CN111660776A - Automobile door reinforcing structure and application method thereof - Google Patents

Automobile door reinforcing structure and application method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111660776A
CN111660776A CN202010499409.8A CN202010499409A CN111660776A CN 111660776 A CN111660776 A CN 111660776A CN 202010499409 A CN202010499409 A CN 202010499409A CN 111660776 A CN111660776 A CN 111660776A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
plate
reinforcing structure
supporting part
collision
door
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202010499409.8A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
颜先华
胥文倩
李锦珠
陈才波
刘志民
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Zhejiang Weige magnesium Automobile Technology Co.,Ltd.
Original Assignee
Shanghai Ruimei New Energy Technology Co ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Shanghai Ruimei New Energy Technology Co ltd filed Critical Shanghai Ruimei New Energy Technology Co ltd
Priority to CN202010499409.8A priority Critical patent/CN111660776A/en
Publication of CN111660776A publication Critical patent/CN111660776A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60JWINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J5/00Doors
    • B60J5/04Doors arranged at the vehicle sides
    • B60J5/042Reinforcement elements
    • B60J5/0456Behaviour during impact
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60JWINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
    • B60J5/00Doors
    • B60J5/04Doors arranged at the vehicle sides
    • B60J5/042Reinforcement elements
    • B60J5/0456Behaviour during impact
    • B60J5/0462Behaviour during impact the impact being a frontal impact

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses an automobile door reinforcing structure which comprises an automobile door reinforcing structure, an anti-collision rod supporting plate, an anti-collision rod and an automobile door inner plate, wherein the anti-collision rod is connected to the anti-collision rod supporting plate, the anti-collision rod supporting plate is connected to a shoulder of the automobile door inner plate, one end of the automobile door reinforcing structure is connected to a door plate of the automobile door inner plate, and the other end of the automobile door reinforcing structure is connected to the anti-collision rod supporting plate and the shoulder. The door additional strengthening includes support portion, lower carriage and sets up the connecting portion between two support portions, and the one end and the last support portion of connecting portion are connected, and the other end is connected with the lower carriage. The upper supporting part and the lower supporting part of the vehicle door reinforcing structure are main structures for conducting side collision load of the vehicle, when the vehicle is collided laterally, the collision force is transferred to the collision bar supporting plate and the vehicle door reinforcing structure by the collision bar, the vehicle door reinforcing structure provides lateral support for the front end of the collision bar, the front end of the collision bar is prevented from being invaded to the interior of the vehicle in a rotating mode, and the structural stability is improved. A method of using the door reinforcement structure is also provided.

