CN111917468A - Method for reducing switching times in VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network - Google Patents

Method for reducing switching times in VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network Download PDF

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CN111917468A
CN111917468A CN202010603041.5A CN202010603041A CN111917468A CN 111917468 A CN111917468 A CN 111917468A CN 202010603041 A CN202010603041 A CN 202010603041A CN 111917468 A CN111917468 A CN 111917468A
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邓莉君
马趁想
吴鹏飞
雷思琛
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Xian University of Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/11—Arrangements specific to free-space transmission, i.e. transmission through air or vacuum
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    • H04B10/116—Visible light communication
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for reducing switching times in a VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network, which comprises the steps that a user terminal must detect a network in an environment, then the network which can be used by a user is detected and transmitted to a central Controller (CU), the CU calculates cost functions of all networks, compares the minimum cost function value with cost delay, and simultaneously meets the condition that waiting time is more than time delay, the user performs vertical switching, otherwise, the switching is not performed, and the purpose of setting the cost function delay and the time delay in the user switching process is to avoid ping-pong switching of the user terminal in the environment (railway stations, airports, hospitals and the like) and further influence service quality experience in the user moving process.

Description

Method for reducing switching times in VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of visible light communication, and relates to a method for reducing switching times in a VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network.
Background
At present, Radio Frequency (RF) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) technologies play a crucial role in mobile communication requirements (telephone, information transmission, video watching, webpage browsing, game playing, and the like) of global users, and are also important components of existing heterogeneous wireless networks, but in the face of gradual deep implementation of future vehicle networking, internet of things, artificial intelligence, and the like, RF communication and LTE communication, whether bandwidth or channel rate, are difficult to meet the increasing traffic requirements of users. Visible Light Communication (VLC) based on Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) combines a wireless Communication technology and an optical Communication technology, has the advantages of no occupation of spectrum resources, high bandwidth, no electromagnetic interference, and the like, and is an effective supplementary technology for realizing indoor wireless high-speed transmission. But VLC has the problems of small coverage, uplink missing, easy interruption of light path shielding, difficult realization of indoor visible light full-duplex communication and the like. Wi-Fi technology based on RF is mature, has the advantages of wide range, mobility support and the like, but the quality of service experience of a user is easily influenced by factors such as user density, bandwidth and radio frequency interference. The VLC network and the Wi-Fi technology form the wireless heterogeneous network, so that the service experience quality of users in indoor scenes can be further improved by utilizing the advantages of the VLC network and the Wi-Fi technology.
Currently, with the increase of indoor mobile terminals, researchers utilize the advantages of VLC and Wi-Fi heterogeneous networks to improve indoor communication rate, but the handover process and link selection of heterogeneous network users are the most critical technologies. When Rahaim et al research VLC/Wi-Fi heterogeneous network throughput, a simple switching mechanism is provided, VLC is used as a candidate network, when load of a Wi-Fi network exceeds load capacity, a central controller accesses the rest users to the VLC network, and the switching mode only considers the situation when the load capacity of the Wi-Fi network is insufficient, but completely ignores the speed demand and service quality of the users. Xu Bao et al propose a VLC priority access switching mode, which gives priority to access to the VLC network whenever the user is in the VLC coverage range, regardless of the user's rate requirement, but this switching mode only considers the rate requirement of the user in the 5m × 5m × 3m range, but ignores the service capability of the small VLC coverage range and its bandwidth. Zhenhotan et al propose a VLC and Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network user vertical handover algorithm of an equivalent Signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), the algorithm calculates SINRs of different networks according to the transmission rate of a user terminal, and judges whether the network performance is good or not according to the Signal to noise ratio, and a user accesses the network with good performance. Although the handover algorithm can ensure that the user can be accessed to the network providing the maximum transmission rate all the time, the network handover is frequent, and the service quality of the user is reduced. Wangchunxi et al propose a VLC/Wi-Fi heterogeneous network handover algorithm based on user service experience, the algorithm is that a user performs network handover with a user level according with the service level of an access point, the algorithm reduces the number of vertical handovers to a certain extent, but also increases the time delay of network handover at the same time, and the rate required by the user cannot be met. Wu Xi-ping et al proposes a two-stage access point selection handoff algorithm that first identifies the users connected to the RF and then allocates the remaining users to the VLC network. Although the algorithm utilizes the advantage of high rate of the Li-Fi network, the algorithm does not consider the high-frequency horizontal switching of users in the VLC network.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for reducing switching times in a VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network, which effectively reduces the switching times of a user in the VLC/Wi-Fi heterogeneous network, reduces the ping-pong effect, obviously improves the integral signal-to-noise ratio and transmission rate of the network and provides better user service quality for a user terminal by calculating a cost function of a channel rate and a signal-to-noise ratio and simultaneously increasing a fusion algorithm of cost function hysteresis and time function hysteresis.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the method for reducing the switching times in the VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network is implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, a user enters a VLC/Wi-Fi overlay network, a terminal detects an available network in the environment, and available network information is uploaded to a central controller;
