CN111866066B - Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS - Google Patents
Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS Download PDFInfo
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- CN111866066B CN111866066B CN202010498324.8A CN202010498324A CN111866066B CN 111866066 B CN111866066 B CN 111866066B CN 202010498324 A CN202010498324 A CN 202010498324A CN 111866066 B CN111866066 B CN 111866066B
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- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000006855 networking Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/12—Protocols specially adapted for proprietary or special-purpose networking environments, e.g. medical networks, sensor networks, networks in vehicles or remote metering networks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
- G06F18/20—Analysing
- G06F18/23—Clustering techniques
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/321—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving a third party or a trusted authority
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
- H04L9/3263—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving certificates, e.g. public key certificate [PKC] or attribute certificate [AC]; Public key infrastructure [PKI] arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/50—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols using hash chains, e.g. blockchains or hash trees
Abstract
The invention provides a DPoS-based internet of vehicles consensus algorithm, which comprises the following steps: s1, a certificate management mechanism determines road side unit cluster members managed by an algorithm through expert experience and a clustering algorithm; s2, randomly selecting a block producer from the road side unit cluster and verifying by cluster members and a certificate management mechanism; s3, the block producer issues new blocks, wherein the number of the new blocks is equal to the number of the block producer; s4, verifying new block message content by the cluster member; s5, broadcasting the block, and restarting the algorithm after the preset time. The invention realizes the combination of the DPoS technology and the clustering technology, adds the third party authentication in the blockchain technology, realizes the automatic and high-scalability blockchain application, and simultaneously meets the requirements of the Internet of vehicles on the blockchain safety.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of Internet of vehicles, in particular to an Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS.
Background
Blockchains are considered a potential technology to enhance the security, efficiency and robustness of the internet of vehicles. However, current blockchain algorithms do not meet the automation and scalability requirements of the vehicle network. Throughput is used as a scalability parameter, and the throughput of the blockchain is affected by the network bandwidth. For example, the ethernet throughput is 10-30 transactions/second and the EOS throughput is 4000 transactions/second, while more than 4900 ten thousand cars were produced by the car manufacturer in 2016. It can be seen that a single blockchain may not meet the needs of the internet of vehicles at present, so increasing the number of blockchains is considered as a potential method of improving scalability.
The delegate rights certification (DPoS) consensus algorithm may protect the blockchain from centralized and malicious attacks through voting and election procedures. DPoS has made a balance between scalability and centralization, and researchers have made research into randomizing DPoS. However, considering the high mobility and regionality of automobiles and the influence of computational performance and network bandwidth on single blockchains, how to design an automatic multi-blockchain algorithm meeting the demands of the internet of vehicles is a problem to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems, provides a vehicle networking consensus algorithm based on DPoS, realizes the combination of a DPoS technology and a clustering technology, adds a third party authentication in a blockchain technology, realizes the automatic and high-scalability blockchain application, and simultaneously meets the requirements of the vehicle networking on the blockchain safety.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a DPoS-based internet of vehicles consensus algorithm, comprising the steps of: s1, a certificate management mechanism determines road side unit cluster members managed by an algorithm through expert experience and a clustering algorithm; s2, randomly selecting a block producer from the road side unit cluster and verifying by cluster members and a certificate management mechanism; s3, the block producer issues new blocks, wherein the number of the new blocks is equal to the number of the block producers; s4, verifying new block message content by the cluster member; s5, broadcasting the block, and restarting the algorithm after the preset time.
The step S1 includes: the certificate management organization divides the road side units into a plurality of different major classes according to expert experience and regional management requirements; dividing the major class into a plurality of different road side unit clusters according to geographic positions through a clustering algorithm; and adjusting members of each road side unit cluster according to expert experience.
The step S2 includes: when the time is within the set time period, starting to select a block producer; if no block producer exists, the certificate management mechanism opens rights and interests related data and randomly selects the producer; if there is a block producer, the block producer acquires rights and interests related data from the certificate authority and randomly selects the producer; voting by the rest rights and interests relatives, and verifying again by the certificate authority when the number of votes is more than 2/3; if successful, successfully selecting a new block producer; if the algorithm is restarted after the failure in the set time period, the error is reported after the timeout.
