CN111665162A - On-line measuring device for carbon content in boiler fly ash - Google Patents
On-line measuring device for carbon content in boiler fly ash Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides an on-line measuring device for the carbon content of boiler fly ash, comprising: the ash discharging device comprises a first platform, a second platform, a rotating device arranged on the lower surface of the first platform, an ash discharging mechanism and an ignition mechanism which are arranged at the left end and the right end of the first platform, a weighing mechanism, a first lifting device and a second lifting device which are arranged on the second platform, wherein the first platform is positioned above the second platform, a weighing station, an ash collecting station and an ignition station are arranged on the first platform, the ash discharging mechanism and the weighing mechanism are respectively positioned right above and right below the weighing station, and the ignition mechanism and the second lifting device are respectively positioned right above and right below the ignition station. According to the invention, three stations are adopted for measurement, and the ash discharge mechanism, the crucible supporting plate and the lifting of the crucible tray are all independently controlled, so that the station switching efficiency is improved, the positioning requirement is reduced, the equipment reliability is improved, the transmission efficiency is improved, and the problems of lead screw jamming, abrasion and the like are solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fly ash measurement, and particularly relates to an on-line measuring device for the carbon content of boiler fly ash.
Background
In the technical field of online measurement of carbon content in fly ash of a thermal power plant, a flue self-drawing type sampler is generally adopted to collect fly ash in flue gas at present, and collected ash samples are provided for online measurement equipment of carbon content to be analyzed, at present, a burning weight loss method is generally adopted to measure the carbon content in fly ash domestically, and the working process is as follows: collecting a flue ash sample by a fly ash sampler, adding a certain amount of ash sample into a high-temperature crucible, firstly weighing the crucible for the first time, then sending the crucible with the ash sample into a high-temperature furnace for ignition, taking out the crucible for cooling after all combustible substances in the ash sample are completely ignited, then weighing again, and calculating the value of the carbon content of the fly ash according to the ratio of the weight loss before and after ignition of the ash sample to the weight of the ash sample before non-ignition.
The lifting mechanism of the burning method fly ash measuring instrument in the invention patent CN 101694447A of the company adopts a screw rod transmission mechanism, the lifting mechanism is arranged on a lifting platform, a screw rod nut is fixed on the lifting platform for connection, and a lifting motor drives the lifting platform to move up and down through the rotation of a screw rod. Because the firing type fly ash works on site badly, the flying dust is large, and the temperature is high, the faults that the lead screw and the guide rod are jammed are often caused, the lead screw and the lead screw nut are seriously abraded, the shaking and the vibration are large during the movement, the crucible is easily separated from the crucible ejector rod and is inclined, and the equipment damage or the faults are caused. The existing equipment is designed with 4 stations which are distributed on the same circumference, and the sampling and measuring process of fly ash needs to be switched for many times at different stations, and the station switching efficiency is low because only one motor controls the lifting of a platform. The existing positioning sensors all use photoelectric switches, and the detection surfaces of the photoelectric sensors are polluted by dust due to the fact that the photoelectric switches are large in dust on the site of the equipment and are used for a long time, so that positioning failure and equipment failure are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the technical problem of providing an on-line measuring device for the carbon content of the fly ash of the boiler, which adopts three stations for measurement, and the ash discharging mechanism, the crucible supporting plate and the lifting of the crucible tray are all independently controlled, thereby improving the station switching efficiency, reducing the positioning requirement, improving the reliability of the device, simultaneously improving the transmission efficiency, and overcoming the problems of lead screw jamming, abrasion and the like.
