CN111740786B - Integrated optical waveguide beam forming device - Google Patents
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- CN111740786B CN111740786B CN202010523499.XA CN202010523499A CN111740786B CN 111740786 B CN111740786 B CN 111740786B CN 202010523499 A CN202010523499 A CN 202010523499A CN 111740786 B CN111740786 B CN 111740786B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/2513—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion
- H04B10/2519—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to chromatic dispersion using Bragg gratings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
- H04B10/616—Details of the electronic signal processing in coherent optical receivers
- H04B10/6162—Compensation of polarization related effects, e.g., PMD, PDL
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/66—Non-coherent receivers, e.g. using direct detection
- H04B10/69—Electrical arrangements in the receiver
- H04B10/691—Arrangements for optimizing the photodetector in the receiver
Abstract
An integrated optical waveguide beam forming device belongs to the technical field of microwave photonics. The beam forming device comprises three parts, namely an optical fiber signal source module, an integrated waveguide optical delay module and a radio frequency antenna module, and a plurality of central wavelengths lambda are written in different positions of a waveguide delay line in the integrated waveguide optical delay moduleBMutually different Bragg gratings for ensuring central wavelength lambda of adjacent waveguide optical delay linesBThe same bragg gratings have the same relative distance
The existence of the relative distance enables the reflected optical signals in the adjacent waveguide optical delay lines to generate an optical delay time difference delta tau; by selecting the output light wavelength of the tunable laser, the light signals with the same wavelength are reflected at different positions of adjacent light delay lines, so that the time difference delta tau of the light delay lines between the adjacent waveguide light delay lines is changed, and the selection of the emission beam direction after the 2N radio frequency antennas are combined is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of microwave photonics, and particularly relates to a beam forming device based on an integrated optical waveguide technology.
Background
Currently, phased array antennas play a vital role in modern radar and wireless communication systems. The beam forming technology is that the phase or delay of each transmitted signal in the array antenna is controlled, so that the beams interfere and add in a specific wave front direction, and the direction pointing angle of the signal beam is changed. The traditional beam forming technology is realized by means of an electric phase shifter, and the technical principle of the traditional beam forming technology causes the beam forming system to have the beam deflection problem. And the electric control beam forming technology also has the defects of large volume, large loss, small instantaneous bandwidth and the like. These disadvantages make the electrically controlled beamforming technology difficult to meet the requirements of broadband wireless communication, and also limit the application of the beamforming technology in the field of high frequency signals.
The concept of microwave photonics was first introduced in the nineties of the last century, focusing on the combination of microwaves and light waves in concepts, devices, systems, etc. The microwave photonics technology has the advantages of microwave and optics, and can realize conversion between microwave and light wave. The light-operated beam forming technology is an important research content in the microwave photonics technology, and has the technical advantages of high frequency, large bandwidth, small volume, capability of avoiding beam deflection, electromagnetic interference resistance and the like. The optical control real time delay beam forming technology is typical of the optical control beam technology, and the technology is to change the group time delay of optical signals through different paths or devices in an optical link so as to control the phase of microwave signals carried by optical waves. A core device in the light-operated true delay beamforming system is a light delay unit, and the light delay unit comprises a plurality of light delay lines. An optical delay unit in an early optical control true delay beamforming system mainly comprises optical fibers, optical fiber gratings, optical splitters and other devices. The system has overlarge volume and is difficult to integrate with other communication systems, and the optical fiber delay line has the defects of low delay precision, poor delay resolution and the like because the length of the optical fiber is difficult to accurately control, so that the system cannot work in the field of high-frequency millimeter wave signals.
