CN111903842B - Preparation method of sea-buckthorn branch feed - Google Patents
Preparation method of sea-buckthorn branch feed Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of sea-buckthorn branch feed. The method comprises the following steps: a. crushing sea-buckthorn branches: drying the sea-buckthorn, removing leaves, crushing and sieving the sea-buckthorn branches to obtain crushed sea-buckthorn branches; b. steam explosion: filling the crushed sea-buckthorn branches into a steam explosion device, and performing steam explosion treatment to obtain steam exploded sea-buckthorn branches; c. alkalization of calcium oxide: adjusting the water content of the branches and the trunks of the steam exploded sea buckthorn to be proper, then adding calcium oxide, uniformly mixing, compacting, sealing and storing. The method is mainly suitable for processing and storing fibrous materials such as branches and trunks of fructus Hippophae. The sea-buckthorn branch feed processed by the method is soft in texture, the enzymolysis digestibility and the saccharification yield are greatly improved, and the feed is alkalescent high-calcium feed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of feed processing, and particularly relates to a preparation method of sea buckthorn branch feed.
Background
The sea-buckthorn is widely used as an ecological restoration and desert greening tree species due to the characteristics of strong stress resistance, drought tolerance, salt and alkali tolerance and the like. The sea-buckthorn is widely distributed, the biomass of the overground part is large, the yield of waste generated by regular stumping and rejuvenation is huge, and the waste is urgently needed to be properly treated; meanwhile, the shortage of forage grass resources is an important factor for restricting the high-efficiency sustainable development of modern animal husbandry, and if the branches and stems of the sea-buckthorn are processed and utilized in a forage mode, the important measure of changing waste into valuable is realized.
The lignification degree of the branches and the trunks of the sea buckthorn is high, the content of lignin exceeds 20 percent, the total content of lignocellulose is about 85 percent, the texture is hard and solid, and the sea buckthorn is difficult to be eaten and utilized by animals. Therefore, the destruction of the physical and chemical structure of lignocellulose is the first problem of the utilization of sea-buckthorn branches and trunks as feed.
The methods for processing roughage can be roughly divided into physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods. At present, a single processing method is difficult to achieve a relatively ideal treatment effect, and the problems of limited promotion effect, large environmental pollution risk, low economic feasibility and the like generally exist. Therefore, various processing methods are combined, processing technologies are reasonably configured, and an economical, feasible and environment-friendly coarse feed processing scheme is explored.
Steam explosion technology (steam explosion) is a green biomass processing method, can efficiently destroy the morphological structure of lignocellulose through high-temperature high-pressure cooking and instant spray explosion, greatly degrade hemicellulose, obviously improve the utilization rate of lignocellulose materials, and is fully proved and applied in the fields of biomass energy, pulping industry, industrial materials and the like, but the influence of steam explosion processing on the structure and the content of lignin is very limited. Meanwhile, the alkalization treatment can cut off ester bonds, ether bonds and hydrogen bonds, destroy the lignin structure, expand the lignocellulose structure, reduce the resistance of raw materials and improve the biotransformation efficiency of the lignocellulose material, and is a common lignin removal method. Compared with alkaline reagents such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like, the calcium oxide is cheaper in price and safer to use, and the calcium oxide alkalization technology is already applied and popularized in the crop straw feed utilization. However, the application of the combined steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization technology to feed processing has not been reported so far.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in feed utilization of branches and trunks of seabuckthorn in the prior art, provides a preparation method of feed for branches and trunks of seabuckthorn, and provides a steam explosion and calcium oxide alkalization combined feed processing method which can efficiently destroy the physicochemical structure of the branches and trunks of seabuckthorn and greatly improve the feed utilization value of the branches and trunks of seabuckthorn. The combined processing method of the feed for the branches and the trunks of the sea-buckthorn comprises the steps of primarily cutting and crushing the branches and the trunks of the sea-buckthorn by using a wood crusher, uniformly mixing the obtained material with a certain amount of calcium oxide after the steam explosion processing, and then compacting, sealing and storing, so that the feeding value of the branches and the trunks of the sea-buckthorn is greatly improved and the sea-buckthorn can be stored for a long time.
The preparation method of the sea-buckthorn branch feed comprises the following steps:
a. crushing sea-buckthorn branches: drying sea-buckthorn, removing leaves, pulverizing and sieving sea-buckthorn branches to obtain pulverized sea-buckthorn branches;
b. steam explosion: filling the crushed sea-buckthorn branches into a steam explosion device, and performing steam explosion treatment to obtain steam exploded sea-buckthorn branches;
c. alkalizing calcium oxide: adjusting the water content of the branches and the trunks of the steam exploded sea buckthorn to be proper, then adding calcium oxide, uniformly mixing, compacting, sealing and storing.
