CN111906309A - Method for manufacturing homogeneous composite material by laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing - Google Patents
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- CN111906309A CN111906309A CN202010835287.5A CN202010835287A CN111906309A CN 111906309 A CN111906309 A CN 111906309A CN 202010835287 A CN202010835287 A CN 202010835287A CN 111906309 A CN111906309 A CN 111906309A
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000013499 data model Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000883 Ti6Al4V Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910009871 Ti5Si3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021330 Ti3Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
- B33Y70/10—Composites of different types of material, e.g. mixtures of ceramics and polymers or mixtures of metals and biomaterials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a homogeneous composite material by laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing, and belongs to the technical field of composite material preparation. The method comprises the steps of establishing a homogeneous composite material three-dimensional data model, slicing and layering the three-dimensional data model, and planning a laser scanning path; ball-milling and uniformly mixing titanium material powder and nitride ceramic powder to obtain mixed powder, placing the mixed powder into a powder feeder of laser near-net forming equipment, and sending out the mixed powder through a powder divider and an annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle; or the titanium material powder and the nitride ceramic powder are respectively placed in two powder feeders of laser near-net forming equipment, the two powder feeders synchronously convey the titanium material powder and the nitride ceramic powder to a powder mixer to be uniformly mixed to obtain mixed powder, and the mixed powder is sent out by an annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle; meanwhile, the laser near-net forming equipment scans the mixed powder according to the laser scanning path, and the mixed powder is formed into a homogeneous composite material through the processes of rapid melting and rapid solidification.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a homogeneous composite material by laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing, and belongs to the technical field of composite material preparation.
Background
The traditional methods for preparing and forming composite materials, such as a fusion casting method, powder metallurgy and the like, have the problems of uneven distribution of a reinforcing phase in the composite materials caused by macro segregation and micro segregation, long forming period caused by die sinking and the like, and limit the production and application of the composite materials to a great extent.
The advent and rapid development of metal additive manufacturing technologies provides a new approach to forming composite materials. However, the existing additive manufacturing composite material technology mainly adopts selective laser melting, and the method has the problem of volume effect that the increase of the size of parts causes exponential increase of the single dosage of raw materials, thereby greatly increasing the powder cost.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for manufacturing a homogeneous composite material by laser near-net forming additive manufacturing, aiming at the problem of the preparation of the homogeneous composite material in the prior art, the invention adopts the laser near-net forming additive manufacturing technology to prepare and form the composite material, namely, a micro laser melting pool is infinitely accumulated in a three-dimensional space, mixed powder generates in-situ chemical reaction under the action of laser beams so as to generate a reinforcing phase required in the composite material, and because of the processes of quick melting and quick solidification of the micro laser melting pool, obvious macro segregation and micro segregation phenomena basically do not occur, thereby being beneficial to the preparation and the forming of the homogeneous composite material.
A method for manufacturing a homogeneous composite material by laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing comprises the following specific steps:
(1) establishing a homogeneous composite material three-dimensional data model, slicing and layering the three-dimensional data model, and planning a laser scanning path;
(2) ball-milling and uniformly mixing titanium material powder and nitride ceramic powder to obtain mixed powder, placing the mixed powder into a powder feeder of laser near-net forming equipment, feeding the mixed powder out through a powder distributor and an annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle, scanning the mixed powder by the laser near-net forming equipment according to a laser scanning path, and forming a homogeneous composite material by the mixed powder through rapid melting and rapid solidification processes; or respectively placing titanium material powder and nitride ceramic powder in two powder feeders of laser near-net forming equipment, synchronously conveying the titanium material powder and the nitride ceramic powder to a powder mixer by the two powder feeders, uniformly mixing to obtain mixed powder, conveying the mixed powder out through a powder distributor and an annular laser coaxial powder-feeding nozzle, scanning the mixed powder by the laser near-net forming equipment according to a laser scanning path, and quickly melting and quickly solidifying the mixed powder to form a homogeneous composite material;
the particle size of the titanium powder in the step (2) is 50-200 μm, and the particle size of the ceramic powder is 20-100 μm;
the titanium powder in the step (2) is Ti or Ti6Al4V, and the ceramic powder is AlN powder, BN powder or Si3N4Pulverizing;
preferably, the purity of the titanium material powder is more than or equal to 99.9 percent, and the purity of the ceramic powder is more than or equal to 99.9 percent;
furthermore, the molar ratio of the titanium powder to the AlN powder is not less than 2, the molar ratio of the titanium powder to the BN powder is not less than 4, and the titanium powder and the Si powder are mixed3N4The mole ratio of the powder is not less than 9;
the laser wavelength in the step (2) is 10.6 mu m, the laser power is 2.0-10.0 kW, the laser scanning speed is 200-1500 mm/min, and the spot size is 0.5-6 mm; the lapping rate is 5-30%, and the protective atmosphere is one or two of nitrogen, argon and helium;
further, the flow rate of the protective atmosphere is 16-20L/h;
and (3) the powder feeder in the step (2) is a carrier gas type powder feeder.
