CN111799461A - Method for preparing high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on silicon waste alloying method - Google Patents

Method for preparing high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on silicon waste alloying method Download PDF

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CN111799461A
CN111799461A CN202010697074.0A CN202010697074A CN111799461A CN 111799461 A CN111799461 A CN 111799461A CN 202010697074 A CN202010697074 A CN 202010697074A CN 111799461 A CN111799461 A CN 111799461A
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silicon
waste
lithium ion
ion battery
powder
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马文会
张钊
李绍元
王雷
张嘉昆
魏奎先
陈正杰
谢克强
伍继君
雷云
杨斌
戴永年
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Kunming University of Science and Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/626—Metals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method, and belongs to the technical field of new energy materials and electrochemistry. According to the method, the diamond wire cutting silicon waste is mixed with metal particles based on an alloy method, the mixture is heated and melted in a protective atmosphere, heat preservation is carried out to enable the mixture to be fully alloyed, micro-nano Si @ M powder is obtained through ball milling in the protective atmosphere, the micro-nano Si @ M powder is mixed with graphene oxide solution, graphene oxide is directly reduced by reducing gas, oxygen-containing functional groups between carbon atom layers are effectively removed, the graphene oxide is reduced into graphene, and the graphene-coated Si @ M high-performance lithium ion battery negative electrode material Si @ M @ C is obtained. According to the invention, the silicon waste is effectively combined with the metal by adopting an alloy method, the poor conductivity of the silicon material is improved, and meanwhile, the compact graphene coating layer is introduced on the surface of the material Si @ M, so that the problem of volume expansion of silicon in the charging and discharging process can be effectively inhibited, and the material has the characteristics of high energy density, high specific capacity and high stability.

Description

Method for preparing high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on silicon waste alloying method
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method, and belongs to the technical field of new energy materials and electrochemistry.
Background
The relatively mature Si cathode materials currently used are carbon-coated SiO, nano SiC composite materials and Si alloys. However, silicon has disadvantages as a negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries. Silicon is a semiconductor material and has low intrinsic conductivity. In the electrochemical cycle process, the insertion and extraction of lithium ions can cause the volume of the material to expand and contract by more than 300%, the generated mechanical acting force can gradually pulverize the material, the structure is collapsed, and finally, the electrode active substance is separated from the current collector, the electric contact is lost, and the cycle performance of the battery is greatly reduced. In addition, silicon has difficulty in forming a stable Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) film in an electrolyte solution due to such a volume effect. With the destruction of the electrode structure, new SEI films are continuously formed on the exposed silicon surface, which aggravates silicon corrosion and capacity fade.
In the silicon material processing in the solar energy industry, in order to improve the production efficiency and reduce the cost, the large-scale application of diamond wire multi-wire cutting of silicon ingots or silicon wafers is the latest development trend. Compared with a free cutting process of silicon carbide, the water-soluble cutting fluid and simpler cutting waste residues are more environment-friendly by adopting a diamond wire multi-wire cutting process. The diamond wire cutting process adopts mixed cooling liquid mainly containing industrial pure water, silicon powder suspension is formed in the cutting process, the content of the silicon powder is gradually increased along with the cutting, and for example, the silicon powder ground by one knife can reach 40% of the total mass when a silicon wafer is cut. Too much free silicon powder can affect the cooling and lubricating effects of the cutting fluid, thereby affecting the processing quality; in addition, the cutting fluid cannot be recycled and must be replaced with a new one. And the discharge of the waste liquid not only brings pressure to pollution control, but also loses silicon powder with recovery value. The recovery of this portion of the waste cuttings appears to be of increasing value.
At present, a method for preparing a battery anode material with high energy density and high specific capacity by combining silicon waste with graphene is not available.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problem of recycling of diamond wire cutting silicon waste, a method for preparing a high-energy density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method is provided, namely, the diamond wire cutting silicon waste and metal particles are mixed together based on the alloy method and heated and melted in a protective atmosphere, heat is preserved to enable the mixture to be fully alloyed, micro-nano Si @ M powder is obtained by ball milling in the protective atmosphere, the micro-nano Si @ M powder is mixed with a graphene oxide solution, graphene oxide is directly reduced by adopting reducing gas, oxygen-containing functional groups among carbon atom layers are effectively removed, the graphene oxide is reduced to graphene, and the graphene-coated Si @ M high-performance lithium ion battery cathode material Si @ M @ C is obtained. According to the invention, the silicon waste is effectively combined with the metal by adopting an alloy method, the poor conductivity of the silicon material is improved, and meanwhile, the compact graphene coating layer is introduced on the surface of the material Si @ M, so that the problem of volume expansion of silicon in the charging and discharging process can be effectively inhibited, and the material has the characteristics of high energy density, high specific capacity and high stability.
