CN111817342A - 一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统 - Google Patents

一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统 Download PDF

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CN111817342A
CN111817342A CN202010591354.3A CN202010591354A CN111817342A CN 111817342 A CN111817342 A CN 111817342A CN 202010591354 A CN202010591354 A CN 202010591354A CN 111817342 A CN111817342 A CN 111817342A
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storage battery
power
electric
alternating current
battery
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CN111817342B (zh
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桑英军
孙大海
张英杰
张硕
彭槺
程大剑
丁梓振
范媛媛
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Dragon Totem Technology Hefei Co ltd
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Huaiyin Institute of Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/30—Constructional details of charging stations
    • B60L53/31—Charging columns specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B60L53/51—Photovoltaic means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60—Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00002—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by monitoring
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
    • H02J13/0001—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using modification of a parameter of the network power signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00022—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using wireless data transmission
    • H02J13/00026—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using wireless data transmission involving a local wireless network, e.g. Wi-Fi, ZigBee or Bluetooth
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/35—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,包括控制器，控制器通过无线网连接有智能手机，智能手机对整个系统进行监控；智能手机安装有管理智能家居系统的APP，APP包括一级菜单和二级菜单；所述的一级菜单包括“光伏系统监控”和“用电设备监控”；所述的控制器通过蓄电池与光伏电池板连接，检测光伏电池板状态和控制蓄电池的充放电；控制器通过充电桩对电动汽车连接，控制充电桩的充放电；控制器连接有逆变器，逆变器与集中式开关阵列连接，通过控制器的控制，切换逆变器和不同用电设备之间的连接通道；逆变器与交流电网连接，在蓄电池电量充裕且用电量很小的时候将电能反馈回电网，或在蓄电池电量不足时，通过交流电网为用电设备进行供电。

Description