Description

Automobile door reinforcing structure and application method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of automobile body structures, and particularly relates to an automobile door reinforcing structure and a using method thereof.
Background
When the automobile door is designed, in order to improve the side collision safety performance, an anti-collision rod structure made of high-strength materials is arranged in the automobile door, and the two ends of the anti-collision rod are connected with an inner plate of the automobile door through stamping sheet metal structures to realize anti-collision. Generally, the overlapping area of the rear end of the bumper bar and a B column of a vehicle is large, so that the collision resistance can be effectively improved; however, the arrangement space in the door is insufficient, the press-fit area between the front end of the crash bar and the support plate is small, the crash bar and the pillar a cannot be overlapped, the lateral bearing strength of the front end of the crash bar is insufficient, when the vehicle is collided laterally, the front end of the front door crash bar can rotate and invade the vehicle interior by taking the rear end of the crash bar as the center, so that the front end of the door turns outwards, and the lateral bearing capacity is weakened; in addition, when the vehicle is in a frontal collision, particularly in a front offset collision, the A column of the automobile and the front door bumper bar cannot form an effective lap joint, so that the transmission of collision force is influenced, and the collision resistance is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide an automobile door reinforcing structure which is simple in structure and convenient to use, and the invention also provides a using method of the automobile door reinforcing structure.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: an automobile door reinforcing structure is characterized in that: including door additional strengthening, crash bar backup pad, crash bar and door inner panel, the crash bar is connected in the crash bar backup pad, and the crash bar backup pad is connected on the circular bead of door inner panel, and the door plant of door inner panel is connected to door additional strengthening's one end, and the other end of door additional strengthening is connected on crash bar backup pad and circular bead.
Further, the door additional strengthening includes last supporting part, lower carriage and sets up the connecting portion between two supporting parts, and the one end and the last supporting part of connecting portion are connected, and the other end and the lower carriage of connecting portion are connected.
Furthermore, the both ends of going up supporting part and lower support portion all are equipped with first kink and second kink, first kink is connected in the crash bar backup pad, and the second kink is connected on the door plant of door inner panel.
Furthermore, lightening holes are formed in the main bodies of the upper supporting part and the lower supporting part, and stamping flanges are arranged on the periphery of each lightening hole and the outer rings of the upper supporting part and the lower supporting part.
Furthermore, the upper supporting part and the lower supporting part are symmetrically arranged, and the stamping flanging direction of the upper supporting part is opposite to that of the lower supporting part.
Furthermore, the connecting part comprises an outer welding edge, a middle plate and a lower plate, one edge of the middle plate is connected with the outer welding edge, the other edge of the middle plate is connected with the lower plate, the extending direction of the outer welding edge is opposite to the extending direction of the lower plate, and the connecting part is of a Z-shaped structure.
Furthermore, the outer welding edge is positioned between the bumper bar supporting plate and the vehicle door inner plate, one side of the outer welding edge is attached to the bumper bar supporting plate, the other side of the outer welding edge is attached to the circular bead of the vehicle door inner plate, and the outer welding edge and the bumper bar supporting plate are fixedly connected to the circular bead.
Furthermore, the upper end and the lower extreme of medium plate are connected with last supporting part and bottom suspension fagging respectively, set up the punching press triangle muscle on the edge of bending that medium plate and last supporting part and bottom suspension fagging are connected, still are equipped with door hinge mounting hole on the medium plate, and door hinged joint is on the medium plate.
Furthermore, the lower plate is provided with a welding main positioning hole and a hinge nut mounting hole, and the upper supporting part, the lower supporting part and the connecting part are of an integrated structure and are processed by adopting a punch forming process.
The invention also relates to a using method of the automobile door reinforcing structure, which comprises the following steps:
a. connecting the bumper bar to a bumper bar supporting plate, wherein second bent parts of an upper supporting part and a lower supporting part in the vehicle door reinforcing structure are connected to a door panel of a vehicle door inner plate;
b. the outer welding edge of the connecting part in the vehicle door reinforcing structure is attached to the circular bead of the vehicle door inner plate, the bumper bar supporting plate is attached to the outer welding edge, and the bumper bar supporting plate and the outer welding edge are fixedly connected to the circular bead of the vehicle door inner plate together by welding; meanwhile, the first bending parts of the upper supporting part and the lower supporting part are connected to the crash bar supporting plate
c. The upper supporting part and the lower supporting part of the door reinforcing structure are structures for conducting the side collision load of the automobile, when the automobile is collided by the side, the collision force is transferred to the collision bar supporting plate and the door reinforcing structure by the collision bar, and the door reinforcing structure provides lateral support for the front end of the collision bar;
d. the connecting portion of the door reinforcement structure is a structure that transmits the frontal collision load of the automobile, and when the vehicle is involved in a frontal collision, the collision force transmitted from the a-pillar is smoothly transmitted to the impact beam through the door inner panel, the door reinforcement structure, and the impact beam support plate.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention has the advantages that:
1. the automobile door reinforcing structure provided by the invention can further perfect the force transmission path of the front collision and the side collision of the automobile, effectively improve the deformation resistance of the front collision and the side collision of the automobile, improve the collision safety performance, protect the safety of passengers in the automobile in a collision accident, improve the rigidity of the hinge mounting point of the door, increase the integral rigidity of the door and improve the NVH performance of the automobile.
2. The vehicle door reinforcing structure makes up the structural defects at the positions of the vehicle door bumper bar and the bumper bar supporting plate, so that the side surface at the front end of the bumper bar is more fully supported, and the integrity of a force transmission structure during side collision is improved; when the vehicle is subjected to a frontal collision, particularly a frontal offset collision, the collision load can be more smoothly transmitted to the bumper bar through the bumper bar supporting plate and the reinforcing structure, and the deformation of the vehicle door is reduced; in addition, the automobile door reinforcing structure is a reinforcing plate of the door hinge, so that the local rigidity of the door hinge mounting point can be effectively improved.
Drawings