The integrated optical technology has been greatly developed in recent years, and many new integrated optical waveguide materials such as SOI and Si3N4Etc., have already begun to be commercially used. The integrated optical waveguide material has the advantages of small volume, low loss, light weight, compatibility with CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process and the like, and can integrate various optical waveguide devices and optical waveguide circuits in an optical chip with a small area. The optical delay line manufactured by the integrated optical waveguide technology can provide extremely high delay precision and extremely small delay stepping value.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an integrated optical waveguide beam forming device aiming at the defects in the background technology, which can realize the beam forming of high-frequency microwave signals, has the characteristics of small volume and high integration and can meet the technical requirements of future communication systems and military radars.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an integrated optical waveguide beam forming device is characterized by comprising an optical fiber signal source module, an integrated waveguide optical delay module and a radio frequency antenna module;
the optical fiber signal source module comprises a tunable laser (1), a microwave signal source (2), an external modulator (3) and a polarization controller (4); the integrated waveguide optical delay module comprises a light spot size converter (5), an N-layer Y-branch beam splitter (6) and 2N waveguide optical delay lines; the radio frequency antenna module comprises 2N photoelectric detectors connected with the 2N waveguide optical delay lines respectively and 2N transmitting antennas connected with the 2N photoelectric detectors respectively;
the tunable laser (1) emits an optical signal with a wavelength lambda, which is modulated by a microwave signal source (2) in an external modulator (3); the modulated optical signal is selected by a polarization controller (4), is connected by an optical fiber and is incident to an integrated waveguide optical delay module, the optical signal is coupled to an N-layer Y-branch beam splitter (6) by a light spot size converter (5) in the integrated waveguide optical delay module, and is equally divided into 2N paths by the N-layer Y-branch beam splitter (6) and respectively enters 2N waveguide optical delay lines; the optical signals are reflected by the waveguide optical delay line to generate group delay, the delayed optical signals respectively enter the 2N photoelectric detectors, are converted into microwave signals after photoelectric conversion, and are transmitted to the space by the corresponding radio frequency antenna;
the waveguide optical delay line comprises a Bragg grating coupler, a light spot size converter, a straight waveguide and Bragg grating and a reverse Y branch, wherein an optical signal is incident from a port 1 of the waveguide optical delay line, one part of the optical signal enters the light spot size converter through a port 3 after being reflected in the straight waveguide and Bragg grating, so that the optical signal is coupled into an optical fiber from an optical waveguide and is continuously transmitted to a photoelectric detector, and the other part of the optical signal enters the Bragg grating coupler through a port 2 after being transmitted by the straight waveguide and the Bragg grating and is transmitted to a free space;
the straight waveguide and the Bragg grating comprise a plurality of Bragg gratings with beam pointing angles of-k theta degrees, L-theta degrees, 0 degrees, theta degrees, L degrees and k theta degrees, k is a positive integer larger than 2, and the relative distance between the Bragg gratings with the same beam pointing angle in adjacent delay lines meets the requirement
λwIs the wavelength, θ, of the microwave signal0Is the desired transmission direction (theta) of the microwave signal0＝-kθ°,L-θ°,0°,θ°,L,kθ°)，ngIs the refractive index of the waveguide group;
and adjusting the output light wavelength of the tunable laser, so that light signals with the same wavelength are reflected at different positions of adjacent optical delay lines, thereby changing the time difference delta tau of the optical delay lines between the adjacent waveguide optical delay lines, and realizing the selection of the emission beam direction after the combination of the 2N radio frequency antennas.
Further, the waveguide optical delay line comprises a bragg grating coupler, a light spot size converter, a straight waveguide, a bragg grating and an inverted Y branch, wherein the front end structure of the waveguide optical delay line is an inverted Y branch, one branch 1 of the inverted Y branch is a waveguide optical delay line incident light channel, the other branch 3 of the inverted Y branch is a waveguide optical delay line reflected light channel, and a main branch 2 of the inverted Y branch is a waveguide optical delay line transmitted light channel; the waveguide optical delay line main body is a straight waveguide, and a plurality of Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths are etched at different positions in the straight waveguide; the rear end of the waveguide delay line is provided with a Bragg grating coupler used for emitting redundant transmission light in the waveguide delay line to a free space; the light reflecting channel of the waveguide light delay line is also connected with a light spot size converter and is used for coupling the delayed light signal into the optical fiber.
Further, the straight waveguide is a sawtooth-shaped strip-shaped straight waveguide, and the sawtooth width is 10 nm; the periodicity N of the Bragg grating is 200; obtaining a plurality of central wavelengths lambda by changing the period lambda of the Bragg gratingBDifferent bragg gratings.
Further, the tunable range of the wavelength of the tunable laser is 1510nm to 1620 nm.
Furthermore, in the integrated optical waveguide beam forming device, the tunable laser, the external modulator, the polarization controller and the spot size converter are connected through an optical fiber, and the waveguide optical delay line and the photoelectric detector are also connected through an optical fiber. The microwave signal source is connected with the external modulator, the photoelectric detector and the radio frequency antenna through circuits.
