Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present application provides an AGV fault growth rate determining method and apparatus, which can improve accuracy of determining an AGV fault growth rate.
In order to solve the technical problem, the technical scheme of the application is realized as follows:
a method for determining an AGV fault growth rate comprises the following steps:
respectively counting the times of various faults of each AGV aiming at a time t1 and a time t 2;
respectively determining the sum of various fault times in the time period t1 and the time period t2 according to the fault types;
determining for each fault a ratio of the sum of the corresponding number of faults for time period t2 and time period t 1;
determining the geometric mean a of the ratio of the sum of all the number of faultst2/t1;
Determining the ratio E of the task volumes of all AGVs during time period t2 and time period t1t2/t1;
Determining a time periodthe AGV Fault growth Rate of t2 compared to time period t1 is Et2/t1/at2/t1。
A method for determining an AGV fault growth rate comprises the following steps:
respectively counting the times of various faults of each AGV according to the period A, the period B and the period C;
respectively determining the sum of various failure times in the period A, the period B and the period C according to the failure types;
respectively determining the ratio of the sum of the corresponding failure times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C aiming at each failure;
respectively determining the geometric mean value of the ratio of the sum of all the fault times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C;
determining the ratio of the task quantities of all AGVs in two periods of the period A, the period B and the period C;
and determining the AGV fault growth rate in any two periods according to the geometric mean value and the determined ratio of the task quantities.
An AGV fault growth rate determination apparatus, the apparatus comprising: the device comprises a counting unit, a first determining unit, a second determining unit, a third determining unit, a fourth determining unit and a fifth determining unit;
the counting unit is used for respectively counting the times of various faults of each AGV aiming at a time t1 and a time t 2;
the first determining unit is used for respectively determining the sum of various fault times in the time period t1 and the time period t2 according to fault types;
the second determination unit for determining a ratio of a sum of corresponding failure times of the time period t2 and the time period t1 for each failure;
the third determination unit is used for determining the geometric mean value a of the ratio of the sum of all the fault timest2/t1;
The fourth determining unit for determining the ratio E of the task amounts of all AGVs in the period t2 and the period t1t2/t1;
The fifth determining unit for determining that the AGV fault increase rate of the period t2 compared to the period t1 is Et2/t1/at2/t1。
An AGV fault growth rate determination apparatus, the apparatus comprising: the device comprises a counting unit, a first determining unit, a second determining unit, a third determining unit, a fourth determining unit and a fifth determining unit;
the counting unit is used for respectively counting the times of various faults of each AGV aiming at the period A, the period B and the period C;
the first determining unit is used for respectively determining the sum of various failure times in the period A, the period B and the period C according to the failure types;
the second determining unit is used for respectively determining the ratio of the sum of the corresponding failure times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C aiming at each failure;
the third determining unit is used for respectively determining the geometric mean value a of the ratio of the sum of all the fault times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period CA/B、aA/C、aB/A、aB/C、aC/A、aC/B;
The fourth determination unit is used for determining the ratio E of the task quantities of all AGVs in two periods of the period A, the period B and the period CA/B、EA/C、EB/A、EB/C、EC/A、EC/B;
And the fifth determining unit is used for determining the AGV fault growth rate in any two periods according to the geometric mean value and the determined ratio of the task quantities.
An electronic device comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, the processor performing the steps of the AGV fault growth rate determination method.
A computer-readable storage medium, having stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, performs the steps of an AGV fault growth rate determination method.
An electronic device comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor implements steps such as an AGV failure growth rate determination method when executing the program.
A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program, characterized in that the program, when being executed by a processor, carries out the steps of the AGV fault growth rate determination method.
According to the technical scheme, the AGV fault growth rate is finally determined by respectively counting different faults and determining the fault ratio through geometric mean after the fault ratio is determined, so that the result has base period invariance and the influence of the task quantity on the faults is considered. The method and the device can improve the accuracy of determining the AGV fault growth rate.
Example one
The correlation information for two periods is used in this embodiment to determine the AGV fault growth rate between the two periods.
Taking time period t1 and time period t2 as examples.
The time period t1 and the time period t2 may be two consecutive time periods, or may be discontinuous, i.e., the AGV fault growth rate may be determined for any two time periods, as desired.
The period in the embodiment of the present application is a preset period, and may be set according to actual needs, which is not limited herein.