step 2, calculating a comprehensive cost function of the available network information uploaded in the step 1 through a central controller;
step 3, comparing the cost functions obtained in the step 2 to obtain a minimum network cost function, and comparing the minimum network cost function with a set cost delay, wherein if the minimum network cost function is smaller than the cost delay and the waiting time is longer than the set time delay, the user performs vertical switching to access a network with a small cost function; otherwise, the user does not perform vertical handover.
The invention is also characterized in that:
the specific technical content of the step 2 is as follows: a cost function judgment algorithm is adopted to calculate a comprehensive cost function, only a channel Rate and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are considered by the cost function, the cost function needs to distribute a weight to a decision factor of each network, and the weight can be used for representing the side weight of a heterogeneous network decision factor, so that the general expression of the cost function is as follows:
Figure BDA0002559780830000031
in the formula, CiIs a comprehensive cost function, w, calculated for the ith candidate networks,nThe decision factor weight of the network when the user terminal needs a certain service, and the total weight in the network needs to satisfy the sigma ws,n1, and
Figure BDA0002559780830000032
the cost function value is calculated when the user terminal needs a certain service;
the comprehensive cost function is specifically as follows:
cost function decision factors include the size of the received channel rate and signal-to-noise ratio,
Figure BDA0002559780830000041
in order to be a function of the rate cost of the channel,
Figure BDA0002559780830000042
as a cost function of the signal-to-noise ratio, wRateIs a channel rate cost function weight, wSINRIs the system signal-to-noise ratio cost function weight, so the comprehensive cost function of the network is:
Figure BDA0002559780830000043
in the formula, the weight of the cost function of the signal-to-noise ratio is wSINR0.6, the weight of the cost function of the channel rate is wRate0.4, the cost function lag is Hcost0.35, the time lag function is Htime＝3。
Wherein the cost function of the VLC network in the available network in step 2 is:
channel rate cost function
Figure BDA0002559780830000044
Carrying out normalized linear processing, when the Rate is less than 10Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000045
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the Rate is more than 300Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000046
the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the 10Mbps is less than or equal to the Rate is less than or equal to 300Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000047
the cost function is linearly decreased, so the expression of the cost function is as follows:
Figure BDA0002559780830000048
signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio cost function of channel
Figure BDA0002559780830000049
And performing normalized linear processing, when the SINR is less than-20 dB,
Figure BDA00025597808300000410
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the SINR is greater than 25dB, the SINR,
Figure BDA00025597808300000411
cost function is the mostSmall, a value of 0; when the SINR is more than or equal to-20 dB and less than or equal to 25dB,
Figure BDA00025597808300000412
the cost function is linearly decreased, so the expression of the cost function is as follows:
Figure BDA00025597808300000413
wherein the cost function of the Wi-Fi network in the available network in step 2
Cost function of channel rate
Figure BDA00025597808300000414
Carrying out normalized linear processing, when the Rate is less than 60Mbps,
Figure BDA00025597808300000415
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the Rate is more than 70Mbps,
Figure BDA00025597808300000416
the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the Rate is more than or equal to 60Mbps and less than or equal to 70Mbps,
Figure BDA00025597808300000417
the cost function decreases linearly, so the cost function expression is:
Figure BDA0002559780830000051
signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio cost function of current channel
Figure BDA0002559780830000052
And performing normalized linear processing, when the SINR is less than-10 dB,
Figure BDA0002559780830000053
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the SINR is greater than 70dB, the SINR,
Figure BDA0002559780830000054
the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the SINR is more than or equal to-10 dB and less than or equal to 70dB,
Figure BDA0002559780830000055
the cost function decreases linearly, so the cost function expression is:
Figure BDA0002559780830000056
the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the switching algorithm of the invention compares the size of the network comprehensive cost function according to the comprehensive cost function obtained by the central controller, and the network is accessed when the cost function of which network is small, but in order to avoid ping-pong switching, the switching algorithm adds cost function delay and time delay, and the ping-pong effect of user switching in the heterogeneous network can be effectively reduced;
the signal-to-noise ratio of the network is significantly improved. The switching algorithm based on the cost function can maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the network;
the transmission rate of the user is improved, the signal to noise ratio of the whole network is improved by utilizing a switching algorithm of the cost function, and then the user obtains the maximum transmission rate.