The reaction formula involved in the invention comprises
2Ti+BN→TiB+TiN
4Ti+AlN→Ti3Al+TiN
9Ti+Si3N4→Ti5Si3+4TiN
If the raw material is titanium powder, the Ti element in the titanium powder is directly mixed with BN, AlN and Si3N4The above-mentioned in-situ chemical reaction occurs, and if the raw material is Ti6Al4V powder, only Ti element in the Ti6Al4V powder reacts with BN, AlN and Si, respectively3N4The same three in situ chemical reactions described above occur.
Principle of laser near net shape additive manufacturing homogeneous composite material: in the forming process, a large amount of heat released in the combustion chemical reaction of the titanium and ceramic mixed powder under the action of laser can be utilized to improve the heat input in the forming process, realize the effective melting of the powder in the laser forming process and reduce the defects of unfused powder, pores and the like, so that the composite material not only has excellent mechanical properties, but also has good surface quality. Meanwhile, the laser combustion chemical reaction is carried out in a limited space in the micro molten pool, and under the condition of rapid solidification, the element segregation phenomenon in the solidification process of the molten pool is avoided to the maximum extent, and the homogeneous composite material is formed.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) according to the laser near-net forming additive method, the titanium and ceramic mixed powder is subjected to combustion chemical reaction under the action of laser, so that the heat input of a molten pool in the laser preparation and forming processes is improved, the temperature field distribution in the molten pool is more uniform, and the defects of a composite material are reduced;
(2) the invention overcomes the problems of macrosegregation and microsegregation in the traditional composite material preparation and forming process, and obviously improves the comprehensive performance of the formed composite material;
(3) the laser combustion chemical reaction is carried out in a limited space in a micro molten pool, and under the condition of rapid solidification, the element segregation phenomenon in the solidification process of the molten pool is avoided to the maximum extent, and a homogeneous composite material is formed.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a powder feeding segment process for laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing of a homogeneous composite material according to example 1;
FIG. 2 is a microstructure topography of different areas of the titanium-based homogeneous composite of example 1 showing (a) a first layer of the composite, (b) a fourth layer of the composite;
FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram of a powder feeding segment for laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing of homogeneous composite materials according to examples 2 and 3;
FIG. 4 is a microstructure of different areas of the titanium-based homogeneous composite of example 2 showing (a) the first layer of the composite and (b) the fifth layer of the composite;
FIG. 5 is a microstructure of different areas of the titanium-based homogeneous composite of example 3 showing (a) the first layer of the composite and (b) the third layer of the composite.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the description.