Preferably, the sieving in step a is a 2cm sieve.
Preferably, the crushing in the step a is performed by using a T-420 wood crusher.
Preferably, the dry matter content of the crushed sea buckthorn branches is 90.05%.
Preferably, the volume of the steam explosion device in the step b is 5L, and the maximum pressure is 4.0MPa.
Preferably, the steam explosion treatment in the step b specifically comprises the following conditions: the pressure is 1.5MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 20min.
Preferably, in the step c, water is added to saturate the water content of the branches of the steam exploded sea-buckthorn, then calcium oxide is added according to 2% of the total mass of the branches of the steam exploded sea-buckthorn after water is added, the mixture is uniformly mixed, and the mixture is compacted, sealed and stored for at least 90 days. In the step, the water content of the branches and the trunks of the steam exploded sea-buckthorn is as maximum as possible, but free water cannot flow out, so that the rehydration of the material is close to a saturated state, and the high water content is favorable for alkalization.
Preferably, in the step c, water is added to adjust the water content of the steam exploded sea buckthorn branches to 65%.
The method is suitable for the feed processing and storage of the sea-buckthorn branches and is also suitable for the feed processing and utilization of other lignocellulose raw materials.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the sea-buckthorn branch and stem feed obtained by the method through the steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization combined technology is soft in texture, almost 80% of hemicellulose is degraded, the enzymolysis saccharification yield is greatly improved (the yield of water-soluble carbohydrate WSC is 66.01mg/g DM which is untreated, and is 333.50mg/g DM which is treated), and the feeding value is obviously improved. The method can change the forestry byproducts into valuables, integrates feed processing and storage, is green and environment-friendly, is economical and feasible, and can produce alkalescent high-calcium coarse feed.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a scanning electron microscope (3000 x) before and after steam explosion processing of the branches of seabuckthorn, the physical structure of the branches of seabuckthorn can be obviously changed by the steam explosion method, and the smooth and hard surface becomes fluffy and crumbles, so that the surface area of the material is increased, compared with the untreated raw material of the branches of seabuckthorn when the branches of seabuckthorn are processed under the conditions of 1.5MPa and the pressure maintaining time of 20min.
FIG. 2 shows the lignocellulose component content before and after steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization combined Treatment of sea buckthorn branches, wherein Control is the sea buckthorn branch raw material, treatment is the steam explosion sea buckthorn branches treated under the conditions of pressure of 1.5MPa and pressure holding time of 20min and is added with 2% calcium oxide; the treatment method can greatly reduce the content of Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) of the branches and the trunks of the sea buckthorn, and degrade nearly 80 percent of Hemicellulose (HC).
FIG. 3 is a cellulose enzymolysis dynamic curve before and after steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization combined Treatment of sea buckthorn branches, wherein Control is a sea buckthorn branch raw material, and Treatment is steam explosion sea buckthorn branches treated under the conditions of pressure of 1.5MPa and pressure maintaining time of 20min and added with 2% calcium oxide; the treatment method can obviously improve the enzymolysis rate and the saccharification yield of the sea buckthorn branches (WSC yield of water-soluble carbohydrate: 66.01vs 333.50mg/g DM).
Fig. 4 shows the influence of different steam explosion processing parameters on the surface structure of the sea buckthorn branches (SEM 3000 ×), wherein the names and serial numbers marked in the figure correspond to those in table 2.
FIG. 5 is the influence of steam explosion processing and alkalization of calcium oxide with different contents on the cumulative yield of WSC (white sea buckthorn) branch and stem in vitro enzymolysis and saccharification; RM: seabuckthorn branch and stem raw materials, SE: steam exploded sea-buckthorn branches, WSC: a water-soluble carbohydrate.
Detailed Description
The following examples are further illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.
Example 1: influence of different processing parameter combinations on physicochemical properties of branches and trunks of steam exploded sea buckthorn
(1) Preparing crushed sea-buckthorn branches:
the stumped whole plant sea-buckthorn is naturally aired and dried (the dry matter content is about 90 percent), the branches and leaves are separated and the leaves are removed, then the branches and the trunks of the sea-buckthorn are crushed by a T-420 wood crusher (Guangzhou folk Toyof agricultural machinery Co., ltd.) and are sieved by a 2cm sieve, and the crushed branches and trunks of the sea-buckthorn (the dry matter content is 90.05 percent) are obtained.
