前机插秧育苗大部分是秧盘育秧法，废弃后的育秧盘存在自然条件下的降解周期较长或只能部分降解，同时育秧盘老化后破碎的残片留在土壤里，不易分解，导致土壤劣化，如若落入水中，污染水体，影响水质，若焚烧处理，则易产生多余种有毒气体，污染空气。因此废弃后的育秧盘易造成严重的“白色污染”，利用可降解的食用菌菌渣制作的秧盘替代不宜分解塑料秧盘，是今后发展的方向。
发明内容
针对目前水稻机插秧育苗的状况与存在的问题，本发明提出一种集育秧基质和育秧秧盘于一体的绿色育秧盘的制备方法。
本发明技术方案是：将发酵的食用菌菌渣与蛭石、珍珠岩、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、粘结剂、中微量元素、杀虫剂、杀菌剂、植物生长调节剂、高吸水树脂充分混合，形成食用菌菌渣基质，再将食用菌菌渣基质压制成块状，即得育苗盘。
本发明以食用菌菌渣为主要原料，经发酵后与蛭石、珍珠岩等矿物质，同时补充适量的氮、磷、钾短效缓释肥、保水剂高吸水树脂、粘结剂、植物生长调节剂、中微量元素等研制一种新型绿色机插秧育苗盘。该基质育苗盘不仅具有常规基质育苗和营养土育苗的优点，而且具有出苗整齐、秧苗素质好、供肥强度高、肥效达到20～30天、根系盘结力强、秧龄弹性大、易于机插、栽后缓苗期短等特点。
本发明的特点是将育秧基质和育秧秧盘融为一体，在育秧的过程中既不需要使用塑料育秧秧盘，也不需要营养土。不仅满足秧苗前期生长所需的营养物质，节约农田土或泥炭土，减小了塑料秧盘对环境的污染，还为食用菌废弃物找到一个好的利用途径。不仅有较好的经济效益，更有显著的生态环境效益和社会效益。
进一步地，本发明菌渣的发酵方法是：将含乳酸菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵剂激活的水溶液喷撒于经过预处理的菌渣上，并调节水分含量，取得水分含量为40～60 wt.%的堆条用菌渣；将堆条用菌渣堆成条状进行发酵。菌渣有机肥腐熟彻底，杀灭病原微生物，使得有机物迅速分解，把菌渣中一些难以被作物吸收利用的物质，迅速转化为易被作物吸收的养分。用腐熟后的废菌渣替代不可再生资源草炭土作为水稻育苗基质，不会产生二次发酵，不会出现烧根烧苗现象，不会伤害作物根系。
对发酵后菌渣进行粉碎，并过孔径为2cm的网筛，以磷酸钙、硫酸亚铁或硫酸铵调节过筛的发酵后菌渣的pH值至5.0～7.0，再进行混合。过筛是为了后期制作基质育秧盘时便于压制成型，提高产品的质量；调节pH值以适宜水稻发芽出苗及生长。
将所述杀虫剂、杀菌剂和植物生长调节剂先进行混合，取得悬浮液，然后将悬浮液喷到高吸水树脂上，取得喷液的高吸水树脂，再进行混合。因为杀虫剂和杀菌剂的添加量少，为了保证混合均匀，将杀虫剂和杀菌剂先喷到高吸水树脂是再与发酵后的菌渣进行混合。
所述氮肥为硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵或尿素；所述磷肥为过磷酸钙、磷酸一铵或磷酸二铵；所述钾肥为硫酸钾或氯化钾。
所述中微量元素为硫酸亚铁、氯化镁、硫酸铜或氯化锌。
所述高吸水树脂为聚丙烯酸钾或聚丙烯酸钠。
所述杀虫剂为呋虫胺；所述杀菌剂为氰烯菌酯。
所述植物生长调节剂为复硝酚钠、萘乙酸或多效唑。
附图说明
图1为本发明工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
以下结合图1详细说明本发明工艺。
一、菌渣预处理：
将收集到的香菇菌渣先进行有害菌虫的杀灭处理，再人工去杂（捡去菌渣里面的塑料薄膜、小木棍、发霉的菌渣），经粉碎、过筛，取得粒径为2cm以下的香菇菌渣。
二、菌渣发酵：
取750kg经过预处理的香菇菌渣，将23g含乳酸菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵剂激活的水溶液均匀喷到菌渣上，同时调节水分至60%左右，得堆条用菌渣。
将堆条用菌渣堆成底部宽度为1.2～1.5m，高度为1.5m左右的堆状，用编织袋覆盖进行发酵。当堆体温度首次升到55～60℃时，翻堆一次，翻堆时要求均匀全面，并适当补充水分。重新建堆后，当最高堆体温度再次升到65℃以上时，每隔3～4天翻堆一次。当最高堆体温度不能升到50℃时，含水量控制在40～60%，隔7～10天翻堆一次。当最高堆体温度不能升到40℃，堆料呈深褐色或黑褐色，且无异味时，发酵即结束，摊堆，得发酵后菌渣。
对发酵后菌渣进行粉碎，并过孔径为2cm的网筛，以硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵调节过筛的发酵后菌渣的pH值至5.0～7.0，备用。
三、混合：