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process of determining an AGV fault growth rate according to an embodiment of the present application. The method comprises the following specific steps:
in step 101, the number of times of each fault of each AGV is counted for the time period t1 and the time period t2, respectively.
The type of fault can be configured according to practical application, such as: derailment, heartbeat timeout, battery abnormality, etc.
Order to
Indicating the number of times the ith AGV failed in the jth fault during time t1, and causing
The number of times of j faults occurring in the ith AGV at time t2 is shown, and m faults of n AGVs are set.
And step 102, respectively determining the sum of various failure times in the time period t1 and the time period t2 according to the failure types.
Counting the number of various faults in t1 and t2 periods according to the fault types
The sum of the j-th fault occurring in n AGVs in the period t1 is shown
Represents the sum of the j-th fault occurring in n AGVs in the period t2, which is as follows:
in order to prevent the case where the value 0 appears in the denominator or in the determination in
step 103, so that the determination cannot be completed, preset values are respectively added to the sums of the corresponding failure times for the period t2 and the period t 1; namely to
And
the preset values can be respectively increased by adjusting, and specifically, 1 can be respectively added when the adjustment is realized.
Step 103, the ratio of the sum of the corresponding number of failures for time period t2 and time period t1 is determined for each failure.
zjIndicating the ratio of the sum of the number of failures for time period t2 and time period t1 for the jth failure.
Step 104, determine the geometric mean of the ratio of the sum of all failure times.
The geometric mean of the ratio of the sum of all the number of faults is denoted as at2/t1;
The geometric mean value is determined by a geometric mean algorithm, so that the result has the characteristic of base period invariance, namely, the essence of the result is not changed whether t1 or t2 is selected as the base period (denominator).
Step 105, determines the ratio of the task volumes of all AGVs during time period t2 and time period t 1.
The ratio of the task size of all AGVs in time period t2 and time period t1 is denoted as Et2/t1。
In the step, the influence of the task quantity on the fault is considered, and the fault times with large task quantity can have obvious influence under the common condition.
The embodiment of the application is not limited to the statistical method of the task quantity, such as the number of orders, the number of driving distances and the like.
The embodiment of the application provides a specific implementation process for representing task quantity by using the travel distance:
respectively counting the travel distance of each AGV in the time period t2 and the time period t 1; are used separately
And
and (4) showing.
Determining the sum of the AGV travel distances in the time period t2 and the time period t1 respectively; are used separately
And
and (4) showing.
Et2/t1The ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs during the time period t2 to the total distance traveled by the AGVs during the time period t 1:
Et2/t1=Dt2/Dt1。
and 106, determining the AGV fault increase rate of the time period t2 compared with the AGV fault increase rate of the time period t1 according to the ratio of the geometric mean value to the task quantity.
The AGV fault growth rate for time period t2 compared to time period t1 is: ft2/t1=Et2/t1/at2/t1。
In the embodiment of the application, the determined AGV fault growth rate can be directly used as the determined AGV fault growth rate, and the value obtained by subtracting 1 can also be used as the determined AGV fault growth rate.
The realization mode avoids the defect of directly summing different faults, and the influence of a unit is eliminated by comparing the same fault, and the mean determination is carried out after the same fault is converted into a dimensionless numerical value; and the influence of the task quantity on the fault is removed, so that the accuracy of determining the fault growth rate of the AGV is improved.
Example two
The correlation information for three periods is used in this embodiment to determine the AGV fault growth rate between two periods.
Taking period A, period B and period C as examples.
Periods C, B and A are three consecutive periods, or non-consecutive periods, that is, three periods may be used to determine the AGV fault growth rate for any two periods, as desired.
The period in the embodiment of the present application is a preset period, and may be set according to actual needs, which is not limited herein.
Referring to fig. 2, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a process for determining an AGV fault growth rate according to a second embodiment of the present application. The method comprises the following specific steps:
in step 201, the number of times of each fault of each AGV is counted for each of the period a, the period B, and the period C.
The type of fault can be configured according to practical application, such as: derailment, heartbeat timeout, battery abnormality, etc.
Order to
Indicating the number of times that the ith AGV has the jth fault in the period A, and order
Indicating that the ith AGV sent in the period BThe number of j-th faults, order
And the number of j faults of the ith AGV in the period C is shown, and m faults of n AGVs are set.
In step 202, the sum of the number of times of various faults in the period A, the period B and the period C is determined according to the fault types.