The technical solution for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows:
an on-line measuring device for the carbon content of boiler fly ash comprises a first platform, a second platform, a rotating device, a weighing mechanism, an ash discharging mechanism, a firing mechanism, a first lifting device, a second lifting device and a crucible supporting plate, wherein the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate is arranged in the center of the first platform, the movable end of the crucible supporting plate is provided with a crucible hole matched with a crucible, and the movable end of the crucible supporting plate does circular motion by taking the fixed end as the center of a circle; the first platform is positioned above the second platform, three circular through hole stations with the circle centers positioned on the circumference of the same radius are arranged on the first platform and respectively comprise a weighing station, an ash collecting station and a firing station, and the circumference takes the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate as the circle center; the rotating device is arranged in the center of the lower surface of the first platform and is connected with the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate to drive the crucible supporting plate to rotate synchronously; the ash discharging mechanism and the firing mechanism are respectively arranged at the left end and the right end of the first platform, the weighing mechanism, the first lifting device and the second lifting device are sequentially arranged on the second platform from left to right, the ash discharging mechanism and the weighing mechanism are respectively positioned right above and right below the weighing station, and the firing mechanism and the second lifting device are respectively positioned right above and right below the firing station.
Furthermore, the boiler fly ash carbon content on-line measuring device comprises a rotating mechanism, a first motor, a synchronous gear belt and a motor support, wherein the first motor is fixed on the lower surface of the first platform through the motor support and is connected with the rotating mechanism through the synchronous gear belt, and the rotating mechanism penetrates through the first platform and is connected with the crucible supporting plate.
Furthermore, the boiler fly ash carbon content online measuring device comprises an ash discharging mechanism, an ash discharging hose, an air cylinder fixing plate, an ash discharging air cylinder and an ash discharging pipe, wherein the ash discharging air cylinder is fixed at the left end of the first platform, one end of the air cylinder fixing plate is fixed on the ash discharging air cylinder, the other end of the air cylinder fixing plate is provided with a through hole for placing the ash discharging pipe, the ash discharging pipe is clamped in the through hole of the air cylinder fixing plate and is aligned to the position right above the weighing station, and the air ejector is fixed above the ash discharging pipe and is communicated with the ash discharging pipe through the ash discharging hose.
Furthermore, the on-line measuring device for the carbon content in the fly ash of the boiler comprises a burning mechanism, a thermocouple, a combustion chamber and an electric furnace support, wherein the combustion chamber is fixed at the right end of the first platform through the electric furnace support, a burning opening of the combustion chamber is aligned to the position right above a burning station, and the thermocouple is installed at the top in the combustion chamber.
Furthermore, the on-line measuring device for the carbon content of the boiler fly ash comprises a balance supporting plate balance and a balance supporting column, wherein the balance is fixed at the left end of the second platform through the balance supporting column, one end of the balance supporting plate is fixed on a weighing disc of the balance, and the other end of the balance supporting plate penetrates through a weighing station.
Furthermore, the boiler fly ash carbon content online measuring device comprises a first lifting device, a second lifting device and a second lifting device, wherein the first lifting device comprises a first motor support, a third motor, a first sensor and a fourth sensor, the third motor is fixedly installed in the center of the second platform through the first motor support, the third motor is communicated with the rotating device through a first connector, the first sensor and the fourth sensor are both installed on the right side of the first connector, the first sensor is located above the fourth sensor, and the first sensor and the fourth sensor are respectively used for measuring the ascending stroke and the descending stroke of the crucible supporting plate.
Furthermore, the boiler fly ash carbon content on-line measuring device comprises a second lifting device, a second motor, a second sensor, a third sensor, an ejector rod mechanism and a guide rod mechanism, wherein the second motor is fixedly installed on a second platform through a second motor support, the ejector rod mechanism and the guide rod mechanism are sequentially installed on the right side of the second motor side by side, the second motor, the ejector rod mechanism and the guide rod mechanism are sequentially connected through a second connector, the top end of the ejector rod mechanism penetrates through a burning station and is provided with a crucible tray, the second sensor and the third sensor are both installed on the right side of the ejector rod mechanism, the second sensor is above the third sensor, and the second sensor and the third sensor are respectively used for measuring the ascending and descending strokes of the crucible tray.
Further, the boiler fly ash carbon content on-line measuring device of the invention is characterized in that a zero position sensor is arranged on the crucible supporting plate, and the zero position sensor is a non-contact inductive proximity sensor.
Furthermore, the second motor and the third motor of the boiler fly ash carbon content on-line measuring device are rack motors.
Furthermore, the first sensor, the second sensor, the third sensor and the fourth sensor of the boiler fly ash carbon content on-line measuring device are non-contact magnetic proximity sensors.