将呋虫胺0.05kg、氰烯菌酯0.005 kg、多效唑0.15g和萘乙酸0.25g混合，取得悬浮液，然后将悬浮液喷到0.25kg高吸水树脂上，取得喷液的高吸水树脂。
将泥炭土200kg、蛭石47.5kg、聚丙烯酸钾或聚丙烯酸钠0.25kg、硫酸铵2.5kg、磷酸二铵1kg、氯化钾0.5kg、氧化锌0.175kg、硫酸亚铁0.15kg、硼砂0.025kg、氯化镁0.025kg、硫酸钼0.025kg、硫酸锰0.025kg、硫酸铜0.05kg、甲霜灵0.005kg、适量粘结剂和喷液的高吸水树脂及调整过pH值的发酵后菌渣充分混合，即得食用菌菌渣基质。
对食用菌菌渣基质进行含量分析，各成份的质量百分数为：高吸水树脂0.025～0.05%，氮(N)0.04～0.1%，五氧化二磷(P2O5)0.025～0.06%，氧化钾(K2O)0.015～0.035%，中微量元素0.02～0.05%，杀虫剂0.001～0.01%，杀菌剂0.0005～0.001%，植物生长调节剂0.00002～0.0002%。
四、模压：
将食用菌菌渣基质放入模具压制成型，得食用菌菌渣秧盘。
每块秧盘重2.5～3 kg，长度为58cm，宽度为28cm，厚度为 3 cm。
五、应用：
将食用菌菌渣秧盘放置平整的田块里，浇足水，每块播种100g左右的稻种，用细土盖种子，观察其齐苗时间、出苗率、成苗率和恶苗病发生率。
同时以塑料秧盘营养土育秧法作为对照组，采用与以上相同的稻种进行播种，用细土盖种子，观察其齐苗时间、出苗率、成苗率和恶苗病发生率。
下表为食用菌菌渣秧盘和对照组各10块取得的试验数据对比表。
Figure 300518DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
应用结果：
试验品种扬粳805，旱育秧未浸种，出苗时间（5月17日）比常规营养土塑料秧盘育秧推迟1天，齐苗时间推迟2天，出苗率低9.5%，齐苗率低12.5%，恶苗病发生率下降了1.4%。说明本用食用菌菌渣秧盘育秧是可行的能够满足现阶段育秧的需要。

Claims (9)

1.以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于将发酵的食用菌菌渣与蛭石、珍珠岩、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、粘结剂、中微量元素、杀虫剂、杀菌剂、植物生长调节剂、高吸水树脂充分混合，形成食用菌菌渣基质，再将食用菌菌渣基质压制成块状，即得育苗盘。
2.根据权利要求1所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于菌渣的发酵方法是：将含乳酸菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵剂激活的水溶液喷撒于经过预处理的菌渣上，并调节水分含量，取得水分含量为40～60 wt.%的堆条用菌渣；将堆条用菌渣堆成条状进行发酵。
3.根据权利要求2所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于对发酵后菌渣进行粉碎，并过孔径为2cm的网筛，以磷酸钙、硫酸亚铁或硫酸铵调节过筛的发酵后菌渣的pH值至5.0～7.0，再进行混合。
4.根据权利要求1所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于将所述杀虫剂、杀菌剂和植物生长调节剂先进行混合，取得悬浮液，然后将悬浮液喷到高吸水树脂上，取得喷液的高吸水树脂，再进行混合。
5.根据权利要求1所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于所述氮肥为硫酸铵、硝酸铵、氯化铵或尿素；所述磷肥为过磷酸钙、磷酸一铵或磷酸二铵；所述钾肥为硫酸钾或氯化钾。
6.根据权利要求1所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于所述中微量元素为硫酸亚铁、氯化镁、硫酸铜或氯化锌。
7.根据权利要求1所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于所述高吸水树脂为聚丙烯酸钾或聚丙烯酸钠。
8.根据权利要求1所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于所述杀虫剂为呋虫胺；所述杀菌剂为氰烯菌酯。
9.根据权利要求1所述以食用菌菌渣为育苗基质的育苗盘的制备方法，其特征在于所述植物生长调节剂为复硝酚钠、萘乙酸或多效唑。
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