Example 1: a method for manufacturing TiN and TiB reinforced titanium-based homogeneous composite material by laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing (see figure 1) comprises the following specific steps:
(1) establishing a three-dimensional data model of the TiN and TiB enhanced titanium-based homogeneous composite material, slicing and layering the three-dimensional data model by using slicing software, planning a laser scanning path and generating a laser scanning program;
(2) carrying out ball milling and uniform mixing on titanium material powder (Ti) and nitride ceramic powder (BN ceramic powder) to obtain mixed powder; wherein the purity of the titanium material powder (Ti) is more than or equal to 99.9 percent, the purity of the ceramic powder (BN ceramic powder) is more than or equal to 99.9 percent, and the molar ratio of the titanium material powder (Ti) to the BN powder is 5: 1;
(3) placing the mixed powder in a carrier gas type powder feeder of laser near-net forming equipment, starting the powder feeder and a laser, sending the mixed powder out through a powder divider and an annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle, scanning the mixed powder by the laser near-net forming equipment according to a laser scanning program of a laser scanning path, rapidly melting titanium material powder (Ti) and nitride ceramic powder (BN ceramic powder) in a limited space in a micro molten pool under the action of laser, carrying out combustion chemical reaction, discharging large amount of heat, and rapidly solidifying to avoid the element segregation phenomenon in the solidification process of the molten pool, thereby forming the titanium-based homogeneous composite material containing TiN and TiB reinforcing phases; wherein the laser wavelength is 10.6 μm, the laser power is 3.0kW, the laser scanning speed is 500mm/min, the spot size is 4mm, the overlapping rate is 20%, the protective atmosphere is a mixed protective gas of nitrogen and argon, and the flow rate of the mixed protective gas is 20L/h;
the microstructure and morphology of different areas of the titanium-based homogeneous composite material of the embodiment are shown in fig. 2, and it can be seen from fig. 2 that different areas of the composite material are randomly sampled, the microstructure and morphology of the first layer and the fourth layer are consistent, and the reinforcing phases are fine TiN particles and acicular TiB reinforcing phases.
Example 2: laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing TiN and Ti3The method for Al-reinforced titanium-based homogeneous composite material (see figure 3) comprises the following specific steps:
(1) establishment of TiN and Ti3Slicing and layering the three-dimensional data model by using slicing software, planning a laser scanning path and generating a laser scanning program;
(2) respectively placing titanium material powder (Ti) and nitride ceramic powder (AlN ceramic powder) in two carrier gas type powder feeders of laser near-net forming equipment; wherein the purity of the titanium material powder (Ti) is more than or equal to 99.9 percent, the purity of the ceramic powder (AlN ceramic powder) is more than or equal to 99.9 percent, and the molar ratio of the titanium material powder (Ti) to the AlN powder is 3: 1;
(3) starting the powder feeder and the laser, synchronously conveying titanium powder (Ti) and nitride ceramic powder (AlN ceramic powder) to the powder mixer by the two powder feeders to be uniformly mixed to obtain mixed powder, sending the mixed powder out by the powder divider and the annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle, scanning the mixed powder by the laser near-net forming equipment according to a laser scanning program of a laser scanning path, rapidly melting the titanium powder (Ti) and the nitride ceramic powder (AlN ceramic powder) in a limited space in a micro molten pool under the action of laser and generating combustion chemical reaction, discharging large amount of heat, rapidly solidifying and avoiding the element segregation phenomenon in the solidification process of the molten pool, and forming the powder containing TiN and Ti3Titanium-based homogeneous composite material of Al reinforcing phase; wherein the laser wavelength is 10.6 μm, the laser power is 4.0kW, the laser scanning speed is 400mm/min, the spot size is 5mm, the overlapping rate is 10%, the protective atmosphere is a mixed protective gas of nitrogen and argon, and the flow rate of the mixed protective gas is 16L/h;
the microstructure and morphology of different areas of the titanium-based homogeneous composite material of the embodiment are shown in fig. 4, and as can be seen from fig. 4, different areas of the composite material are randomly sampled, the microstructure and morphology obtained from the first layer and the fifth layer are consistent, and the reinforcing phase contains a large amount of spheroidal TiN.