Compared with the prior art, the invention adopting the technical scheme has the following technical effects:
1. the boiler fly ash carbon content on-line measuring device reduces the number of the measuring stations from four to three, improves the station switching efficiency, reduces the positioning requirement and improves the equipment reliability.
2. The boiler fly ash carbon content on-line measuring device of the invention completes the lifting of the ash discharging mechanism, the lifting of the crucible supporting plate and the lifting of the firing ejector rod by independent control mechanisms, and adopts the cylinder and the rack motor which can adapt to the severe environment on site and reliably operate for a long time, thereby improving the transmission efficiency and overcoming the problems of lead screw jamming, abrasion and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an on-line measuring device for carbon content in boiler fly ash according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a crucible tray of the on-line measuring device for carbon content in boiler fly ash of the present invention passing through three stations.
Reference signs mean: 1: first platform, 2: second platform, 3: first motor, 4: second motor, 5: third motor, 6: crucible, 7: crucible supporting plate, 8: a rotation mechanism and 9: crucible tray, 10: first connector, 11: ejector rod mechanism, 12: guide rod mechanism, 13: first sensor, 14: second sensor, 15: third sensor, 16: second connector, 17: synchronous gear belt, 18: motor support, 19: first motor strut, 20: second motor strut, 21: fourth sensor, 22: balance plate, 23: balance, 24: balance column, 25: air extractor, 26: ash discharge hose, 27: cylinder fixing plate, 28: ash discharge cylinder, 29: ash discharge pipe, 30: thermocouple, 31: combustion chamber, 32: an electric furnace 33: an electric furnace bracket.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are illustrative only for the purpose of explaining the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
An on-line measuring device for the carbon content of boiler fly ash comprises a first platform 1, a second platform 2, a rotating device, a weighing mechanism, an ash discharging mechanism, a firing mechanism, a first lifting device and a second lifting device.
The crucible support plate is characterized by further comprising a crucible support plate 7, a fixed end of the crucible support plate 7 is arranged in the center of the first platform 1, a crucible hole matched with the crucible 6 is formed in the movable end, and the movable end moves circularly by taking the fixed end as the circle center. And a zero position sensor is arranged on the crucible supporting plate 7 and is a non-contact inductive proximity sensor.
The first platform 1 is positioned above the second platform 2, three circular through hole stations with the circle centers positioned on the circumference of the same radius are arranged on the first platform 1 and respectively comprise a weighing station, an ash collecting station and a firing station, and the circumference takes the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate 7 as the circle center.
The rotating device is arranged in the center of the lower surface of the first platform 1 and is connected with the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate 7 to drive the crucible supporting plate 7 to rotate synchronously. The rotating device comprises a rotating mechanism 8, a first motor 3, a synchronous gear belt 17 and a motor support 18, the first motor 3 is fixed on the lower surface of the first platform 1 through the motor support 18 and is connected with the rotating mechanism 8 through the synchronous gear belt 17, the rotating mechanism 8 penetrates through the first platform 1 and is connected with the crucible supporting plate 7, the rotating mechanism 8 is used for enabling the crucible supporting plate 7 to move among three stations, and the accurate transmission ratio of the synchronous gear belt 17 is utilized to guarantee the precision and accuracy of each rotation of the crucible supporting plate 7. The central shaft of the rotating mechanism 8 makes up-and-down linear motion.
The ash discharging mechanism and the firing mechanism are respectively arranged at the left end and the right end of the first platform 1, the weighing mechanism, the first lifting device and the second lifting device are sequentially arranged on the second platform 2 from left to right, the ash discharging mechanism and the weighing mechanism are respectively positioned right above and right below the weighing station, and the firing mechanism and the second lifting device are respectively positioned right above and right below the firing station. Wherein:
the ash discharging mechanism comprises an air extractor 25, an ash discharging hose 26, an air cylinder fixing plate 27, an ash discharging air cylinder 28 and an ash discharging pipe 29, the ash discharging air cylinder 28 is fixed at the left end of the first platform 1, one end of the air cylinder fixing plate 27 is fixed on the ash discharging air cylinder 28, the other end of the air cylinder fixing plate is provided with a through hole for placing the ash discharging pipe 29, the ash discharging pipe 29 is installed in the through hole of the air cylinder fixing plate 27, the ash discharging pipe 29 is aligned to the weighing station directly above, and the air extractor 25 is fixed above the ash discharging pipe 29 and is communicated with the ash discharging pipe 29 through the ash discharging hose 26.