一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统
技术领域
本发明涉及智能家居技术领域，具体涉及一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统。
背景技术
随着智能家居的技术发展，智能家居正在逐步进入千家万户。智能家居通过物联网技术将家中的各种设备，如音视频设备、照明系统、窗帘控制、空调控制、安防系统、数字影院系统、影音服务器、影柜系统、网络家电等连接到一起，提供家电控制、照明控制、电话远程控制、室内外遥控、防盗报警、环境监测、暖通控制、红外转发以及可编程定时控制等多种功能和手段。与传统家居相比，智能家居不仅具有传统的通用功能，兼备建筑、网络通信、信息家电、设备自动化，提供全方位的信息交互功能，甚至为各种能源费用节约资金。
目前，随着经济社会的不断发展，传统的能源供给持续紧张；因此，扩大对可再生能源的利用成为能源发展的趋势。传统的智能家居系统的电力来源是交流电网，大量的电能使用不仅对环境产生不好的影响，而且用电设备对电量的消耗所产生的费用，对家庭来说也是一笔不小的开支。
发明内容
针对上述的技术问题，本技术方案提供了一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统，能有效的解决上述问题。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现：
一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,包括控制器，控制器通过电缆或导线连接有供电设备和用电设备；所述的控制器通过无线网连接有智能手机，智能手机对整个系统进行监控；所述的智能手机安装有管理智能家居系统的APP，APP包括一级菜单和二级菜单；所述的一级菜单包括“光伏系统监控”和“用电设备监控”，在分别点击一级菜单下的二级菜单时，可进入与其相匹配的系统；所述的供电设备和用电设备包括：控制器通过蓄电池与光伏电池板连接，检测光伏电池板状态和控制蓄电池的充放电；控制器通过充电桩对电动汽车连接，控制充电桩的充放电；所述的控制器连接有逆变器，逆变器与集中式开关阵列连接，通过控制器的控制，切换逆变器和不同用电设备之间的连接通道，改变用电设备的工作状态；逆变器与交流电网连接，在蓄电池电量充裕且用电量很小的时候将电能反馈回电网，或在蓄电池电量不足时，通过交流电网为用电设备进行供电。
进一步的，所述的蓄电池包括主蓄电池和副蓄电池，所述的控制器通过电量检测电路与蓄电池的正负极连接，检测蓄电池的电量并上传至手机APP进行显示。
进一步的，所述的一级菜单“光伏系统监控”，其二级菜单包括“蓄电池”、“电动汽车”和“交流电网”；
所述二级菜单“蓄电池”查看蓄电池的剩余电量、充电参数和放电功率；
在二级菜单“蓄电池”中，可对主蓄电池和副蓄电池的工作状态设置进行自动切换：正常情况下使用主蓄电池给用电设备供电，当主蓄电池因为连续阴雨天气光照不足导致电量不足时，通过继电器开关切换为副蓄电池给用电设备供电；
在二级菜单“蓄电池”中，可设置满足以下条件：1)超过30天没有使用副蓄电池供电；2)未来2到3天内天气状况良好，光照充足；通过继电器开关切换为副蓄电池进行工作，对蓄电池进行一次完整的充放电过程。
进一步的，所述的一级菜单“用电设备监控”，其二级菜单包括“设备状态”、“设备用电量”和“节能管理”；
在二级菜单“设备状态”中，手机APP可对用电器进行定时、开启和关闭设置；
所述二级菜单“设备用电量”会显示各个用电设备的历史用电信息，并且根据设备用电量的历史数据，即每周同一天的用电量、不同月份的日均值的信息，结合蓄电池剩余电量值估算出剩余电量可以使用的时间，在剩余电量低于10％时提醒用户蓄电池电量不足；
在二级菜单“节能管理”中，手机APP对未来几天天气情况的变化和蓄电池存储的电量进行分析，并提出合理的用电建议；即显示蓄电池电量可供每个用电器的使用时长，结合用电习惯给出建议：哪些电器建议暂时关闭；在二级菜单“节能管理”中，可根据建议或自行设置当蓄电池电量低于一特定值时自动关闭一些可以暂时不用的用电设备；对于每天必须用到的电器给出每天可用电量的最大时长，以保证在连续阴雨等光照不足的天气中基本的用电需求。
进一步的，设所述每周同一天的用电量为Ed、不同月份的用电量日均值为Emd、蓄电池剩余电量为Eo；只考虑每周同一天的用电量Ed时，则蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长为：
Figure BDA0002556272170000046
只考虑不同月份的用电量日均值Emd时，蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长
Figure BDA0002556272170000041
为了提高预测精度，将t1和t2的算术平均值作为蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长t0，则蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长