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the following figures and detailed description:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a door reinforcement structure for an automobile according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the door reinforcement structure of an automobile according to the present invention in operation.
The labels in the above figures are respectively: 1. a door reinforcement structure; 11. an upper support section; 12. a lower support section; 13. a connecting portion; 2. a crash bar support plate; 3. an anti-collision bar; 4. a door inner panel.
Detailed Description
In the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "length", "width", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "planar direction", "circumferential", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, an automobile door reinforcing structure is characterized in that: including door additional strengthening 1, crash bar backup pad 2, crash bar 3 and door inner panel 4, crash bar 3 is connected on crash bar backup pad 2, and crash bar backup pad 2 is connected on the circular bead 41 of door inner panel 4, and the one end of door additional strengthening 1 is connected on the door plant 42 of door inner panel 4, and the other end of door additional strengthening 1 is connected on crash bar backup pad 2 and circular bead 41.
The door reinforcing structure 1 includes an upper support portion 11, a lower support portion 12, and a connecting portion 13 provided between the two support portions, one end of the connecting portion 13 is connected to the upper support portion 11, and the other end of the connecting portion 13 is connected to the lower support portion 12.
The upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12 of the vehicle door reinforcing structure are main structures for conducting the side collision load of the vehicle, when the vehicle is collided laterally, the collision force is transmitted to the collision rod supporting plate 2 and the vehicle door reinforcing structure 1 by the collision rod 3, the vehicle door reinforcing structure 1 provides lateral support for the front end of the collision rod, the front end of the collision rod is prevented from being invaded to the interior of the vehicle in a rotating mode, and the structural stability is improved.
Both ends of the upper support portion 11 and the lower support portion 12 are provided with a first bent portion 113 and a second bent portion 114, the first bent portion 113 is connected to the crash bar support plate 2, and the second bent portion 114 is connected to the door panel 42 of the door inner panel 4 to transmit the impact force. The first bending portion 113 and the second bending portion 114 are bent in opposite directions.
Lightening holes 111 are formed in the main bodies of the upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12, and stamping flanges 112 are arranged on the periphery of the lightening holes 111 and the outer rings of the upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12, so that the rigidity of the vehicle door reinforcing structure is improved, and the deformation resistance is further improved; the stamping flanging at the periphery of the lightening hole 111 and the stamping flanging at the outer ring of the supporting part are arranged in the same direction. The upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12 are symmetrically arranged, the main body structures of the upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12 are approximately parallel, and the stamping flanging directions of the upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12 are opposite.
The connecting portion 13 includes an outer welding edge 131, a middle plate 132 and a lower plate 133, one side of the middle plate 132 is connected to the outer welding edge 131, the other side of the middle plate 132 is connected to the lower plate 133, the extending direction of the outer welding edge 131 is opposite to the extending direction of the lower plate 133, and the connecting portion 13 has a zigzag structure. The connecting portion 13 of the door reinforcement structure is a portion that transmits the frontal collision load of the automobile, and when the vehicle is involved in a frontal collision, the collision force transmitted from the a-pillar is smoothly transmitted to the impact beam 3 through the door inner panel 4, the door reinforcement structure 1, and the impact beam support plate 2.
The outer welding edge 131 is located between the bumper bar supporting plate 2 and the door inner plate 4, one side of the outer welding edge 131 is attached to the bumper bar supporting plate 2, the other side of the outer welding edge 131 is attached to the shoulder 41 of the door inner plate 4, the outer welding edge 131 and the bumper bar supporting plate 2 are fixedly connected to the shoulder 41, and the three parts are connected through spot welding and have good connection strength.
The upper end and the lower end of the middle plate 132 are respectively connected with the upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12, the bent edges of the middle plate 132 connected with the upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12 are provided with stamping triangular ribs 137, the plate resilience generated in the part stamping process is avoided, the stability and the consistency in the production process of the reinforced structure parts are improved,
the middle plate 132 is further provided with a door hinge mounting hole 134, the door hinge is connected to the middle plate 132, and the connecting portion 13 is a reinforcing structure for mounting the door hinge. The middle plate 132 is attached to and welded with the inner plate of the vehicle door, so that the rigidity of a mounting point of a vehicle door hinge and the integral rigidity of the vehicle door are improved; the lower plate 133 is substantially parallel to the outer welding edge 131 and has a main welding positioning hole 135 and a hinge nut mounting hole 136. The upper supporting part 11, the lower supporting part 12 and the connecting part 13 are of an integrated structure and are processed by adopting a stamping forming process.
Based on the automobile door reinforcing structure, the invention also provides a using method of the automobile door reinforcing structure, and the using method comprises the following steps:
a. the crash bar 3 is connected to the crash bar support plate 2, and the second bent portions 114 of the upper support portion 11 and the lower support portion 12 in the door reinforcing structure 1 are connected to the door panel 42 of the door inner panel 4;
b. the outer welding edge 131 of the connecting part 13 in the door reinforcing structure 1 is attached to the shoulder 41 of the door inner plate 4, the bumper bar supporting plate 2 is attached to the outer welding edge 131, and the bumper bar supporting plate 2 and the outer welding edge 131 are fixedly connected to the shoulder 41 of the door inner plate 4 together by welding; meanwhile, the first bent portions 113 of the upper support portion 11 and the lower support portion 12 are coupled to the crash bar support plate 2
c. The upper supporting part 11 and the lower supporting part 12 of the door reinforcing structure 1 are structures for conducting the side collision load of the automobile, when the automobile is collided on the side, the collision rod 3 transmits collision force to the collision rod supporting plate 2 and the door reinforcing structure 1, and the door reinforcing structure 1 provides lateral support for the front end of the collision rod;
d. the connecting portion 13 of the door reinforcing structure 1 is a structure that conducts the frontal collision load of the automobile, and when the vehicle is involved in a frontal collision, the collision force transmitted from the a-pillar is smoothly transmitted to the impact beam 3 through the door inner panel 4, the door reinforcing structure 1, and the impact beam support plate 2.
The invention is described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is obvious that the specific implementation of the invention is not limited by the above-mentioned manner, and it is within the scope of the invention to adopt various insubstantial modifications of the technical solution of the invention or to apply the concept and technical solution of the invention directly to other occasions without modification.