The burning mechanism comprises a thermocouple 30 and an electric furnace 32, the electric furnace 32 is fixed on the first platform 1 through an electric furnace support 33, a combustion chamber 31 of the electric furnace 32 is of a cylindrical cavity structure, an opening of the combustion chamber is aligned to be right above a burning station, and the thermocouple 30 is installed at the inner top of the combustion chamber 31.
The weighing mechanism comprises a balance supporting plate 22, a balance 23 and a balance support 24, wherein the balance 23 is fixed at the left end of the second platform 2 through the balance support 24, one end of the balance supporting plate 22 is fixed on a weighing disc of the balance 23, and the other end of the balance supporting plate passes through a weighing station.
The first lifting device comprises a first motor support 19, a third motor 5, a first sensor 13 and a fourth sensor 21, wherein the third motor 5 is a rack motor. The third motor 5 is fixedly installed in the center of the second platform 2 through a first motor support 19, the third motor 5 is communicated with the rotating device through a first connector 10, the first sensor 13 and the fourth sensor 21 are both installed on the right side of the first connector 10, the first sensor 13 is located above the fourth sensor 21, the first sensor 13 and the fourth sensor 21 are respectively used for measuring ascending and descending strokes of the crucible supporting plate 7, and the first sensor 13 and the fourth sensor 21 are both non-contact magnetic proximity sensors.
The second lifting device comprises a second motor support 20, a second motor 4, a second sensor 14, a third sensor 15, a push rod mechanism 11 and a guide rod mechanism 12, wherein the second motor 4 is a rack motor. Second motor 4 passes through second motor pillar 20 fixed mounting on second platform 2, ejector pin mechanism 11 and guide arm mechanism 12 are installed side by side in the right side of second motor 4 in proper order, second motor 4, ejector pin mechanism 11, connect gradually through second connector 16 between the guide arm mechanism 12, the ignition station is passed and crucible tray 9 is installed on the ejector pin mechanism 11 top, ejector pin mechanism 11 is used for making crucible tray 9 up-and-down motion, guide arm mechanism 12 is used for guaranteeing that ejector pin mechanism 11 is steady in the motion process, can not produce the skew phenomenon. The second sensor 14 and the third sensor 15 are both installed on the right side of the ejector rod mechanism 11, the second sensor 14 is above the third sensor 15, the second sensor 14 and the third sensor 15 are respectively used for measuring ascending and descending strokes of the crucible tray 9, and the second sensor 14 and the third sensor 15 are both non-contact magnetic proximity sensors.
The specific working process of the invention is as follows, wherein the fly ash sample can be obtained by adopting a self-drawing fly ash sampler recommended in the electric power industry standard or other drawing methods.
1. After the equipment is powered on, the crucible supporting plate 7 is controlled to rotate and reset, namely the crucible supporting plate 7 operates until the zero sensor acts, and at the moment, the crucible hole in the crucible supporting plate 7 is matched with the position of the weighing station.
2. The ash discharge cylinder 28 is actuated to lower the ash discharge pipe 29 and discharge the residual sample in the crucible through the air ejector 25. Then the ash discharging cylinder 28 is started to lift the ash discharging pipe 29 to the initial position, and the ash discharging process of the crucible 6 is completed.
3. The third motor 5 is started, the crucible supporting plate 7 is descended through the first connector 10, the fourth sensor 21 measures and determines the descending height of the crucible supporting plate 7, and the third motor 5 is turned off after the position is determined. The weight of the empty crucible 6 was measured by a balance 23 below the crucible 6, and the measurement data (recorded as the empty crucible weight) was recorded.