The number of various faults in A, B, C three periods is counted according to the fault types
The sum of j faults of n AGVs in the period A is shown
The sum of j faults of n AGVs in the period B is shown
The total of the j-th faults of n AGVs in the period C is shown as follows:
in order to prevent the case where the value 0 appears in the denominator or in the determination in
step 203, so that the determination cannot be completed, preset values are respectively added to the sums of the corresponding failure times of the period a, the period B, and the period C; namely to
And
the preset values can be respectively increased by adjusting, and specifically, 1 can be respectively added when the adjustment is realized.
Step 203, respectively determining the ratio of the sum of the corresponding failure times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C aiming at each failure.
In the case of the j-th failure,
to be provided with
For example, the ratio of the total number of failures corresponding to the jth failure in the period a and the period B is shown.
And step 204, respectively determining the geometric mean value of the ratio of the sum of all the fault times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C.
The geometric mean of the ratio of the sum of all the number of faults in the period A and the period B is denoted as aA/B;
Geometric mean value a of the ratio of the sum of all the failure times in the other two periodsA/C、aB/A、aB/C、aC/A、aC/BAnd aA/BSimilarly, this is not given here.
The geometric mean is determined by a geometric mean algorithm, so that the result has the characteristic of constant base period, namely whether A, B or C is selected as the base period (denominator), the essence of the result is not changed.
Step 205, determining the ratio of the task quantities of all AGVs in two periods of the period A, the period B and the period C.
In this step, two periods of the period A, the period B and the period C are determinedRatio E of the task volumes of all AGVsA/B、EA /C、EB/A、EB/C、EC/A、EC/BThe method specifically comprises the following steps:
respectively counting the travel distance of each AGV in the period A, the period B and the period C;
respectively determining the total sum of the AGV traveling distances in the period A, the period B and the period C;
determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B as EA/B;
Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C as EA/C;
Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A as EB/A;
Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C as EB/C;
Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A as EC/A;
Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B as EC/B。
And step 206, determining the AGV fault growth rate in any two periods according to the geometric mean value and the determined ratio of the task quantities.
The specific implementation process of step 206 is as follows:
determining the AGV fault growth rate of the period A compared with the period B as follows:
determining the AGV fault growth rate of the period A compared with the period C as follows:
determining the AGV fault growth rate of the period B compared with the period C as follows:
wherein, FA/A、FB/B、FC/CThe values of (A) are all 1; fA/B=aA/B/EA/B,FA/C=aA/C/EA/C,FB/A=aB/A/EB/A,FB/C=aB/C/EB/C,FC/A=aC/A/EC/A,FC/B=aC/B/EC/B。
As for determining the AGV fault growth rate of period B compared to period A, a similar formula can be used for determination, and the reciprocal of the AGV fault growth rate of period A compared to period B can also be used for determination;
as for determining the AGV fault growth rate of period A compared with period C, a similar formula can be used for determining, and the AGV fault growth rate of period C compared with period A can also be determined by using the reciprocal of the fault growth rate of period C compared with period A;
as for determining the AGV fault growth rate for period B versus period C, a similar formula may be used, or the inverse of the AGV fault growth rate for period C versus period B may be used.
The realization mode avoids the defect of directly summing different faults, and the influence of a unit is eliminated by comparing the same fault, and the mean determination is carried out after the same fault is converted into a dimensionless numerical value; the influence of the task quantity on the fault is removed in the determination process, and the result determined by the implementation mode is also conductive, so that the result is not contradictory logically, namely the result is more reasonable; therefore, the accuracy of determining the AGV fault growth rate is guaranteed.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the application also provides an AGV fault growth rate determining device. Referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus according to the present application applied to the technology of the first embodiment. The device includes: a counting unit 301, a first determining unit 302, a second determining unit 303, a third determining unit 304, a fourth determining unit 305, and a fifth determining unit 306;
a counting unit 301, configured to count the number of times of each fault of each AGV for a time period t1 and a time period t2, respectively;
a first determining unit 302 for determining the sum of the number of times of various failures within the time period t1 and the time period t2, respectively, according to the types of failures;
a second determining unit 303 for determining a ratio of the sum of the corresponding failure times of the time period t2 and the time period t1 for each failure;
a third determination unit 304 for determining the geometric mean a of the ratio of the sum of all failure timest2/t1;
A fourth determining unit 305 for determining a ratio E of the task amounts of all AGVs in the period t2 and the period t1t2/t1;
A fifth determining unit 306 for determining the AGV fault increase rate E of the period t2 compared to the period t1t2/t1/at2/t1。
Preferably, the first and second liquid crystal films are made of a polymer,
a counting unit 301, further counting the travel distance of each AGV in the time period t2 and the time period t1, respectively;
a fourth determination unit 305 for determining the total of the AGV traveling distances in the time period t2 and the time period t1, respectively; determination of Et2/t1Is the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs during time period t2 to the total distance traveled by the AGVs during time period t 1.