Figure BDA0002556272170000042
整理得：
Figure BDA0002556272170000043
具体的整理过程如下：
Figure BDA0002556272170000044
进一步的，根据手机中的天气预报功能得知未来几天内天气情况不好，根据天气情况预估当天的峰值日照时间为t，则当天蓄电池可充电量为：Ec＝PA*t*η；其中，PA为太阳能电池板的总功率，η为蓄电池的充电效率；
根据蓄电池当天充电量的预估值Ec和蓄电池本身的剩余电量Eo，可以估算出蓄电池当天的剩余电量Ef＝Ec+E0；进而估算出蓄电池电量可供每个用电器的使用时长为：
Figure BDA0002556272170000045
其中，Pi为用电器i的额定功率。
进一步的，所述集中式开关阵列通过无线网连接有触摸显示屏，集中式开关阵列可通过触摸显示屏控制面板和/或智能手机APP控制面板进行控制。
进一步的，所述光伏电池板的蓄电池、交流电网和电动汽车的蓄电池均可为智能家居系统中用电设备进行供电；光伏电池板的蓄电池、交流电网和电动汽车的蓄电池分别连接有互锁装置；
将光伏电池板的蓄电池设为优先级最高的供电电路，将交流电网设为第二优先级的供电电路，将电动汽车的蓄电池设为第三优先级的供电电路，输入的220V交流电通过保险丝余主接触器的主回路静态触头连接；
在优先级最高的光伏电池板的蓄电池输入端供电时,通过互锁装置的作用,交流电网输入端和电动汽车蓄电池输入端主回路接触器不吸合,无法给负载供电；在光伏电池板的蓄电池输入端停止供电时,在设定的时间内第二优先级交流电网输入端电源自动切入；当光伏电池板的蓄电池电量不足且交流电网输入停电的情况下，第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入端电源自动切入。
进一步的，所述的光伏电池板的蓄电池作为供电电路接通时，第二优先级的交流电网输入和第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；光伏发电输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C1吸合,经过主触头C1-1,C1-2给负载供电；
当光伏电池板的蓄电池输入供应中断,则C1释放,互锁装置解除互锁，由第二优先级的交流电网输入的市电220V交流电通过保险丝加在主接触器C2的主回路静态触头上；
同时通过互锁装置将第一优先级的光伏电池板的蓄电池和第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；市电输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C2吸合,经过主触头C2-1,C2-2给负载供电；
当交流电网输入的供应中断，则C2释放，互锁装置解除互锁，由第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的220V交流电通过保险丝加在主接触器C3的主回路静态触头上；
同时通过互锁装置将第一优先级的光伏电池板的蓄电池和第二优先级的交流电网输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；电动汽车蓄电池输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C3吸合,经过主触头C3-1,C3-2给负载供电。
进一步的，所述电动汽车与充电桩连接，通过控制器的直流输出接口把光伏电池板发出的电能输出给电动汽车充电；同时，电动汽车的电池也可以在主、副蓄电池电量都不足且交流电网停电时作为紧急备用电源通过控制器的直流输入接口接入系统为智能家居系统供电，以此保证用电设备的紧急用电需求。
(三)有益效果
本发明提出的一一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统，与现有技术相比较，其具有以下有益效果：
(1)将太阳能作为智能家居主要的电力来源，不仅节省了家庭的电费支出，而且使用再生能源对自然能源进行回收利用的同时，也保护了环境。
(2)将电动汽车引入系统，当太阳能供电系统和交流电网无法保证家庭用电时，作为备用电源的电动汽车可以起到应急供电的作用，保障家庭的基本用电需求。
(3)通过智能手机对系统的发电和用电环节进行监管，使用户对家居系统的操作更加的便捷化和智能化。
附图说明
图1是本发明的整体框架示意图。
图2是本发明的系统电路示意框图。
图3是本方明中控制器的电路原理图。
图4是本发明中无线控制模块的电路原理图。
图5是本发明中光伏系统与交流电网并网电气原理图。
图6是本发明中光伏系统、交流电网和电动汽车电源的互锁切换电路原理图。
图7是本发明中光伏系统、交流电网和电动汽车电源切换流程图。
图8是本发明中手机APP的菜单示意图。
图9是本发明中手机APP的菜单功能说明图。
图10是本发明中手机APP的一级、二级菜单显示图。