In the step S4, a verification sequence is generated by the certificate authority and sent to the ownership and benefit relator, and when a new block is issued, the ownership and benefit relator determined by the verification sequence in the members in the cluster verifies the new block.
The application of the Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm in the Internet of vehicles comprises the following steps: a, a vehicle sends information to the Internet of vehicles and obtains feedback; b, processing corresponding feedback through a road side unit in the Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm and recording the feedback into a block chain; and C, other road side units acquire information from the block chain.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS realizes the combination of the DPoS technology and the clustering technology, adds the third party authentication in the blockchain technology, realizes the automatic and high-scalability blockchain application, and simultaneously meets the requirement of the Internet of vehicles on the blockchain safety.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a vehicle networking;
fig. 2 is a flowchart of a DPoS-based internet of vehicles consensus algorithm according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an application of a internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS added to the internet of vehicles according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic flow chart of a vehicle according to an embodiment of the invention sending information to the internet of vehicles and obtaining feedback.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the current internet of vehicles generally has four layers, three layers for service providers and one layer for users, including: 1. vehicle: the vehicle applies for the electronic certificate from the service provider, then sends a message, feeds back a false message and the like; 2. road side unit: the road side unit receives the information of the vehicle and the electronic certificate application and forwards the information and the electronic certificate application to the security manager; 3. security administrator: the certificate management organization (authentication center) is in the top layer controller network, and forwards the message to the certificate management organization after the security administrator verifies the message; 4. certificate authorities: the certificate authority issues an electronic certificate or authentication message and returns the message to the vehicle.
As shown in fig. 2, the internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS according to the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
s1, a certificate management organization determines the road side unit cluster members managed by the algorithm through expert experience and a clustering algorithm.
S2, randomly selecting a block producer from the road side unit cluster and verifying by cluster members and a certificate management organization.
S3, the block producer issues new blocks, wherein the number of the new blocks is equal to the number of the block producers.
S4, verifying the new block message content by the cluster member.
S5, broadcasting the block, and restarting the algorithm after the preset time.
In one embodiment of the present invention, step S1 specifically includes: the certificate management mechanism divides the road side units into a plurality of different major classes according to expert experience and regional management requirements; dividing the major class into a plurality of different road side unit clusters according to geographic positions (Euclidean distance) through a clustering algorithm such as K-means and the like; and adjusting members of each road side unit cluster according to expert experience. Different blockchains can be placed in different clusters, and thus the requirements of different vehicle network applications can be met by adjusting the size and delay of the clusters.
In one embodiment of the present invention, step S2 specifically includes: when the time is within the set time period, starting to select a block producer; if no block producer exists, the certificate management mechanism opens rights and interests related data and randomly selects the producer; if there is a block producer, the block producer acquires rights and interests related data from the certificate authority and randomly selects the producer; voting by the rest rights and interests relatives, and verifying again by the certificate authority when the number of votes is more than 2/3; if successful, successfully selecting a new block producer; if the algorithm is restarted after the failure in the set time period, the error is reported after the timeout.
Since consensus is done automatically, ownership of the new block need not be verified by the stakeholder. Thus, in step S4, a verification sequence may be generated by the certificate authority and sent to the ownership and benefit relator, and when a new block is issued, the ownership and benefit relator in the cluster member determined by the verification sequence verifies the new block.
Referring to fig. 3, the steps of applying the internet of vehicles consensus algorithm in the internet of vehicles according to the embodiment of the present invention are as follows:
and A, the vehicle sends the information to the Internet of vehicles and obtains feedback.
And B, processing corresponding feedback through a road side unit in the Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm and recording the feedback into a block chain.
And C, other road side units acquire information from the block chain.
As shown in fig. 4, the step a specifically includes:
(1) Applying for electronic certificates: the user has a pair of public key and private key, and the user uses public key and vehicle information to apply for electronic certificate to car networking. The electronic certificate is used as the identity of the user, so that the privacy of the user can be protected, and meanwhile, some network attacks can be prevented.
(2) Upload message or feedback message: in the road situation, the vehicle uses the electronic certificate as an identification to send a message or feeds back an error message.
(3) After a period of time, the certificate authority removes the electronic certificate. Alternatively, the certificate authority discovers the attacker and removes the attacker's electronic credentials.
Unlike current internet of vehicles, messages are shared within a cluster after a roadside unit receives the messages. The need for a blockchain to delay messages can be reduced.