Furthermore, the integrated waveguide optical delay module takes silicon-on-insulator (SOI) as an optical signal transmission medium, and the substrate is SiO2The thickness is 2 mu m; the core layer is a strip-shaped Si waveguide or a ridge-shaped Si waveguide, the thickness is 220nm, and the average width is 500 nm; the uppermost layer is air or buried oxide material.
Further, considering that the optical signal in the optical waveguide platform is large in loss and cannot be amplified, an erbium-doped fiber amplifier EDFA can be added in front of the photoelectric detector to amplify the optical signal, so that the photoelectric detector can conveniently perform photoelectric conversion.
The integrated optical waveguide beam forming device provided by the invention generates group delay after an optical signal is reflected by the Bragg grating, when the wavelength lambda of an incident optical signal and the central wavelength lambda of a certain Bragg grating in the waveguide optical delay lineBAt the same time, the optical signal is reflected at the bragg grating. By writing a plurality of central wavelengths lambda at different positions of the waveguide delay lineBMutually different Bragg gratings for ensuring central wavelength lambda of adjacent waveguide optical delay linesBThe same bragg gratings have the same relative distance
The existence of the relative distance causes the optical delay time difference delta tau to be generated in the optical signals after being reflected in the adjacent waveguide optical delay lines. By selecting the output light wavelength of the tunable laser, the light signals with the same wavelength are reflected at different positions of adjacent light delay lines, so that the time difference delta tau of the light delay lines between the adjacent waveguide light delay lines is changed, and the selection of the emission beam direction after the 2N radio frequency antennas are combined is realized.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides an integrated optical waveguide beam forming device, which uses a tunable laser as a light source, writes a plurality of Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths on a waveguide optical delay line, enables the Bragg gratings with the same central wavelength to be positioned at different positions in adjacent waveguide optical delay lines, and controls the transmission delay of optical signals by selecting the output wavelength of the laser, thereby realizing the effect of beam forming of microwave signals. The optical delay line is constructed by adopting the optical waveguide technology, so that the extremely small optical delay time difference can be provided, and the beam forming requirement of high-frequency signals can be met; the integrated waveguide optical delay module has the advantages of small volume, light weight and compatibility with a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process, can be integrated on the same chip with a control circuit, and greatly improves the integration level of an optical control true delay beamforming system; the Bragg grating in the optical delay line is a passive device, has the characteristics of simple structure, easy manufacture and low power consumption, and has good practical value.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an integrated optical waveguide beamforming apparatus provided in the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a position of a bragg grating in a waveguide optical delay line in an integrated optical waveguide beamforming apparatus according to the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a waveguide optical delay line in an integrated optical waveguide beamforming apparatus provided in the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of an actual structural principle of a bragg grating in an integrated optical waveguide beamforming device according to the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of transmission curves of a plurality of bragg gratings with different center wavelengths in an integrated optical waveguide beamforming device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is detailed below by combining the accompanying drawings and the embodiment.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an integrated optical waveguide beamforming apparatus provided in the present invention; the system comprises three parts, namely an optical fiber signal source module, an integrated waveguide optical delay module and a radio frequency antenna module;
the optical fiber signal source module comprises a tunable laser (1), a microwave signal source (2), an external modulator (3) and a polarization controller (4); the integrated waveguide optical delay module comprises a light spot size converter (5), an N-layer Y-branch beam splitter (6) and 2N waveguide optical delay lines; the radio frequency antenna module comprises 2N photoelectric detectors connected with the 2N waveguide optical delay lines respectively and 2N transmitting antennas connected with the 2N photoelectric detectors respectively;
the tunable laser (1) emits an optical signal with a wavelength lambda, which is modulated by a microwave signal source (2) in an external modulator (3); the modulated optical signals are selected by a polarization controller (4), are connected by optical fibers and are incident to a light spot size converter (5), the light spot size converter (5) couples the optical signals to an N-layer Y-branch beam splitter (6), the optical signals are equally divided into 2N paths by the N-layer Y-branch beam splitter (6), and the 2N paths of optical signals respectively enter 2N waveguide optical delay lines; the optical signals are reflected by the waveguide optical delay line to generate group delay, the delayed optical signals respectively enter the 2N photoelectric detectors, are converted into microwave signals after photoelectric conversion, and are transmitted to the space by the corresponding radio frequency antenna;