(2) Steam explosion processing of sea-buckthorn branches:
processing the crushed sea-buckthorn branch raw material obtained in the step (1) by using a special steam explosion device (a BL-08 type laboratory movable blaster independently designed by a national key laboratory of pulping and papermaking engineering of southern China university, two tanks are arranged in parallel, each tank has a volume of 5L, and the maximum pressure is 4.0 MPa), mainly considering the influences of factors such as pressure, pressure maintaining time, water content of the raw material and the like, specifically combining steam explosion processing parameters as shown in the table 1, performing three-time repeated (one is used for repeatedly processing 1000g of raw material every time) processing tests on each processing combination, and respectively sampling and analyzing the processing combinations. The lignocellulose component content of the crushed sea-buckthorn branch raw material which is not subjected to any steam explosion processing is measured by referring to the steam explosion processing parameter combination with the corresponding number in the table 1, and the corresponding result is shown in the table 2.
Analyzing the processing effect: the test results show that the morphological structure (figure 4) and the lignocellulose component (table 2) of the branches and the stems of the steam exploded sea-buckthorn obtained under the condition of various steam explosion parameter combinations are greatly different. Under the same pressure condition, the longer the pressure maintaining time is, the larger the damage degree of the surface structure of the sea buckthorn branches is, the larger the degradation amount of Hemicellulose (HC) and the yield of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) are, and the lower the pH value of the steam exploded material is; under the same pressure maintaining time condition, the larger the steam explosion pressure, the larger the damage degree of the surface structure of the sea buckthorn branches and trunks, the larger the degradation amount of hemicellulose and the yield of water-soluble carbohydrate, and the lower the pH value of the steam explosion material. As can be seen from fig. 4, the surface structure of the branches and stems of steam exploded seabuckthorn obtained by processing under the conditions of pressure of 1.5MPa and pressure holding time of 20min and raw material dry matter content of 90.05% and no addition of calcium oxide impregnation (corresponding to serial number 5 in table 1, table 2 and fig. 4, fig. 1 is a detail high-definition diagram), is damaged most obviously, and as can be seen from table 2, the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose (degradation rate is close to 80%) of the feed for the branches and stems of steam exploded seabuckthorn is lowest (fig. 2) and the water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content is highest and reaches 3.70% (table 2 and fig. 3). In addition, the high water content of the raw materials and the calcium oxide impregnation have no positive influence on the steam explosion processing effect. Comprehensively comparing the physical and chemical structural characteristics of the sea-buckthorn branches after being processed by different processing parameters, and finally selecting the pressure of 1.5MPa and the pressure maintaining time of 20min as the optimal steam explosion processing parameter combination without carrying out rehydration treatment and adding calcium oxide on the raw materials.
TABLE 1 steam explosion processing parameter combinations
Remarking: r is 0 ＝t*exp((T-100)/14.75)
TABLE 2 influence of different steam explosion processing parameters on the content of lignocellulose component in branches and trunks of seabuckthorn
Remarking: NDF: neutral washing the fiber; ADF: acid washing of the fibers; ADL: acid washing of lignin; WSC: a water-soluble carbohydrate.
Example 2: influence of different calcium oxide addition levels on storage characteristics of steam exploded sea buckthorn branches and trunks
(1) Steam explosion processing of sea-buckthorn branches:
the crushed sea-buckthorn branches (dry matter content is 90.05%) prepared in the step (1) of the embodiment 1 are put into a steam explosion device, and steam explosion processing is carried out according to the optimal steam explosion processing parameters (pressure intensity is 1.5MPa, pressure maintaining time is 20min, no preimpregnation and no additive are adopted), so that the steam explosion sea-buckthorn branches are obtained.