Claims (10)

1. An automobile door reinforcing structure is characterized in that: the anti-collision device comprises a vehicle door reinforcing structure (1), an anti-collision rod supporting plate (2), an anti-collision rod (3) and a vehicle door inner plate (4), wherein the anti-collision rod (3) is connected to the anti-collision rod supporting plate (2), the anti-collision rod supporting plate (2) is connected to a shoulder (41) of the vehicle door inner plate (4), one end of the vehicle door reinforcing structure (1) is connected to a door plate (42) of the vehicle door inner plate (4), and the other end of the vehicle door reinforcing structure (1) is connected to the anti-collision rod supporting plate (2) and the shoulder (41).
2. A door reinforcing structure for an automobile vehicle according to claim 1, wherein: the car door reinforcing structure (1) comprises an upper supporting part (11), a lower supporting part (12) and a connecting part (13) arranged between the two supporting parts, one end of the connecting part (13) is connected with the upper supporting part (11), and the other end of the connecting part (13) is connected with the lower supporting part (12).
3. A door reinforcing structure for an automobile vehicle according to claim 3, wherein: the two ends of the upper supporting part (11) and the lower supporting part (12) are respectively provided with a first bending part (113) and a second bending part (114), the first bending part (113) is connected to the crash bar supporting plate (2), and the second bending part (114) is connected to the door panel (42) of the inner door panel (4).
4. The vehicle door reinforcing structure as defined in claim 3 or 4, wherein: and lightening holes (111) are formed in the main bodies of the upper supporting part (11) and the lower supporting part (12), and stamping flanges (112) are arranged on the periphery of the lightening holes (111) and the outer rings of the upper supporting part (11) and the lower supporting part (12).
5. The vehicle door reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 4, wherein: the upper supporting part (11) and the lower supporting part (12) are symmetrically arranged, and the stamping flanging of the upper supporting part (11) and the stamping flanging of the lower supporting part (12) are opposite in direction.
6. The vehicle door reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 5, wherein: the connecting part (13) comprises an outer welding edge (131), a middle plate (132) and a lower plate (133), one edge of the middle plate (132) is connected with the outer welding edge (131), the other edge of the middle plate (132) is connected with the lower plate (133), the extending direction of the outer welding edge (131) is opposite to the extending direction of the lower plate (133), and the connecting part (13) is of a Z-shaped structure.
7. The vehicle door reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 6, wherein: the outer welding edge (131) is located between the bumper bar support plate (2) and the vehicle door inner plate (4), one side of the outer welding edge (131) is attached to the bumper bar support plate (2), the other side of the outer welding edge (131) is attached to a circular bead (41) of the vehicle door inner plate (4), and the outer welding edge (131) and the bumper bar support plate (2) are fixedly connected to the circular bead (41) together.
8. The vehicle door reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 7, wherein: the upper end and the lower extreme of medium plate (132) are connected with last supporting part (11) and lower supporting part (12) respectively, set up punching press triangle muscle (137) on the edge of bending that medium plate (132) and last supporting part (11) and lower supporting part (12) are connected, still are equipped with door hinge mounting hole (134) on medium plate (132), and door hinged joint is on medium plate (132).
9. A door reinforcing structure for an automobile vehicle according to claim 8, wherein: be equipped with welding main locating hole (135) and hinge nut mounting hole (136) on hypoplastron (133), go up supporting part (11), under bracing portion (12) and connecting portion (13) formula structure as an organic whole, adopt stamping forming technology processing to form.
10. The use method of an automobile door reinforcing structure as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein: the using method comprises the following steps:
a. connecting an anti-collision rod (3) to an anti-collision rod support plate (2), and connecting second bent parts (114) of an upper support part (11) and a lower support part (12) in the vehicle door reinforcing structure (1) to a door panel (42) of a vehicle door inner panel (4);
b. an outer welding edge (131) of a connecting part (13) in the vehicle door reinforcing structure (1) is attached to a shoulder (41) of a vehicle door inner plate (4), an anti-collision rod support plate (2) is attached to the outer welding edge (131), and the anti-collision rod support plate (2) and the outer welding edge (131) are fixedly connected to the shoulder (41) of the vehicle door inner plate (4) together by welding; at the same time, the first bending part (113) of the upper support part (11) and the lower support part (12) is connected to the crash bar support plate (2)
c. The upper supporting part (11) and the lower supporting part (12) of the door reinforcing structure (1) are structures for conducting the side collision load of the automobile, when the automobile is collided on the side, the collision rod (3) transmits the collision force to the collision rod supporting plate (2) and the door reinforcing structure (1), and the door reinforcing structure (1) provides lateral support for the front end of the collision rod;
d. the connecting portion (13) of the door reinforcing structure (1) is a structure that conducts the frontal collision load of the automobile, and when the vehicle is subjected to a frontal collision, the collision force transmitted from the A-pillar is smoothly transmitted to the impact beam (3) through the door inner panel (4), the door reinforcing structure (1), and the impact beam support plate (2).
CN202010499409.8A 2020-06-04 2020-06-04 Automobile door reinforcing structure and application method thereof Pending CN111660776A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010499409.8A CN111660776A (en) 2020-06-04 2020-06-04 Automobile door reinforcing structure and application method thereof