A method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) carrying out vacuum drying, crushing and grinding on the diamond wire cutting silicon waste to obtain waste silicon powder, and carrying out compression molding on the waste silicon powder to obtain a waste silicon material;
(2) uniformly mixing the waste silicon material and the metal particles in the step (1), uniformly heating to 800-2000 ℃ in a protective atmosphere at a constant speed, reacting at a constant temperature for 10-300 min, cooling to room temperature, and performing ball milling in the protective atmosphere to obtain micro-nano Si @ M powder;
(3) uniformly mixing the micro-nano Si @ M powder obtained in the step (2) with a graphene oxide solution, placing the mixture in a reducing atmosphere, carrying out a constant-temperature reduction reaction at the temperature of 300-1700 ℃, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the graphene-coated Si @ M lithium battery negative electrode material.
The metal particles in the step (2) are one or more metal particles of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, iron, copper, silver, nickel, cobalt and manganese, or alloy particles of more than two metals of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, iron, copper, silver, nickel, cobalt and manganese.
The particle size of the metal particles in the step (2) is 200 nm-10 mm.
The molar ratio of silicon in the waste silicon material in the step (2) to the metal element of the metal particles is (0.1-10): 0.0005-10.
In the step (2), the protective atmosphere is argon or nitrogen, and the flow of the protective gas is 30-500 mL/min; preferably selecting argon, wherein the constant temperature rise rate is 1-15 ℃/min;
the concentration of the graphene oxide solution in the step (3) is 0.1-10 g/L, and the mass ratio of the micro-nano Si @ M powder to the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide solution is (1-10): 0.05-10; the reducing atmosphere is one or more of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia gas and hydrogen-argon mixed gas; preferably selecting hydrogen, wherein the constant temperature rise rate is 1-15 ℃/min;
further, the flow rate of the reducing gas is 5-300 mL/min.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the preparation method of the metal Si @ M alloying material can not only improve the problem of poor conductivity of the silicon material, but also buffer the volume expansion of the silicon in the charging and discharging processes;
(2) according to the invention, the graphene oxide solution is used for coating the Si @ M material and then reducing the Si @ M material into graphene, so that the coating is more compact, and meanwhile, the graphene and the silicon material are combined to be used as a lithium battery negative electrode material, so that the lithium battery negative electrode material has the characteristics of high energy density, high specific capacity and high stability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an SEM image of the original morphology of silicon waste of example 1;
FIG. 2 is a graphene coated Si @ Cu material of example 2;
fig. 3 is a graph of capacity cycling data for the battery of example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the description.
Example 1: a method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) vacuum drying, naturally cooling, crushing and grinding the diamond wire cutting silicon waste to obtain waste silicon powder (shown in figure 1), and tabletting the waste silicon powder to obtain a waste silicon material;
(2) uniformly mixing the waste silicon material and the magnesium particles in the step (1), uniformly heating to 1500 ℃ at a constant speed at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in an argon atmosphere, reacting at a constant temperature for 180min, cooling to room temperature, and performing ball milling for 10min in the argon atmosphere to obtain micro-nano Si @ Mg powder; wherein the particle size of the magnesium particles is 5mm, the molar ratio of silicon to magnesium in the waste silicon material is 10:1, and the ball milling speed is 400 r/min;
(3) adding the micro-nano Si @ Mg powder obtained in the step (2) into a graphene oxide solution, stirring and mixing uniformly for 120min, then placing in a hydrogen atmosphere, uniformly heating at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min to 800 ℃ for carrying out a constant-temperature reduction reaction for 30min, and cooling to room temperature to obtain a graphene-coated Si @ Mg lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Mg @ C; the concentration of the graphene oxide solution is 2.0g/L, the mass ratio of the micro-nano Si @ Mg powder to the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide solution is 4:1, and the flow of hydrogen is 10 mL/min;
mixing a lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Mg @ C, a conductive agent (Super P) and a sodium alginate binder according to a mass ratio of 70:15:15, assembling the battery in a glove box by taking a lithium sheet as a counter electrode, and performing electrochemical machining (ECD) on the lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Mg @ C at 0.2mA/cm2And (3) charging and discharging, as shown in figure 3, the reversible capacity of the material reaches 3437mAh/g, and the first coulombic efficiency of the electrode can reach 85%.