Preferably, the first and second liquid crystal films are made of a polymer,
the second determining unit 303 is further configured to increase the sum of the corresponding failure times for the period t2 and the period t1 by preset values, respectively, before determining the ratio of the sum of the corresponding failure times for the period t2 and the period t1 for each failure.
Preferably, the first and second liquid crystal films are made of a polymer,
the time period t1 and the time period t2 are two consecutive time periods, or discontinuous time periods.
Based on the same inventive concept, the embodiment of the application also provides an AGV fault growth rate determining device. Referring to fig. 4, fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present application. The device includes: a counting unit 401, a first determining unit 402, a second determining unit 403, a third determining unit 404, a fourth determining unit 405, and a fifth determining unit 406;
a counting unit 401 for counting the number of times of each fault of each AGV for the period a, the period B, and the period C, respectively;
a first determination unit 402 for determining the total of the number of times of various failures in the period a, the period B, and the period C, respectively, according to the types of failures;
a second determining unit 403, configured to determine, for each fault, a ratio of the sum of the numbers of faults corresponding to two periods in the period a, the period B, and the period C;
a third determination unit 404 for determining a geometric mean value a of a ratio of a sum of all failure times of two periods in the period a, the period B and the period C, respectivelyA/B、aA/C、aB/A、aB/C、aC/A、aC/B;
A fourth determination unit 405 for determining the ratio E of the task amounts of all AGVs in two periods of the period A, the period B and the period CA/B、EA/C、EB/A、EB/C、EC/A、EC/B;
And a fifth determining unit 406, configured to determine an AGV fault growth rate of any two periods according to the geometric mean and the determined ratio of the task quantities.
Preferably, the first and second liquid crystal films are made of a polymer,
the fifth determining
unit 406 is specifically configured to determine that the AGV fault increase rate of the period a compared to the period B is:
determining the AGV fault growth rate of the period A compared with the period C as follows:
determining the AGV fault growth rate of the period B compared with the period C as follows:
wherein, F
A/A、F
B/B、F
C/CThe values of (A) are all 1; f
A/B=a
A/B/E
A/B,F
A/C=a
A/C/E
A/C,F
B/A=a
B/A/E
B/A,F
B/C=a
B/C/E
B/C,F
C/A=a
C/A/E
C/A,F
C/B=a
C/B/E
C/B;a
A/B、a
A/C、a
B/A、a
B /C、a
C/A、a
C/BThe geometric mean value of the ratio of the sum of all the fault times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C; e
A/B、E
A/C、E
B/A、E
B/C、E
C/A、E
C/BThe ratio of the workload of all AGVs in each of the two periods A, B and C.
Preferably, the first and second liquid crystal films are made of a polymer,
a counting unit 401 for counting the travel distance of each AGV in the period a, the period B, and the period C, respectively;
a fourth determination unit 405, specifically, for determining the total sum of the AGV travel distances in the period a, the period B, and the period C, respectively; determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B as EA/B(ii) a Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C as EA/C(ii) a Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A as EB/A(ii) a Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C as EB/C(ii) a Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period A as EC/A(ii) a Determining the ratio of the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period C to the total distance traveled by the AGVs in the period B as EC/B。
Preferably, the first and second liquid crystal films are made of a polymer,
the second determining unit 403 is further configured to increase the preset value for the sum of the number of corresponding failures in each period before determining the ratio of the sum of the number of corresponding failures in each period of the period a, the period B, and the period C for each failure.
Preferably, the first and second liquid crystal films are made of a polymer,
period C, period B and period a are three consecutive periods, or discontinuous periods.
The units of the above embodiments may be integrated into one body, or may be separately deployed; may be combined into one unit or further divided into a plurality of sub-units.