图11是本发明中手机APP的“蓄电池”菜单显示图。
图12是本发明中手机APP的“电动汽车”菜单显示图。
图13是本发明中手机APP的“交流电网”菜单显示图。
图14是本发明中手机APP的“设备状态”菜单显示图。
图15是本发明中手机APP的“设备用电量”菜单显示图。
图16是本发明中手机APP的“节能管理”菜单显示图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。在不脱离本发明设计构思的前提下，本领域普通人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变型和改进，均应落入到本发明的保护范围。
实施例1：
如图1-2所示，一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,包括控制器，控制器的电路连接图如图3所示；控制器通过电缆或导线连接有供电设备和用电设备；所述的控制器通过无线网连接有智能手机，智能手机对整个系统进行监控；所述的智能手机安装有管理智能家居系统的APP。
在本实施例中，所述的控制器和智能手机之间采用ESP8266实现远程无线控制，具体过程如下：首先作为控制终端的设备如手机，通过WiFi接入ESP8266热点，并且通过控制端应用程序App建立Socket链接；第二步是通过App把需要传递的数据通过WiFi发送给ESP8266芯片，ESP8266芯片把WiFi信号转换成串口信号，并通过串行通信口传送给MCU；第三步是MCU通过得到的指令数据开始执行处理；第四步是MCU在处理完成后通过ESP8266芯片，把执行结果通过WiFi反馈给控制终端设备，实现终端设备与电路的通信与控制。无线控制模块的电路连接图如图4所示。
如图5-7所示，供电设备和用电设备包括：
与控制器通过蓄电池连接的光伏电池板，蓄电池包括主蓄电池和副蓄电池，所述的控制器通过电量检测电路与蓄电池的正负极连接，检测蓄电池的电量并上传至手机APP进行显示；控制器与蓄电池的连接，能检测光伏电池板状态和控制蓄电池的充放电；
当光照强度充足时，光伏电池板屋顶吸收太阳能，通过控制器给蓄电池充电，与此同时，主蓄电池通过光伏充放电控制器放电，经逆变器将直流电转换成220V，50Hz的交流电，经控制器控制的集中式开关阵列给用电设备供电，智能手机中安装的APP可以对用电设备进行控制。
与控制器连接的逆变器，逆变器与集中式开关阵列连接，通过控制器的控制，切换逆变器和不同用电设备之间的连接通道，改变用电设备的工作状态；集中式开关阵列通过无线网连接有触摸显示屏，集中式开关阵列可通过触摸显示屏控制面板和/或智能手机APP控制面板进行控制；
逆变器与交流电网连接，在蓄电池电量充裕且用电量很小的时候将电能反馈回电网，或在蓄电池电量不足时，通过交流电网为用电设备进行供电。
控制器通过充电桩对电动汽车连接，控制充电桩的充放电；电动汽车与充电桩连接，通过控制器的直流输出接口把光伏电池板发出的电能输出给电动汽车充电；同时，电动汽车的电池也可以在主、副蓄电池电量都不足且交流电网停电时作为紧急备用电源通过控制器的直流输入接口接入系统为智能家居系统供电，以此保证用电设备的紧急用电需求。即在蓄电池电量充裕或交流电网能正常给用电设备进行供电时，控制器控制充电桩为电动汽车的蓄电池进行供电；在蓄电池电量不足以及交流电网不能正常给用电设备进行供电时，控制器控制充电桩，将电动汽车蓄电池的直流电通过逆变器转换成220V，50Hz的交流电，作为电源为家用的用单设备进行紧急供电。
所述光伏电池板的蓄电池、交流电网和电动汽车的蓄电池均可为智能家居系统中用电设备进行供电；光伏电池板的蓄电池、交流电网和电动汽车的蓄电池分别连接有互锁装置；
将光伏电池板的蓄电池设为优先级最高的供电电路，将交流电网设为第二优先级的供电电路，将电动汽车的蓄电池设为第三优先级的供电电路，输入的220V交流电通过保险丝余主接触器的主回路静态触头连接；
在优先级最高的光伏电池板的蓄电池输入端供电时,通过互锁装置的作用,交流电网输入端和电动汽车蓄电池输入端主回路接触器不吸合,无法给负载供电；在光伏电池板的蓄电池输入端停止供电时,在设定的时间内第二优先级交流电网输入端电源自动切入；当光伏电池板的蓄电池电量不足且交流电网输入停电的情况下，第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入端电源自动切入。
所述的光伏电池板的蓄电池作为供电电路接通时，第二优先级的交流电网输入和第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；光伏发电输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C1吸合,经过主触头C1-1,C1-2给负载供电；
当光伏电池板的蓄电池输入供应中断,则C1释放,互锁装置解除互锁，由第二优先级的交流电网输入的市电220V交流电通过保险丝加在主接触器C2的主回路静态触头上；