Example 2: a method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) vacuum drying, naturally cooling, crushing and grinding the diamond wire cutting silicon waste to obtain waste silicon powder, and tabletting the waste silicon powder to obtain a waste silicon material;
(2) uniformly mixing the waste silicon material and the aluminum particles in the step (1), uniformly heating to 1700 ℃ at a constant temperature at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min in an argon atmosphere, reacting at a constant temperature for 200min, cooling to room temperature, and ball-milling for 15min in the argon atmosphere to obtain micro-nano Si @ Al powder; wherein the particle size of the aluminum particles is 500 mu m, the molar ratio of silicon to aluminum in the waste silicon material is 5:1, and the ball milling speed is 800 r/min;
(3) adding the micro-nano Si @ Al powder obtained in the step (2) into a graphene oxide solution, uniformly stirring and mixing for 100min, then placing in a hydrogen atmosphere, uniformly heating at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min to 1000 ℃ for carrying out a constant-temperature reduction reaction for 28min, and cooling to room temperature to obtain a graphene-coated Si @ Al lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Al @ C; the concentration of the graphene oxide solution is 3.0g/L, the mass ratio of the micro-nano Si @ Al powder to the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide solution is 3:1, and the flow of hydrogen is 20 mL/min;
mixing a lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Al @ C, a conductive agent (Super P) and a sodium alginate binder according to a mass ratio of 70:15:15, assembling the battery in a glove box by taking a lithium sheet as a counter electrode, and performing electrochemical machining (CVD) on the lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Al @ C, the conductive agent (Super P) and the sodium alginate binder at a rate of 0.2mA/cm2And (3) charging and discharging, the reversible capacity of the material reaches 3145mAh/g, and the first coulombic efficiency of the electrode can reach 89%.
Example 3: a method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) vacuum drying, naturally cooling, crushing and grinding the diamond wire cutting silicon waste to obtain waste silicon powder, and tabletting the waste silicon powder to obtain a waste silicon material;
(2) uniformly mixing the waste silicon material and the copper particles in the step (1), uniformly heating to 1455 ℃ at a constant speed at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min in an argon atmosphere, reacting at a constant temperature for 200min, cooling to room temperature, and performing ball milling for 30min in the argon atmosphere to obtain micro-nano Si @ Cu powder; wherein the particle size of the copper particles is 500nm, the molar ratio of silicon to copper in the waste silicon material is 10:1, and the ball milling speed is 1000 r/min;
(3) adding the micro-nano Si @ Cu powder obtained in the step (2) into a graphene oxide solution, stirring and mixing uniformly for 120min, then placing in a hydrogen atmosphere, uniformly heating at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min to 800 ℃ for carrying out a constant-temperature reduction reaction for 30min, and cooling to room temperature to obtain a graphene-coated Si @ Cu lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Cu @ C; the concentration of the graphene oxide solution is 5.0g/L, the mass ratio of the micro-nano Si @ Cu powder to the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide solution is 1:1, and the flow of hydrogen is 8 mL/min;
in the embodiment, an SEM image of the graphene-coated Si @ Cu lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Cu @ C is shown in FIG. 2, the lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Cu @ C is mixed with a conductive agent (Super P) and a sodium alginate binder according to a mass ratio of 70:15:15, and then a battery is assembled in a glove box by taking a lithium sheet as a counter electrode, and the battery is assembled at 0.2mA/cm2And after charging and discharging, the reversible capacity of the material reaches 3114mAh/g, and the first coulombic efficiency of the electrode can reach 87%.