the optical delay line comprises a Bragg grating coupler, a light spot size converter, a straight waveguide and Bragg grating and a reverse Y branch, wherein an optical signal is incident from a port 1 of the waveguide optical delay line, one part of the optical signal enters the light spot size converter through a port 3 after being reflected in the straight waveguide and Bragg grating, so that the optical signal is coupled into an optical fiber from an optical waveguide and is continuously transmitted to a photoelectric detector, and the other part of the optical signal enters the Bragg grating coupler through a port 2 after being transmitted by the straight waveguide and the Bragg grating and is transmitted to a free space;
wherein the straight waveguide and the Bragg grating include a beam pointing angle corresponding to
K is a positive integer greater than 2, and the relative distances of the Bragg gratings with the same beam pointing angle in the adjacent delay lines satisfy
λwIs the wavelength, θ, of the microwave signal0Is the desired transmission direction (theta) of the microwave signal0＝-kθ°,L-θ°,0°,θ°,L,kθ°)，ngIs the refractive index of the waveguide group;
and adjusting the output light wavelength of the tunable laser, so that light signals with the same wavelength are reflected at different positions of adjacent light delay lines, thereby changing the time difference delta tau of the light delay lines in the adjacent waveguide light delay lines, and realizing selection of the emission beam direction after the combination of the 2N radio frequency antennas.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a position of a bragg grating in a waveguide optical delay line in an integrated optical waveguide beamforming apparatus according to the present invention; when the central wavelength lambda of a certain Bragg grating in the waveguide optical delay lineBThe optical signal is reflected at the bragg grating when the wavelength of the incident optical signal is the same, and therefore the position of the bragg grating in the optical delay line is important. In adjacent waveguide optical delay lines, Bragg gratings with the same central wavelength are oppositely arranged at different positions. According to the theory of optically-controlled true delay beam forming, the expected transmitting direction of a microwave signal is assumed to be theta0At this time, the phase difference required by the adjacent array elements is: phi0＝kdsinθ0Wherein k is the wave number of the microwave signal, d is the distance between adjacent antenna elements,
λwthe wavelength of the microwave signal. The required delay length difference in adjacent waveguide delay lines is then:
wherein n isgIs the index of refraction of the waveguide group. Considering that the Bragg grating operates in a reflective mode in the present invention, the relative distance between adjacent integrated waveguide optical delay lines is satisfied when the Bragg gratings with the same center wavelength are arranged
Microwave beam finger generated by radio frequency antenna arrayThe direction angle is theta0. Before the waveguide optical delay line is used, the positions of different Bragg gratings need to be calculated according to the wavelength of a microwave signal and the technical requirements of beam forming, and the Bragg gratings are etched on the straight waveguide in advance according to the calculated position result. When lambda is inserted in four waveguide delay lines as shown in figure 21～λ9The Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths can realize nine beam pointing angles with different sizes from-4 theta to 4 theta degrees.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a structural principle of a waveguide optical delay line in an integrated optical waveguide beamforming device provided in the present invention. Fig. 3 shows that an optical signal is incident from the port 1 of the waveguide optical delay line; after being reflected in the Bragg grating delay line, the optical signal enters the light spot size converter through the 3 ports, so that the optical signal is coupled into the optical fiber from the optical waveguide; after the redundant light transmits through the delay line, the redundant light enters the Bragg grating coupler through the 2 ports and is propagated to the free space.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of an actual structural principle of a bragg grating in the integrated optical waveguide beamforming device according to the present invention. The Bragg grating is in a sawtooth shape, the material is SOI, and the thickness of the waveguide is 220 nm; delta w is the Bragg grating sawtooth width, and the default is 10 nm; the average width of the Bragg grating is 500 nm; the grating periodicity N determines the grating transmittance and can be calculated according to actual requirements, and the periodicity N is defaulted to 200; the front and the back of the Bragg grating are straight waveguides, and the Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths are still connected with each other through the straight waveguides.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of transmission curves of a plurality of bragg gratings with different center wavelengths in an integrated optical waveguide beamforming device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Grating period length Λ and center wavelength λBSatisfies the following conditions: lambda [ alpha ]B＝2Λneff，neffIs the waveguide effective index. By adjusting the length Λ of the grating period, bragg gratings with similar structures but different center wavelengths can be obtained. As shown in FIG. 5, in the embodiment, 9 grating period lengths Λ are selected, which are 310nm, 315nm, 320nm, 325nm, 330nm, 335nm, 340nm, 345nm and 350nm, respectively, and the corresponding center wavelengths are distributed within 1510nm to 1620nm and correspond to those of the tunable laserThe output wavelength.