The user gets a better quality of service experience. The switching algorithm can not only reduce the ping-pong effect of user switching, but also improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the network and the transmission rate of the user, so that the terminal obtains better service user quality.
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FIG. 1 is a process of reducing the number of handovers in a VLC/Wi-Fi heterogeneous wireless network according to an implementation method of reducing the number of handovers in the VLC/Wi-Fi heterogeneous wireless network;
FIG. 2 is an indoor simulation scenario of a handover algorithm in an implementation method for reducing handover times in a VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The indoor simulation scene of the invention is formed by a plurality of RF APs and a plurality of VLC APs which are all arranged on the ceiling of the room, and is connected to the central controller by a power line in a unified way, because visible light has two functions of illumination and communication, the layout of VLC APs is the first to satisfy indoor lighting, but indoor visible light is difficult to realize full duplex communication because there is great interference between its downlink and uplink, so that the uplink of VLC is difficult to realize information transmission, therefore, in the invention, the uplink of the user is transmitted by the Wi-Fi channel, only the downlink of the user is studied for horizontal or vertical switching, but to facilitate the central controller to find out which VLC AP the user is within the coverage of, assign a different ID sequence to each VLC AP, and stores its ID sequence in the central controller, which determines in which VLC AP the user is located by detecting the different ID sequences.
The invention provides a method for reducing switching times in a VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network, which is implemented according to the following steps as shown in figure 1:
step 1, a user enters a VLC/Wi-Fi overlay network, a terminal detects an available network in the environment, and available network information is uploaded to a central controller;
step 2, calculating a comprehensive cost function of the available network information uploaded in the step 1 through a central controller:
the method adopts a cost function decision algorithm, only the channel Rate (Rate) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are considered by the cost function, the cost function needs to distribute a weight to the decision factor of each network, and the weight can be used for representing the side weight of the decision factor of the heterogeneous network. Thus, the general expression for the cost function is:
Figure BDA0002559780830000071
in the formula, CiIs a comprehensive cost function, w, calculated for the ith candidate networks,nIs the decision factor weight of the network when the user terminal needs a certain service, and the total weight in the networkMeet the heavy demand ∑ ws,n1, and
Figure BDA0002559780830000072
the cost function value is calculated when the user terminal needs a certain service;
cost function decision factors include the size of the received channel rate and signal-to-noise ratio,
Figure BDA0002559780830000073
in order to be a function of the rate cost of the channel,
Figure BDA0002559780830000074
as a cost function of the signal-to-noise ratio, wRateIs a channel rate cost function weight, wSINRIs the system signal-to-noise ratio cost function weight, so the comprehensive cost function of the network is:
Figure BDA0002559780830000075
in the invention, the overall channel characteristics such as signal-to-noise ratio, rate and the like in a network channel and the service quality of a user are considered, and the cost function weight of the signal-to-noise ratio is wSINR0.6, the weight of the cost function of the channel rate is wRate0.4, the cost function lag is Hcost0.35, the time lag function is Htime＝3；
Because VLC and Wi-Fi are different in channel bandwidth, transmission rate, coverage and the like, the calculation processes of the cost functions of VLC and Wi-Fi are different.