(2) Alkalizing branches and trunks of steam exploded sea buckthorn:
adding water to adjust the water content of the branches and the trunks of the steam exploded sea-buckthorn to 65 percent (close to saturation), then adding calcium oxide according to different mass proportions (0 percent, 2 percent and 4 percent) of the total mass of the wet materials, uniformly stirring, finally bagging, compacting, sealing and storing at room temperature for 3 months (corresponding to the steam exploded materials in the tables 3 and 4). For comparison, water was added to the ground sea buckthorn branches (dry matter content 90.05%) prepared in step (1) of example 1 to adjust the water content to 65%, then calcium oxide was added in different mass proportions (0, 2, 4%), the mixture was stirred uniformly, and finally the mixture was bagged, compacted and sealed, and stored at room temperature for 3 months (corresponding to the raw materials in tables 3 and 4). The indexes related to the anaerobic storage characteristics of the treated sea buckthorn branches are measured, and the results are shown in table 3; the lignocellulose components of the treated branches and trunks of hippophae rhamnoides were measured, and the results are shown in table 4 (in tables 3 and 4, a P value of <0.05 indicates a significant difference, and a P value of <0.01 indicates a very significant difference). Performing in vitro enzymolysis saccharification dynamic analysis on the treated sea buckthorn branches and trunks by using cellulose hydrolysis complex enzyme solution SAE0020 (Sigma, with the enzyme activity of 120 FPU/mL) and beta-glucosidase (from bitter almond, with the enzyme activity of 30 CBU/mg): the solid-to-liquid ratio is 5%, the buffer solution is citric acid-sodium citrate solution (pH 4.8), the enzyme concentration is 20FPU/g and 15CBU/g substrate, the rotation speed of a shaking table is set to be 180r/min, the temperature is 50 ℃, the accumulated water-soluble carbohydrate yield of different time points (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h) is measured by regular sampling, and an enzymolysis saccharification curve is drawn, and the result is shown in figure 5.
Analyzing the processing effect: test results show that the calcium oxide alkalization improves the pH value of the sea buckthorn branches (shown in table 3), reduces the content of ammonia nitrogen, but does not inhibit the generation of organic acid and does not generate mildew phenomenon, and the calcium oxide anaerobic alkalization can be stored for a long time; after steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization, the cellulose and hemicellulose contents of the sea buckthorn branches (table 4) are obviously reduced, and nearly 80% of half fibers are degraded. As can be seen from fig. 5, compared with the raw material and the single treatment (steam explosion or calcium oxide alkalization), the enzymatic saccharification rate and yield of the sea buckthorn branches after steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization are significantly improved, wherein the effect of the 2% addition amount of calcium oxide is almost equivalent to that of the 4% addition amount, and therefore, the appropriate addition amount of calcium oxide is considered to be 2%.
In conclusion, after the branches and the stems of the sea buckthorn are subjected to steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization, the physical structure and the component content of lignocellulose are obviously changed, the branches and the stems of the sea buckthorn are in a tan filament shape, the half fiber content is reduced by nearly 80%, the yield of water-soluble carbohydrates is increased by nearly 4 times after 72h in-vitro enzymolysis and saccharification (as shown in figure 3, the raw material of the branches and the stems of the sea buckthorn is 66.01mg/g DM, and the raw material of the branches and the stems of the sea buckthorn subjected to steam explosion and 2% calcium oxide treatment is 333.50mg/g DM), so that the feeding value of the branches and the stems of the sea buckthorn is greatly improved.
TABLE 3 influence of steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization on the anaerobic storage characteristics of the branches and trunks of Hippophae rhamnoides
TABLE 4 influence of steam explosion processing and calcium oxide alkalization on the lignocellulosic composition of branches and trunks of Hippophae rhamnoides
Claims (4)
1. The preparation method of the sea-buckthorn branch feed is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a. crushing sea-buckthorn branches: drying the sea-buckthorn, removing leaves, crushing and sieving the sea-buckthorn branches to obtain crushed sea-buckthorn branches;
b. steam explosion: filling the crushed sea-buckthorn branches into a steam explosion device, and performing steam explosion treatment to obtain steam exploded sea-buckthorn branches; the volume of the steam explosion device is 5L, and the maximum pressure is 4.0Mpa; the steam explosion treatment conditions are as follows: the pressure is 1.5MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 20min;
c. alkalization of calcium oxide: adding water to adjust the water content of the branches of the steam exploded seabuckthorn to 65%, then adding calcium oxide according to 2% of the total mass of the branches of the steam exploded seabuckthorn after adding water, uniformly mixing, compacting, sealing and storing for at least 90 days.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step a is a 2cm sieve.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pulverizing of step a is performed by a T-420 wood pulverizer.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dried material content of the pulverized branches and trunks of seabuckthorn is 90.05%.
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| CA2615904A1 (en) * | 1992-08-06 | 1994-02-17 | The Texas A&M University System | Methods of biomass pretreatment |
| WO2002037981A2 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2002-05-16 | Michigan Biotechnology Institute | Physical-chemical treatment of lignin containing biomass |
| CN103330058A (en) * | 2013-07-18 | 2013-10-02 | 申大军 | Fodder and fabrication method thereof |
| CN107616297A (en) * | 2017-09-26 | 2018-01-23 | 天津科技大学 | A kind of method of stalk fermentation production biological feedstuff |
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