Example 3: laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing TiN and Ti5Si3Method for reinforcing titanium-based homogeneous composite material (see fig. 3), in particularThe method comprises the following steps:
(1) establishment of TiN and Ti5Si3Enhancing a three-dimensional data model of the titanium-based homogeneous composite material, slicing and layering the three-dimensional data model by using slicing software, planning a laser scanning path and generating a laser scanning program;
(2) mixing titanium powder (Ti) and nitride ceramic powder (Si)3N4Ceramic powder) are respectively arranged in two carrier gas type powder feeders of laser near-net forming equipment; wherein the purity of the titanium material powder (Ti) is more than or equal to 99.9 percent, and the ceramic powder (Si)3N4Ceramic powder) with purity not less than 99.9%, titanium powder (Ti) and Si3N4The molar ratio of the powder is 9: 1;
(3) starting the powder feeder and the laser, and synchronously conveying titanium material powder (Ti) and nitride ceramic powder (Si) by the two powder feeders3N4Ceramic powder) to a powder mixer to obtain mixed powder, the mixed powder passes through a powder divider and is sent out by an annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle, and meanwhile, laser near-net forming equipment scans the mixed powder, titanium powder (Ti) and nitride ceramic powder (Si) according to a laser scanning program of a laser scanning path3N4Ceramic powder) is quickly melted in a limited space in a micro molten pool under the action of laser and generates combustion chemical reaction, and the discharged large amount of heat is quickly solidified to avoid the element segregation phenomenon in the solidification process of the molten pool, so that the molten pool containing TiN and Ti is formed5Si3A titanium-based homogeneous composite of a reinforcing phase; wherein the laser wavelength is 10.6 μm, the laser power is 5.0kW, the laser scanning speed is 600mm/min, the spot size is 3mm, the overlapping rate is 30%, the protective atmosphere is a mixed protective gas of nitrogen and argon, and the flow rate of the mixed protective gas is 20L/h;
the microstructure and morphology of different areas of the titanium-based homogeneous composite material of this example are shown in FIG. 5. As can be seen from FIG. 5, random sampling was performed on different areas of the composite material, the microstructure and morphology obtained from the first and third layers were consistent, and the reinforcing phases were all spherical or spheroidal TiN and irregular Ti5Si3And (4) a reinforcing phase.
Claims (7)
1. A method for manufacturing a homogeneous composite material by laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
(1) establishing a homogeneous composite material three-dimensional data model, slicing and layering the three-dimensional data model, and planning a laser scanning path;
(2) ball-milling and uniformly mixing titanium material powder and nitride ceramic powder to obtain mixed powder, placing the mixed powder into a powder feeder of laser near-net forming equipment, feeding the mixed powder out through a powder divider and an annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle, scanning the mixed powder by the laser near-net forming equipment according to a laser scanning path, and forming a homogeneous composite material by the mixed powder through rapid melting and rapid solidification processes; or the titanium material powder and the nitride ceramic powder are respectively placed in two powder feeders of the laser near-net forming equipment, the two powder feeders synchronously convey the titanium material powder and the nitride ceramic powder to a powder mixer to be uniformly mixed to obtain mixed powder, the mixed powder is sent out through a powder distributor and an annular laser coaxial powder feeding nozzle, meanwhile, the laser near-net forming equipment scans the mixed powder according to a laser scanning path, and the mixed powder is rapidly melted and rapidly solidified to form the homogeneous composite material.
2. The method of laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing a homogeneous composite material of claim 1, wherein: the particle size of the titanium powder in the step (2) is 50-200 μm, and the particle size of the ceramic powder is 20-100 μm.
3. The method of laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing of a homogeneous composite material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the titanium powder in the step (2) is Ti or Ti6Al4V, and the ceramic powder is AlN powder, BN powder or Si3N4And (3) pulverizing.
4. The method of laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing a homogeneous composite material of claim 3, wherein: the molar ratio of the titanium powder to the AlN powder is not less than 2, the molar ratio of the titanium powder to the BN powder is not less than 4, and the titanium powder and the Si powder3N4The molar ratio of the powder is not less than 9.
5. The method of laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing a homogeneous composite material of claim 1, wherein: the laser wavelength in the step (2) is 10.6 microns, the laser power is 2.0-10.0 kW, the laser scanning speed is 200-1500 mm/min, and the spot size is 0.5-6 mm; the lapping rate is 5-30%, and the protective atmosphere is one or two of nitrogen, argon and helium.
6. The method of laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing a homogeneous composite material of claim 5, wherein: the flow rate of the protective atmosphere is 16-20L/h.
7. The method of laser near-net-shape additive manufacturing a homogeneous composite material of claim 1, wherein: and (3) the powder feeder in the step (2) is a carrier gas type powder feeder.
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