(1) Cost function of VLC network:
when channel rate cost function
Figure BDA0002559780830000076
Carrying out normalized linear processing, when the Rate is less than 10Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000077
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the Rate is more than 300Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000078
the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the 10Mbps is less than or equal to the Rate is less than or equal to 300Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000079
the cost function decreases linearly. Therefore, the cost function expression is as follows:
Figure BDA00025597808300000710
signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio cost function of channel
Figure BDA00025597808300000711
And performing normalized linear processing, when the SINR is less than-20 dB,
Figure BDA00025597808300000712
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the SINR is greater than 25dB, the SINR,
Figure BDA00025597808300000713
the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the SINR is more than or equal to-20 dB and less than or equal to 25dB,
Figure BDA00025597808300000714
the cost function decreases linearly. Therefore, the cost function expression is as follows:
Figure BDA0002559780830000081
(2) cost function of Wi-Fi network:
cost function of channel rate
Figure BDA0002559780830000082
Carrying out normalized linear processing, when the Rate is less than 60Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000083
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the Rate is more than 70Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000084
the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the Rate is more than or equal to 60Mbps and less than or equal to 70Mbps,
Figure BDA0002559780830000085
the cost function decreases linearly. Therefore, the cost function expression is:
Figure BDA0002559780830000086
signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio cost function of current channel
Figure BDA0002559780830000087
And performing normalized linear processing, when the SINR is less than-10 dB,
Figure BDA0002559780830000088
the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the SINR is greater than 70dB, the SINR,
Figure BDA0002559780830000089
the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the SINR is more than or equal to-10 dB and less than or equal to 70dB,
Figure BDA00025597808300000810
the cost function decreases linearly, so the cost function expression is:
Figure BDA00025597808300000811
step 3, comparing the cost functions obtained in the step 2 to obtain a minimum network cost function, and comparing the minimum network cost function with a set cost delay, wherein if the minimum network cost function is smaller than the cost delay and the waiting time is longer than the set time delay, the user performs vertical switching to access a network with a small cost function; otherwise, the user does not perform vertical handover.
The invention provides an algorithm for reducing VLC/Wi-Fi heterogeneous network switching times in order to ensure that users obtain high data transmission in the process of large population density environmental movement in airports, railway stations, hospitals and the like, when multiple networks such as VLC, Wi-Fi, LTE and the like simultaneously appear, the users have the requirements of high signal-to-noise ratio, high throughput, high speed, low error rate and the like on a communication link, the switching criterion of the users is that the central controller is used for comparing the signal-to-noise ratio of the network and the size of a speed comprehensive cost function, meanwhile, cost function hysteresis and time hysteresis are added, and if the minimum comprehensive cost function in the central controller is smaller than the cost function hysteresis and the waiting time is longer than the time hysteresis, the users switch, and then access to the network with the small comprehensive cost function; the switching algorithm of the invention reasonably uses the frequency spectrum resources of the wireless network, reduces the switching times of the users, prevents the serious ping-pong effect from occurring when the users switch, improves the signal-to-noise ratio and the channel rate of the whole system, so that the users obtain better Quality of service Experience (QoE).
And (3) switching judgment of a vertical switching fusion algorithm of a user:
the user terminal transmits the data of received signal quality (channel rate) and signal-to-noise ratio to a central Controller (CU), the CU can calculate the cost function of each heterogeneous network system, the user terminal can judge whether the terminal performs vertical switching according to the cost function, and in order to avoid ping-pong switching of the user terminal among different access points, switching cost function threshold hysteresis H is introduced in the switching judgment processcostWith a switching time threshold hysteresis HtimeIf and only if the minimum cost function in the heterogeneous network and the cost function of the current access network of the terminal are smaller than HcostAnd it must satisfy that the time lag is greater than HtimeThe user can switch between the VLC network and the Wi-Fi network.