同时通过互锁装置将第一优先级的光伏电池板的蓄电池和第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；市电输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C2吸合,经过主触头C2-1,C2-2给负载供电；
当交流电网输入的供应中断，则C2释放，互锁装置解除互锁，由第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的220V交流电通过保险丝加在主接触器C3的主回路静态触头上；
同时通过互锁装置将第一优先级的光伏电池板的蓄电池和第二优先级的交流电网输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；电动汽车蓄电池输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C3吸合,经过主触头C3-1,C3-2给负载供电。
如图8-10所示，APP包括一级菜单和二级菜单；所述的一级菜单包括“光伏系统监控”和“用电设备监控”，在分别点击一级菜单下的二级菜单时，可进入与其相匹配的系统。
所述的一级菜单“光伏系统监控”，其二级菜单包括“蓄电池”、“电动汽车”和“交流电网”；
如图11所示，所述二级菜单“蓄电池”查看蓄电池的剩余电量、充电参数和放电功率；
在二级菜单“蓄电池”中，可对主蓄电池和副蓄电池的工作状态设置进行自动切换：正常情况下使用主蓄电池给用电设备供电，当主蓄电池因为连续阴雨天气光照不足导致电量不足时，通过继电器开关切换为副蓄电池给用电设备供电；
在二级菜单“蓄电池”中，可设置满足以下条件：1)超过30天没有使用副蓄电池供电；2)未来2到3天内天气状况良好，光照充足；通过继电器开关切换为副蓄电池进行工作，对蓄电池进行一次完整的充放电过程。
如图8-10所示，所述的一级菜单“用电设备监控”，其二级菜单包括“设备状态”、“设备用电量”和“节能管理”；
在二级菜单“设备状态”中，手机APP可对用电器进行定时、开启和关闭设置；如图14所示。
所述二级菜单“设备用电量”会显示各个用电设备的历史用电信息，并且根据设备用电量的历史数据，即每周同一天的用电量、不同月份的日均值的信息，结合蓄电池剩余电量值估算出剩余电量可以使用的时间，在剩余电量低于10％时提醒用户蓄电池电量不足；如图15所示。
进一步的，设所述每周同一天的用电量为Ed、不同月份的用电量日均值为Emd、蓄电池剩余电量为Eo；只考虑每周同一天的用电量Ed时，则蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长为：
Figure BDA0002556272170000121
只考虑不同月份的用电量日均值Emd时，蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长
Figure BDA0002556272170000122
为了提高预测精度，将t1和t2的算术平均值作为蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长t0，则蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长
Figure BDA0002556272170000123
整理得：
Figure BDA0002556272170000124
具体的整理过程如下：
Figure BDA0002556272170000125
进一步的，根据手机中的天气预报功能得知未来几天内天气情况不好，根据天气情况预估当天的峰值日照时间为t，则当天蓄电池可充电量为：Ec＝PA*t*η；其中，PA为太阳能电池板的总功率，η为蓄电池的充电效率；
根据蓄电池当天充电量的预估值Ec和蓄电池本身的剩余电量Eo，可以估算出蓄电池当天的剩余电量Ef＝Ec+E0；进而估算出蓄电池电量可供每个用电器的使用时长为：
Figure BDA0002556272170000131
其中，Pi为用电器i的额定功率。
在二级菜单“节能管理”中，手机APP对未来几天天气情况的变化和蓄电池存储的电量进行分析，并提出合理的用电建议；即显示蓄电池电量可供每个用电器的使用时长，结合用电习惯给出建议：哪些电器建议暂时关闭；在二级菜单“节能管理”中，可根据建议或自行设置当蓄电池电量低于一特定值时自动关闭一些可以暂时不用的用电设备；对于每天必须用到的电器给出每天可用电量的最大时长，以保证在连续阴雨等光照不足的天气中基本的用电需求。如图16所示。
在本实施例中，对太阳能电池板组件的设计，是通过对普通家庭日常用电负荷进行调查，计算统计出家庭常用负荷的功率及其用电时数，表1为普通家庭日常负荷表。
表1普通家庭日常负荷统计表
Figure BDA0002556272170000132
Figure BDA0002556272170000141
由统计表知普通家庭家用负载总功率约为1.82KW；每日耗电量L约为5.77kW.h。
太阳能电池组件板的功率可由以下公式计算得出，
Figure BDA0002556272170000142