The integrated optical waveguide beam forming device provided by the invention constructs the waveguide optical delay line by the Bragg grating and the straight waveguide, and a plurality of optical delay lines form the optical delay unit; by writing the central wavelength lambda at different positions of the waveguide delay lineBA plurality of mutually different Bragg gratings for making the central wavelength lambda on the adjacent waveguide optical delay linesBThe same bragg gratings have the same relative distance
The existence of the relative distance D enables the reflected optical signals in the adjacent waveguide optical delay lines to generate an optical delay time difference delta tau; by selecting the output light wavelength of the tunable laser, light signals with different wavelengths are reflected at different Bragg gratings of the same waveguide light delay line, so that the time difference Delta tau of the light delay lines between adjacent waveguide light delay lines is changed, and the purpose of beam forming of microwave signals is realized.
Claims (3)
1. An integrated optical waveguide beam forming device is characterized by comprising an optical fiber signal source module, an integrated waveguide optical delay module and a radio frequency antenna module;
the optical fiber signal source module comprises a tunable laser, a microwave signal source, an external modulator and a polarization controller; the integrated waveguide optical delay module comprises a light spot size converter, an N-layer Y-branch beam splitter and 2N waveguide optical delay lines; the radio frequency antenna module comprises 2N photoelectric detectors connected with the 2N waveguide optical delay lines respectively and 2N transmitting antennas connected with the 2N photoelectric detectors respectively;
the tunable laser emits an optical signal with a wavelength lambda, and the optical signal is modulated by a microwave signal source in an external modulator; the modulated optical signal is selected by a polarization controller, is connected and enters an integrated waveguide optical delay module through an optical fiber, is coupled to an N-layer Y-branch beam splitter by a light spot size converter in the integrated waveguide optical delay module, is equally divided into 2N paths by the N-layer Y-branch beam splitter and respectively enters 2N waveguide optical delay lines; the optical signals are reflected by the waveguide optical delay line to generate group delay, the delayed optical signals respectively enter the 2N photoelectric detectors, are converted into microwave signals after photoelectric conversion, and are transmitted to the space by the corresponding radio frequency antenna;
the waveguide optical delay line comprises a Bragg grating coupler, a light spot size converter, a straight waveguide and Bragg grating and a reverse Y branch, wherein an optical signal is incident from a port 1 of the waveguide optical delay line, one part of the optical signal enters the light spot size converter through a port 3 after being reflected in the straight waveguide and Bragg grating and is continuously transmitted to a photoelectric detector, and the other part of the optical signal enters the Bragg grating coupler through a port 2 after being transmitted by the straight waveguide and Bragg grating and is transmitted to a free space;
the straight waveguide and the Bragg grating comprise a plurality of Bragg gratings with beam pointing angles of-k theta degrees, L-theta degrees, 0 degrees, theta degrees, L degrees and k theta degrees, k is a positive integer larger than 2, and the relative distance between the Bragg gratings with the same beam pointing angle in adjacent delay lines meets the requirement
λwIs the wavelength, θ, of the microwave signal0For the desired transmission direction of the microwave signal, ngIs the refractive index of the waveguide group;
and adjusting the output light wavelength of the tunable laser, so that light signals with the same wavelength are reflected at different positions of adjacent optical delay lines, thereby changing the time difference delta tau of the optical delay lines between the adjacent waveguide optical delay lines, and realizing the selection of the emission beam direction after the combination of the 2N radio frequency antennas.
2. The integrated optical waveguide beamforming device according to claim 1, wherein the integrated waveguide optical delay module uses silicon on insulator as an optical signal transmission medium, and the substrate is SiO2The thickness is 2 mu m; the core layer is a strip-shaped Si waveguide or a ridge-shaped Si waveguide, the thickness is 220nm, and the average width is 500 nm; the uppermost layer is air or buried oxide material.
3. According to claimThe integrated optical waveguide beam forming device is characterized in that the straight waveguide is a sawtooth-shaped strip-shaped straight waveguide, and the width of a sawtooth is 10 nm; the periodicity N of the Bragg grating is 200; obtaining a plurality of central wavelengths lambda by changing the period lambda of the Bragg gratingBDifferent bragg gratings.
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