Claims (5)

  1. A method for reducing switching times in a VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network is characterized by comprising the following steps:
    step 1, a user enters a VLC/Wi-Fi overlay network, a terminal detects an available network in the environment, and available network information is uploaded to a central controller;
    step 2, calculating a comprehensive cost function of the available network information uploaded in the step 1 through a central controller;
    step 3, comparing the cost functions obtained in the step 2 to obtain a minimum network cost function, and comparing the minimum network cost function with a set cost delay, wherein if the minimum network cost function is smaller than the cost delay and the waiting time is longer than the set time delay, the user performs vertical switching to access a network with a small cost function; otherwise, the user does not perform vertical handover.
  2. 2. The method for reducing the number of handovers in the VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network according to claim 1, wherein the specific technical content in the step 2 is as follows: a cost function judgment algorithm is adopted to calculate a comprehensive cost function, only a channel Rate and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are considered by the cost function, the cost function needs to distribute a weight to a decision factor of each network, and the weight can be used for representing the side weight of a heterogeneous network decision factor, so that the general expression of the cost function is as follows:
    Figure FDA0002559780820000011
    in the formula, CiIs a comprehensive cost function, w, calculated for the ith candidate networks,nThe decision factor weight of the network when the user terminal needs a certain service, and the total weight in the network needs to satisfy the sigma ws,n1, and
    Figure FDA0002559780820000012
    the cost function value is calculated when the user terminal needs a certain service.
  3. 3. The method for implementing switching times reduction in a VLC/Wi-Fi wireless heterogeneous network according to claim 2, wherein the comprehensive cost function specifically is:
    cost function decision factors including receiving channel rate and signal-to-noise ratioThe size of the capsule is determined by the size of the capsule,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000013
    in order to be a function of the rate cost of the channel,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000021
    as a cost function of the signal-to-noise ratio, wRateIs a channel rate cost function weight, wSINRIs the system signal-to-noise ratio cost function weight, so the comprehensive cost function of the network is:
    Figure FDA0002559780820000022
    in the formula, the weight of the cost function of the signal-to-noise ratio is wSINR0.6, the weight of the cost function of the channel rate is wRate0.4, the cost function lag is Hcost0.35, the time lag function is Htime＝3。
  4. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the cost function of the VLC network in the available network in step 2 is:
    channel rate cost function
    Figure FDA0002559780820000023
    Carrying out normalized linear processing, when the Rate is less than 10Mbps,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000024
    the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the Rate is more than 300Mbps,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000025
    the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the 10Mbps is less than or equal to the Rate is less than or equal to 300Mbps,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000026
    the cost function decreases linearly, so itThe cost function expression is:
    Figure FDA0002559780820000027
    signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio cost function of channel
    Figure FDA0002559780820000028
    And performing normalized linear processing, when the SINR is less than-20 dB,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000029
    the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the SINR is greater than 25dB, the SINR,
    Figure FDA00025597808200000210
    the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the SINR is more than or equal to-20 dB and less than or equal to 25dB,
    Figure FDA00025597808200000211
    the cost function is linearly decreased, so the expression of the cost function is as follows:
    Figure FDA00025597808200000212
  5. 5. the method of claim 2, wherein the cost function of the Wi-Fi network in the available network in step 2 is a cost function of the Wi-Fi network
    Cost function of channel rate
    Figure FDA00025597808200000213
    Carrying out normalized linear processing, when the Rate is less than 60Mbps,
    Figure FDA00025597808200000214
    the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the Rate is more than 70Mbps,
    Figure FDA00025597808200000215
    the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the Rate is more than or equal to 60Mbps and less than or equal to 70Mbps,
    Figure FDA00025597808200000216
    the cost function decreases linearly, so the cost function expression is:
    Figure FDA0002559780820000031
    signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio cost function of current channel
    Figure FDA0002559780820000032
    And performing normalized linear processing, when the SINR is less than-10 dB,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000033
    the cost is maximum, and the value is 1; when the SINR is greater than 70dB, the SINR,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000034
    the cost function is minimum, and the value is 0; when the SINR is more than or equal to-10 dB and less than or equal to 70dB,
    Figure FDA0002559780820000035
    the cost function decreases linearly, so the cost function expression is:
    Figure FDA0002559780820000036
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