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010499409.8A CN111660776A (en) 2020-06-04 2020-06-04 Automobile door reinforcing structure and application method thereof

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CN111660776A true CN111660776A (en) 2020-09-15

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Citations (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH11310036A (en) * 1998-04-27 1999-11-09 Mitsubishi Motors Corp Side door structure of vehicle
JP2007308099A (en) * 2006-05-22 2007-11-29 Honda Motor Co Ltd Door structure for vehicle
CN201613870U (en) * 2010-01-19 2010-10-27 浙江吉利汽车研究院有限公司 Automobile anti-collision beam fixing structure
CN103129496A (en) * 2011-12-01 2013-06-05 现代自动车株式会社 Supporting structure of door impact beam for vehicle
CN204055257U (en) * 2014-08-01 2014-12-31 北京汽车研究总院有限公司 A kind of collision protection structure for arrangements for automotive doors
CN204264087U (en) * 2014-12-02 2015-04-15 北京长安汽车工程技术研究有限责任公司 A kind of automobile and collision prevention girders bracing frame thereof
CN209112124U (en) * 2018-09-18 2019-07-16 上海思致汽车工程技术有限公司 A kind of anti-impact beam bracket and lower hinge bracket integrated morphology
CN212473047U (en) * 2020-06-04 2021-02-05 上海锐镁新能源科技有限公司 Car door additional strengthening and door

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH11310036A (en) * 1998-04-27 1999-11-09 Mitsubishi Motors Corp Side door structure of vehicle
JP2007308099A (en) * 2006-05-22 2007-11-29 Honda Motor Co Ltd Door structure for vehicle
CN201613870U (en) * 2010-01-19 2010-10-27 浙江吉利汽车研究院有限公司 Automobile anti-collision beam fixing structure
CN103129496A (en) * 2011-12-01 2013-06-05 现代自动车株式会社 Supporting structure of door impact beam for vehicle
CN204055257U (en) * 2014-08-01 2014-12-31 北京汽车研究总院有限公司 A kind of collision protection structure for arrangements for automotive doors
CN204264087U (en) * 2014-12-02 2015-04-15 北京长安汽车工程技术研究有限责任公司 A kind of automobile and collision prevention girders bracing frame thereof
CN209112124U (en) * 2018-09-18 2019-07-16 上海思致汽车工程技术有限公司 A kind of anti-impact beam bracket and lower hinge bracket integrated morphology
CN212473047U (en) * 2020-06-04 2021-02-05 上海锐镁新能源科技有限公司 Car door additional strengthening and door

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
冯炳尧,王南根,王晓晓: "《汽车设计手册 车身·非金属·电器卷》", 31 October 2015, 上海科学技术出版社, pages: 153 - 155 *

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