4. The third motor 5 is started, the crucible supporting plate 7 is lifted through the first connector 10, the first sensor 13 measures and determines the lifting height of the crucible supporting plate 7, and the third motor 5 is turned off after the position of the crucible supporting plate is determined. And starting the first motor 3, rotating the crucible supporting plate 7 to the position of the ash collecting station, closing the first motor 3, waiting for a certain time, and adding the ash sample into the crucible 6 by the sample adding mechanism.
5. And starting the first motor 3, rotating the crucible supporting plate 7 to the position of the weighing station, and then closing the first motor 3. The third motor 5 is started, the crucible supporting plate 7 is descended through the first connector 10, the fourth sensor 21 measures and determines the descending height of the crucible supporting plate 7, and the third motor 5 is turned off after the position is determined. The weight of the crucible 6 at that time was weighed by a balance 23 below the crucible 6, and the measurement data (recorded as the weight of the sample crucible) was recorded.
6. The third motor 5 is started, the crucible supporting plate 7 is lifted through the first connector 10, the first sensor 13 measures and determines the lifting height of the crucible supporting plate 7, and the third motor 5 is turned off after the position of the crucible supporting plate is determined. And then starting the first motor 3 to enable the crucible supporting plate 7 to rotate to the position of the firing station, and staying for a certain time to dry the ash sample.
7. Starting the first motor 3 to enable the crucible supporting plate 7 to rotate to the position of the burning station, measuring and determining the position by using the third sensor 15, and then closing the first motor 3; and starting the second motor 4, driving the ejector rod mechanism 11 and the guide rod mechanism 12 through the second connector 16 to enable the crucible tray 9 to lift with the crucible 6, measuring and determining the height of a burning point by the second sensor 14, closing the second motor 4 after determining the position of the burning point, and starting the thermocouple 30 to start burning.
8. The second motor 4 is started, the mandril mechanism 11 and the guide rod mechanism 12 are driven by the second connector 16 to lead the crucible tray 9 to take the crucible 6 to descend, and the third sensor 15 measures and determines the position of the crucible tray 9 and then turns off the second motor 4.
9. Wait for about 1-2 minutes and allow the fired crucible to cool.
10. And starting the first motor 3, rotating the crucible supporting plate 7 to the position of the weighing station, and then closing the first motor 3. The third motor 5 is started, the crucible supporting plate 7 is descended through the first connector 10, the fourth sensor 21 measures and determines the descending height of the crucible supporting plate 7, and the third motor 5 is turned off after the position is determined. The weight of the crucible 6 after the sample firing was weighed by a balance 23 below the crucible 6, and this measurement data (referred to as the weight after firing) was recorded.
11. And (3) calculating the carbon content of the fly ash, wherein the carbon content calculation formula is as follows: (sample crucible weight-weight after firing)/(sample crucible weight-empty crucible weight) x 100%.
By the end of this measurement period, the process then repeats itself, thereby continuously providing a measure of the carbon content of the fly ash.
The foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for controlling a power converter in a power converter, including a power converter, a power.
Claims (10)
1. The on-line measuring device for the carbon content of the boiler fly ash is characterized by comprising a first platform (1), a second platform (2), a rotating device, a weighing mechanism, an ash discharging mechanism, a firing mechanism, a first lifting device, a second lifting device and a crucible supporting plate (7), wherein the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate (7) is arranged in the center of the first platform (1), the movable end is provided with a crucible hole matched with a crucible (6), and the movable end does circular motion by taking the fixed end as the circle center;
the first platform (1) is positioned above the second platform (2), three circular through hole stations with the circle centers positioned on the circumference with the same radius are arranged on the first platform (1), the circular through hole stations are respectively a weighing station, an ash collecting station and a firing station, and the circumference takes the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate (7) as the circle center;
the rotating device is arranged in the center of the lower surface of the first platform (1) and is connected with the fixed end of the crucible supporting plate (7) to drive the crucible supporting plate (7) to rotate synchronously; the ash discharging mechanism and the firing mechanism are respectively arranged at the left end and the right end of the first platform (1), the weighing mechanism, the first lifting device and the second lifting device are sequentially arranged on the second platform (2) from left to right, the ash discharging mechanism and the weighing mechanism are respectively positioned right above and right below the weighing station, and the firing mechanism and the second lifting device are respectively positioned right above and right below the firing station.