In summary, the present application avoids the disadvantage of directly summing up different kinds of faults, and eliminates the influence of units by comparing the same kind of faults, and then performs average determination after being converted into dimensionless numerical values; the influence of the task quantity on the fault is removed in the determination process, and the result determined by the implementation mode is also conductive, so that the result is not contradictory logically, namely the result is more reasonable; therefore, the accuracy of determining the AGV fault growth rate is guaranteed.
In addition, an electronic device is provided in an embodiment of the present application, and includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, where the processor executes the computer program to implement the steps of the method for determining an AGV fault growth rate according to the first embodiment.
In addition, a computer-readable storage medium is further provided in the embodiments of the present application, and a computer program is stored thereon, and when being executed by a processor, the computer program implements the steps of the method for determining an AGV fault growth rate in the first embodiment.
Fig. 5 is a schematic physical structure diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 5, the electronic device may include: a processor (processor)510, a communication Interface (Communications Interface)520, a memory (memory)530 and a communication bus 540, wherein the processor 510, the communication Interface 520 and the memory 530 communicate with each other via the communication bus 540. Processor 510 may call logic instructions in memory 530 to perform the following method:
respectively counting the times of various faults of each AGV aiming at a time t1 and a time t 2;
respectively determining the sum of various fault times in the time period t1 and the time period t2 according to the fault types;
determining for each fault a ratio of the sum of the corresponding number of faults for time period t2 and time period t 1;
determining the geometric mean a of the ratio of the sum of all the number of faultst2/t1;
Determining the ratio E of the task volumes of all AGVs during time period t2 and time period t1t2/t1;
The AGV fault increase rate determined for the period t2 compared to the period t1 is Et2/t1/at2/t1。
Furthermore, the logic instructions in the memory 530 may be implemented in the form of software functional units and stored in a computer readable storage medium when the software functional units are sold or used as independent products. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present invention may be embodied in the form of a software product, which is stored in a storage medium and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to execute all or part of the steps of the method according to the embodiments of the present invention. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and other various media capable of storing program codes.
The above-described embodiments of the apparatus are merely illustrative, and the units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the modules may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the present embodiment. One of ordinary skill in the art can understand and implement it without inventive effort.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented by software plus a necessary general hardware platform, and certainly can also be implemented by hardware. With this understanding in mind, the above-described technical solutions may be embodied in the form of a software product, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium such as ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.
In addition, an electronic device is further provided in an embodiment of the present application, and includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, where the processor executes the computer program to implement the steps of the method for determining an AGV fault increase rate according to embodiment two.
In addition, an embodiment of the present application further provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, which when executed by a processor implements the steps of the method for determining an AGV fault growth rate as described in embodiment two.
Fig. 6 is a schematic physical structure diagram of an electronic device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 6, the electronic device may include: a processor (processor)610, a communication Interface (Communications Interface)620, a memory (memory)630 and a communication bus 640, wherein the processor 610, the communication Interface 620 and the memory 630 communicate with each other via the communication bus 640. The processor 610 may call logic instructions in the memory 630 to perform the following method:
respectively counting the times of various faults of each AGV according to the period A, the period B and the period C;
respectively determining the sum of various failure times in the period A, the period B and the period C according to the failure types;
respectively determining the ratio of the sum of the corresponding failure times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C aiming at each failure;
respectively determining the geometric mean value of the ratio of the sum of all the fault times of every two periods in the period A, the period B and the period C;
determining the ratio of the task quantities of all AGVs in two periods of the period A, the period B and the period C;
and determining the AGV fault growth rate in any two periods according to the geometric mean value and the determined ratio of the task quantities.
In addition, the logic instructions in the memory 630 may be implemented in software functional units and stored in a computer readable storage medium when the logic instructions are sold or used as independent products. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present invention may be embodied in the form of a software product, which is stored in a storage medium and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to execute all or part of the steps of the method according to the embodiments of the present invention. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and other various media capable of storing program codes.
The above-described embodiments of the apparatus are merely illustrative, and the units described as separate parts may or may not be physically separate, and parts displayed as units may or may not be physical units, may be located in one place, or may be distributed on a plurality of network units. Some or all of the modules may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the solution of the present embodiment. One of ordinary skill in the art can understand and implement it without inventive effort.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will clearly understand that each embodiment can be implemented by software plus a necessary general hardware platform, and certainly can also be implemented by hardware. With this understanding in mind, the above-described technical solutions may be embodied in the form of a software product, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium such as ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc., and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute the methods described in the embodiments or some parts of the embodiments.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.