式中，L为负载每天总耗电量；T0为平均峰值日照时长；η1为蓄电池充电效率,通常可取0.80～0.90；η2为方阵组合损失表面由于尘污遮蔽或老化引起的修正系数，通常可取0.9～0.95；η3为逆变器的转换效率，通常可取0.9～0.98；K为考虑一些未知工作因素，而引入的安全系数，可根据电压等级，数据准确程度，运行环境等，在1.05～1.30之间选取。
由表知日耗电量L＝5.77kW.h，取η1＝0.85，η2＝0.9，η3＝0.94，T0＝3.5h(以合肥为例)，K＝1.1，可计算出该系统需要太阳能电池板的总功率PA＝2.52KW，由此可以选择总功率为2.6KW的太阳能组件，一般采用太阳能电池标准组件，通过串并联构成所需要功率的太阳能电池方阵。该系统可采用36块每块电压为0.5V，功率为2.8W的太阳能电池板串联，电压18V，功率100W单晶太阳能电池组件，再用26块该太阳能组件进行并联使用可以满足普通家庭用电需求。
计算蓄电池容量：
蓄电池容量的计算可以根据用电负荷和连续阴雨天数来确定，可按以下公式计算得出；
Figure BDA0002556272170000151
式中，C为蓄电池容量；S为蓄电池供电支持的天数通常可取2.5～5.0d；L为负载平均每天用电量；DOD为蓄电池放电深度通常可取0.8；ηout为从蓄电池到负荷的效率：ηout＝Fo×Fi,Fo为交流配电电路效率通常可取0.95,Fi为逆变器效率通常可取0.90～0.98；K为蓄电池放电容量修正系数(一般取1.2)。根据系统要求计算日耗电量L＝5.77kW.h，再根据公式可算出蓄电池组的容量C值为27.91kWh，选择12V的标称电压铅酸蓄电池单体，串联成24V电池蓄电池组；根据电池组容量安时数等于所需瓦时除以电池组电压，得电池组的容量C’＝C/24＝1162.86Ah，所以可选择12个12V，200Ah的密封免维护铅酸蓄电池先两两串联后再进行并联，即可接成满足需要的主蓄电池组,此外，选用同规格的电池组作为副蓄电池组以备特殊情况下供电。
在本实施例中，对逆变器和控制器选择的方式如下：
根据用户的负载实况要求计算出负载总功率为P负载约为1.82KW，由于负载的总功率大于逆变器总功率的80％时，逆变器会发热过度减少逆变器的使用寿命，所以选择逆变器时需要有设计余量，一般逆变器的功率计算为P逆＝P负载/η，一般η取80％，则P逆为1.82kW/80％＝2.275KW，所以需要选用3KW的逆变器。
太阳能电池板需要的时均总功率为PA为2.6KW，由于采用24V电池，因此系统最大电流约为PA/24＝108.3A，我们可选择24V 120A的控制器。

Claims (10)

1.一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,包括控制器，控制器通过电缆或导线连接有供电设备和用电设备；所述的控制器通过无线网连接有智能手机，智能手机对整个系统进行监控；其特征在于：所述的智能手机安装有管理智能家居系统的APP，APP包括一级菜单和二级菜单；所述的一级菜单包括“光伏系统监控”和“用电设备监控”，在分别点击一级菜单下的二级菜单时，可进入与其相匹配的系统；所述的供电设备和用电设备包括：控制器通过蓄电池与光伏电池板连接，检测光伏电池板状态和控制蓄电池的充放电；控制器通过充电桩对电动汽车连接，控制充电桩的充放电；所述的控制器连接有逆变器，逆变器与集中式开关阵列连接，通过控制器的控制，切换逆变器和不同用电设备之间的连接通道，改变用电设备的工作状态；逆变器与交流电网连接，在蓄电池电量充裕且用电量很小的时候将电能反馈回电网，或在蓄电池电量不足时，通过交流电网为用电设备进行供电。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,其特征在于：所述的蓄电池包括主蓄电池和副蓄电池，所述的控制器通过电量检测电路与蓄电池的正负极连接，检测蓄电池的电量并上传至手机APP进行显示。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,其特征在于：所述的一级菜单“光伏系统监控”，其二级菜单包括“蓄电池”、“电动汽车”和“交流电网”；
所述二级菜单“蓄电池”查看蓄电池的剩余电量、充电参数和放电功率；
在二级菜单“蓄电池”中，可对主蓄电池和副蓄电池的工作状态设置进行自动切换：正常情况下使用主蓄电池给用电设备供电，当主蓄电池因为连续阴雨天气光照不足导致电量不足时，通过继电器开关切换为副蓄电池给用电设备供电；
在二级菜单“蓄电池”中，可设置满足以下条件：1)超过30天没有使用副蓄电池供电；2)未来2到3天内天气状况良好，光照充足；通过继电器开关切换为副蓄电池进行工作，对蓄电池进行一次完整的充放电过程。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,其特征在于：所述的一级菜单“用电设备监控”，其二级菜单包括“设备状态”、“设备用电量”和“节能管理”；
在二级菜单“设备状态”中，手机APP可对用电器进行定时、开启和关闭设置；