The pseudo code of the Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS in one specific embodiment of the invention is as follows:
algorithm 1 improved delegated rights-proving consensus algorithm
Input: time, S rights correlators: RSU (S), authentication center CA.
And (3) outputting: block producer, leader.
a) if (preset time 1< time < preset time 2)// block replacement producer at a prescribed time
b) RSU (S) =request (RSU, CA)// the current block producer obtains the roadside unit cluster data from the certificate authority.
c) leader=random select (RSU (S))
d) if (volt)// as shown in algorithm 2
return select (leader)/elect success
else
MDPoS (time)/repeat Algorithm 1 and enter new time
e) else if (time > preset time 2)
Return Error// timeout reporting Error to certificate authority
Algorithm 2 voting scheme (Vote)
Input: voting results of the next block producer leader, RSU (S) and CA.
And (3) outputting: voting results (True or False).
a) Counter=0
b)For i＝1:S
If(RSU(i)verify leader＝True)
Counter + for
Else
Pass
c) If (counter > =s 2/3)
If (authentication center verify leader=true)
Return True// certificate authority determination results
Else:
Return False
The major improvements over current DPoS algorithms include: 1. the member information in the cluster is divided by a certificate management mechanism; 2. the voting of the DPoS is converted into random selection and automatic authentication.
According to the Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on the DPoS, the combination of the DPoS technology and the clustering technology is realized, the third party authentication is added in the blockchain technology, the automation and high-scalability blockchain application is realized, and meanwhile, the requirement of the Internet of vehicles on the blockchain safety is met.
In the description of the present invention, the meaning of "a plurality" is two or more, unless explicitly defined otherwise.
In the present invention, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communicated with the inside of two elements or the interaction relationship of the two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
In the present invention, unless expressly stated or limited otherwise, a first feature "up" or "down" a second feature may be the first and second features in direct contact, or the first and second features in indirect contact via an intervening medium. Moreover, a first feature being "above," "over" and "on" a second feature may be a first feature being directly above or obliquely above the second feature, or simply indicating that the first feature is level higher than the second feature. The first feature being "under", "below" and "beneath" the second feature may be the first feature being directly under or obliquely below the second feature, or simply indicating that the first feature is less level than the second feature.
In the description of the present specification, a description referring to terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms are not necessarily for the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, the different embodiments or examples described in this specification and the features of the different embodiments or examples may be combined and combined by those skilled in the art without contradiction.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (3)
1. The Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, a certificate management mechanism determines road side unit cluster members managed by an algorithm through expert experience and a clustering algorithm;
s2, randomly selecting a block producer from the road side unit cluster and verifying by cluster members and a certificate management mechanism;
s3, the block producer issues new blocks, wherein the number of the new blocks is equal to the number of the block producers;
s4, verifying new block message content by the cluster member;
s5, broadcasting the block, restarting the algorithm after the preset time,
the step S1 includes: the certificate management organization divides the road side units into a plurality of different major classes according to expert experience and regional management requirements; dividing the major class into a plurality of different road side unit clusters according to geographic positions through a clustering algorithm; the members of each of the clusters of roadside units are adjusted based on expert experience,
the step S2 includes: when the time is within the set time period, starting to select a block producer; if no block producer exists, the certificate management mechanism opens rights and interests related data and randomly selects the producer; if there is a block producer, the block producer acquires rights and interests related data from the certificate authority and randomly selects the producer; voting by the rest rights and interests relatives, and verifying again by the certificate authority when the number of votes is more than 2/3; if successful, successfully selecting a new block producer; if the algorithm is restarted after the failure in the set time period, the error is reported after the timeout.
2. The DPoS-based internet of vehicles consensus algorithm according to claim 1, wherein in step S4, a verification sequence is generated by a certificate authority and sent to an ownership interest correlator, and when a new block is issued, the ownership interest correlator determined by the verification sequence in the members in the cluster verifies the new block.
3. The internet of vehicles consensus algorithm based on DPoS according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by the step of applying the internet of vehicles consensus algorithm in the internet of vehicles as follows:
a, a vehicle sends information to the Internet of vehicles and obtains feedback;
b, processing corresponding feedback through a road side unit in the Internet of vehicles consensus algorithm and recording the feedback into a block chain;
and C, other road side units acquire information from the block chain.
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