2. The boiler fly ash carbon content online measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the rotating device comprises a rotating mechanism (8), a first motor (3), a synchronous gear belt (17) and a motor bracket (18), the first motor (3) is fixed on the lower surface of the first platform (1) through the motor bracket (18) and is connected with the rotating mechanism (8) through the synchronous gear belt (17), and the rotating mechanism (8) penetrates through the first platform (1) and is connected with the crucible supporting plate (7).
3. The boiler fly ash carbon content online measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the ash discharging mechanism comprises an air extractor (25), an ash discharging hose (26), a cylinder fixing plate (27), an ash discharging cylinder (28) and an ash discharging pipe (29), the ash discharging cylinder (28) is fixed at the left end of the first platform (1), one end of the cylinder fixing plate (27) is fixed on the ash discharging cylinder (28), the other end of the cylinder fixing plate is provided with a through hole for placing the ash discharging pipe (29), the ash discharging pipe (29) is clamped in the through hole of the cylinder fixing plate (27), the ash discharging pipe (29) is aligned to the right above the weighing station, and the air extractor (25) is fixed above the ash discharging pipe (29) and is communicated with the ash discharging pipe (29) through the ash discharging hose (26).
4. The on-line measuring device for the carbon content in the fly ash of the boiler according to claim 1, wherein the burning mechanism comprises a thermocouple (30) and an electric furnace (32), the electric furnace (32) is fixed above the first platform (1) through an electric furnace support (33), a combustion chamber (31) of the electric furnace (32) is of a cylindrical cavity structure, an opening of the combustion chamber is aligned to be right above the burning station, and the thermocouple (30) is installed at the inner top of the combustion chamber (31).
5. The boiler fly ash carbon content online measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the weighing mechanism comprises a balance support plate (22), a balance (23) and a balance support column (24), the balance (23) is fixed at the left end of the second platform (2) through the balance support column (24), one end of the balance support plate (22) is fixed on a weighing plate of the balance (23), and the other end of the balance support plate passes through the weighing station.
6. The on-line measuring device for the carbon content in the fly ash of the boiler according to claim 1, wherein the first lifting device comprises a first motor support (19), a third motor (5), a first sensor (13) and a fourth sensor (21), the third motor (5) is fixedly installed at the center of the second platform (2) through the first motor support (19), the third motor (5) is communicated with the rotating device through a first connector (10), the first sensor (13) and the fourth sensor (21) are both installed at the right side of the first connector (10), the first sensor (13) is located above the fourth sensor (21), and the first sensor (13) and the fourth sensor (21) are respectively used for measuring the ascending and descending strokes of the crucible supporting plate (7).
7. The boiler fly ash carbon content online measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the second lifting device comprises a second motor support (20), a second motor (4), a second sensor (14), a third sensor (15), a push rod mechanism (11) and a guide rod mechanism (12), the second motor (4) is fixedly installed on the second platform (2) through the second motor support (20), the push rod mechanism (11) and the guide rod mechanism (12) are sequentially installed on the right side of the second motor (4) side by side, the second motor (4), the push rod mechanism (11) and the guide rod mechanism (12) are sequentially connected through a second connector (16), the top end of the push rod mechanism (11) penetrates through a burning station and is provided with a crucible tray (9), the second sensor (14) and the third sensor (15) are both installed on the right side of the push rod mechanism (11), and the second sensor (14) is above the third sensor (15), the second sensor (14) and the third sensor (15) are used for measuring the ascending and descending strokes of the crucible tray (9) respectively.
8. The on-line measuring device for the carbon content in the fly ash of the boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that a zero sensor sensing piece is installed on the crucible supporting plate (7), and the zero sensor is a non-contact inductive proximity sensor.
9. The boiler fly ash carbon content online measuring device according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the second motor (4) and the third motor (5) are rack motors.
10. The on-line measuring device for the carbon content in the boiler fly ash according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the first sensor (13), the second sensor (14), the third sensor (15) and the fourth sensor (21) are all non-contact magnetic proximity sensors.
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