Example 4: a method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) vacuum drying, naturally cooling, crushing and grinding the diamond wire cutting silicon waste to obtain waste silicon powder, and tabletting the waste silicon powder to obtain a waste silicon material;
(2) uniformly mixing the waste silicon material and the nickel particles in the step (1), uniformly heating to 1800 ℃ at a constant temperature at a heating rate of 8 ℃/min in an argon atmosphere, reacting at a constant temperature for 60min, cooling to room temperature, and performing ball milling for 40min in the argon atmosphere to obtain micro-nano Si @ Ni powder; wherein the particle size of the nickel particles is 1mm, the molar ratio of silicon to nickel in the waste silicon material is 20:1, and the ball milling speed is 600 r/min;
(3) adding the micro-nano Si @ Ni powder obtained in the step (2) into a graphene oxide solution, stirring and uniformly mixing for 60min, then placing in a hydrogen atmosphere, uniformly heating at a heating rate of 8 ℃/min to 1500 ℃ for carrying out a constant-temperature reduction reaction for 10min, and cooling to room temperature to obtain a graphene-coated Si @ Ni lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Ni @ C; the concentration of the graphene oxide solution is 1.0g/L, the mass ratio of the micro-nano Si @ M powder to the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide solution is 6:1, and the flow of hydrogen is 15 mL/min;
mixing a lithium battery negative electrode material Si @ Ni @ C, a conductive agent (Super P) and a sodium alginate binder according to a mass ratio of 70:15:15, assembling the battery in a glove box by taking a lithium sheet as a counter electrode, and performing Electrochemical Machining (EMG) at 0.2mA/cm2And when the material is charged and discharged, the reversible capacity of the material reaches 3524mAh/g, and the first coulombic efficiency of the electrode can reach 89%.
While the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (7)

1. A method for preparing a high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on a silicon waste alloy method is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
(1) carrying out vacuum drying, crushing and grinding on the diamond wire cutting silicon waste to obtain waste silicon powder, and carrying out compression molding on the waste silicon powder to obtain a waste silicon material;
(2) uniformly mixing the waste silicon material and the metal particles in the step (1), uniformly heating to 800-2000 ℃ in a protective atmosphere at a constant speed, reacting at a constant temperature for 10-300 min, cooling to room temperature, and performing ball milling in the protective atmosphere to obtain micro-nano Si @ M powder;
(3) uniformly mixing the micro-nano Si @ M powder obtained in the step (2) with a graphene oxide solution, placing the mixture in a reducing atmosphere, carrying out a constant-temperature reduction reaction at the temperature of 300-1700 ℃, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the graphene-coated Si @ M lithium battery negative electrode material.
2. The method for preparing the high energy density lithium ion battery anode material based on the silicon scrap alloy method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the metal particles in the step (2) are one or more of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, iron, copper, silver, nickel, cobalt and manganese or alloy particles of more than two metals.
3. The method for preparing the high energy density lithium ion battery anode material based on the silicon scrap alloy method according to claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that: the particle size of the metal particles in the step (2) is 200 nm-10 mm.
4. The method for preparing the high energy density lithium ion battery anode material based on the silicon scrap alloy method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the molar ratio of silicon in the waste silicon material in the step (2) to the metal element of the metal particles is (0.1-10): 0.0005-10.
5. The method for preparing the high energy density lithium ion battery anode material based on the silicon scrap alloy method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in the step (2), the protective atmosphere is argon or nitrogen, and the flow of the protective gas is 30-500 mL/min.
6. The method for preparing the high energy density lithium ion battery anode material based on the silicon scrap alloy method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the concentration of the graphene oxide solution in the step (3) is 0.1-10 g/L, and the mass ratio of the micro-nano Si @ M powder to the graphene oxide in the graphene oxide solution is (1-10): 0.05-10; the reducing atmosphere is one or more of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia gas and hydrogen-argon mixed gas.
7. The method for preparing the high energy density lithium ion battery anode material based on the silicon scrap alloy method according to claim 6, is characterized in that: the flow rate of the reducing gas is 5-300 mL/min.
CN202010697074.0A 2020-07-20 2020-07-20 Method for preparing high-energy-density lithium ion battery cathode material based on silicon waste alloying method Pending CN111799461A (en)

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