所述二级菜单“设备用电量”会显示各个用电设备的历史用电信息，并且根据设备用电量的历史数据，即每周同一天的用电量、不同月份的日均值的信息，结合蓄电池剩余电量值估算出剩余电量可以使用的时间，在剩余电量低于10％时提醒用户蓄电池电量不足；
在二级菜单“节能管理”中，手机APP对未来几天天气情况的变化和蓄电池存储的电量进行分析，并提出合理的用电建议；即显示蓄电池电量可供每个用电器的使用时长，结合用电习惯给出建议：哪些电器建议暂时关闭；在二级菜单“节能管理”中，可根据建议或自行设置当蓄电池电量低于一特定值时自动关闭一些可以暂时不用的用电设备；对于每天必须用到的电器给出每天可用电量的最大时长，以保证在连续阴雨等光照不足的天气中基本的用电需求。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统，其特征在于：设所述每周同一天的用电量为Ed、不同月份的用电量日均值为Emd、蓄电池剩余电量为Eo，则蓄电池剩余电量可以使用的时长
Figure FDA0002556272160000031
整理得：
Figure FDA0002556272160000032
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统，其特征在于：根据手机中的天气预报功能得知未来几天内天气情况不好，根据天气情况预估当天的峰值日照时间为t，则当天蓄电池可充电量为：Ec＝PA*t*η；其中，PA为太阳能电池板的总功率，η为蓄电池的充电效率；进而估算出蓄电池电量可供每个用电器的使用时长为：
Figure FDA0002556272160000033
其中，Pi为用电器i的额定功率。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,其特征在于：所述集中式开关阵列通过无线网连接有触摸显示屏，集中式开关阵列可通过触摸显示屏控制面板和/或智能手机APP控制面板进行控制。
8.根据权利要求1或7所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,其特征在于：所述光伏电池板的蓄电池、交流电网和电动汽车的蓄电池均可为智能家居系统中用电设备进行供电；光伏电池板的蓄电池、交流电网和电动汽车的蓄电池分别连接有互锁装置；
将光伏电池板的蓄电池设为优先级最高的供电电路，将交流电网设为第二优先级的供电电路，将电动汽车的蓄电池设为第三优先级的供电电路，输入的220V交流电通过保险丝余主接触器的主回路静态触头连接；
在优先级最高的光伏电池板的蓄电池输入端供电时,通过互锁装置的作用,交流电网输入端和电动汽车蓄电池输入端主回路接触器不吸合,无法给负载供电；在光伏电池板的蓄电池输入端停止供电时,在设定的时间内第二优先级交流电网输入端电源自动切入；当光伏电池板的蓄电池电量不足且交流电网输入停电的情况下，第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入端电源自动切入。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,其特征在于：所述的光伏电池板的蓄电池作为供电电路接通时，第二优先级的交流电网输入和第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；光伏发电输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C1吸合,经过主触头C1-1,C1-2给负载供电；
当光伏电池板的蓄电池输入供应中断,则C1释放,互锁装置解除互锁，由第二优先级的交流电网输入的市电220V交流电通过保险丝加在主接触器C2的主回路静态触头上；
同时通过互锁装置将第一优先级的光伏电池板的蓄电池和第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；市电输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C2吸合,经过主触头C2-1,C2-2给负载供电；
当交流电网输入的供应中断，则C2释放，互锁装置解除互锁，由第三优先级的电动汽车蓄电池输入的220V交流电通过保险丝加在主接触器C3的主回路静态触头上；
同时通过互锁装置将第一优先级的光伏电池板的蓄电池和第二优先级的交流电网输入的操作回路切断,以防止该回路的主接触器吸合；电动汽车蓄电池输入端的控制回路经过延时后主接触器C3吸合,经过主触头C3-1,C3-2给负载供电。
10.根据权利要求1所述的一种太阳能供电的智能家居系统,其特征在于：所述电动汽车与充电桩连接，通过控制器的直流输出接口把光伏电池板发出的电能输出给电动汽车充电；同时，电动汽车的电池也可以在主、副蓄电池电量都不足且交流电网停电时作为紧急备用电源通过控制器的直流输入接口接入系统为智能家居系统供电，以此保证用电设备的紧急用电需求。
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