CN111646466A - High-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite negative electrode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
High-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite negative electrode material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of lithium batteries, in particular to a high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material, which is characterized in that artificial graphite and natural graphite single particles are tightly anchored together through amorphous carbon to form a composite graphite secondary particle structure, and a layer of amorphous carbon is coated between the artificial graphite and the natural graphite particles and on the surface of each component particle. The invention overcomes the defect that the graphite cathode material developed in the prior art can not give consideration to high capacity, high compaction and quick charging performance, ensures the high capacity and high compaction performance of the material by utilizing the advantages of natural graphite, simultaneously compounds the material with the slightly isotropic artificial graphite, buffers the expansion of the natural graphite, forms a layer of amorphous carbon between the artificial graphite and the natural graphite particles and on the surface of each single particle, improves the surface defect of the natural graphite, and accelerates the migration rate of lithium ions between the graphite surface and different graphites.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of lithium batteries, in particular to a high-capacity high-compaction quick-charging composite graphite negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the increasing demand of people on pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, the high-capacity performance of lithium batteries is pursued, and meanwhile, extremely high requirements are provided for the quick charging performance. In the power battery technology, in order to realize higher energy density, the pole piece compaction density and the coating surface density are improved, so that the quick charging performance of the battery is greatly and negatively influenced. Therefore, it is very important to develop a high-capacity, high-compaction, rapid-charging graphite.
The graphite material has the advantages of high energy density, good conductivity, stable structure in the charging and discharging process, abundant resources and the like, and becomes the most common commercialized negative electrode material of the lithium ion battery. In order to improve the quick charging performance of the graphite material, the commercialized products are mostly realized by adopting surface coating and particle design. Through surface coating treatment, soft carbon or hard carbon and the like are coated on the surface of graphite to form an unordered carbon layer, so that the migration rate of lithium ions is improved. The particle size, the structure, the collocation and the like are optimized, the orientation of the material is improved, the migration path of lithium ions is shortened, the contact sites of the lithium ions embedded into graphite are increased, and the like, so that the quick charging performance of the graphite cathode is improved. The currently common technical routes include: graphitization, granulation, carbonization, granulation, graphitization, coating and carbonization.
Although the high-capacity and fast-charging graphite cathode materials are prepared in the prior patent technologies, the high-capacity and fast-charging performances, especially the performances under high compaction density, are not considered. The natural graphite has the advantages of high capacity and high compaction as the negative electrode material of the lithium battery, although the cycle performance of the natural graphite is improved by the prior patent technology, the flake structure of the natural graphite easily forms the directional arrangement of the graphite layer parallel to the current collector, and the stress of the graphite flake structure changes when lithium ions are repeatedly inserted and removed, so that the expansion in the direction perpendicular to the current collector is high. The artificial graphite is more isotropic than natural graphite in the sheet layer, and after repeated charge and discharge, the expansibility of the material is dispersed in all directions, and the expansion perpendicular to the current collector is reduced. Therefore, the pure use of any type of graphite cannot meet the requirements of the future power market on high-capacity, high-compaction and quick-charging of the graphite cathode. Although some patent technologies also do the work of optimizing raw materials and compound artificial graphite and natural graphite, the particle structure is not regulated, the process is complex, the energy consumption is high, the cost is high, and the market demand of future consumers on high cost performance of new energy automobiles cannot be met.
In patent CN201710186423.0, natural crystalline flake graphite is used as a raw material and mixed with a modifier, and then graphitized, granulated (low temperature heat treatment), and carbonized to prepare coated natural secondary particles, although the capacity and compaction are greatly improved, the high expansion performance of natural graphite is still not controllable compared to artificial graphite. Patent CN201710186013.6 discloses that petroleum coke or pitch coke is mixed with a modifier, and is subjected to graphitization-granulation (low temperature heat treatment) -carbonization processes to obtain artificial secondary particles with amorphous carbon coated on the surface, which has excellent rate capability, but the introduction of more amorphous carbon adversely affects the capacity and compaction performance of the material, and cannot meet the requirement of high compaction of power batteries (1.70 g/cc). Patent 201310176047.9 optimizes natural graphite and needle coke powder, and through hot kneading, pressing, carbonizing and graphitizing, the problem of insufficient artificial graphite compaction is overcome, but the material is pure graphitized product, and the quick charging performance can be improved by subsequent coating carbonization treatment. Patent document CN201811647596.9 adopts easily graphitizable coke/high crystallinity graphite and hardly graphitizable coke/hard carbon to combine, and adds asphalt to perform granulation-graphitization-coating-carbonization treatment to form a double-layer coating structure, which has excellent quick charging performance, but has complicated process, high energy consumption and high commercialization cost.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that in order to overcome the defect that the graphite cathode material developed in the prior art cannot give consideration to high capacity, high compaction and quick charging performance, a secondary particle structure of composite graphite is constructed, the high capacity and high compaction performance of the material are ensured by utilizing the advantages of natural graphite, and the partial isotropy of artificial graphite buffers the expansion of the natural graphite. The composite graphite cathode material with high capacity, high compaction and quick charge is obtained by combining the particle control and surface modification technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material is characterized in that artificial graphite and natural graphite single particles are tightly anchored together through amorphous carbon to form a composite graphite secondary particle structure, and a layer of amorphous carbon is coated between the artificial graphite and the natural graphite particles and on the surfaces of all component particles.
The graphite particles in the invention take natural graphite and artificial graphite as main raw materials, wherein the natural graphite ensures the high capacity and high compaction performance of the material, and the partial isotropy of the artificial graphite buffers the expansion of the natural graphite. The artificial graphite and the natural graphite single particles are tightly anchored together through the amorphous carbon to form a composite graphite secondary particle structure, so that the expansion of the natural graphite is greatly restrained, lithium ions are favorably embedded into a graphite layer from all directions, and the quick charging performance is improved.
Meanwhile, a layer of amorphous carbon is formed between the artificial graphite and the natural graphite particles and on the surface of each single particle, so that the surface of the natural graphite is modified, the side reaction on the surface of the natural graphite is reduced, the migration rate of lithium ions between the graphite surface and different graphites is accelerated, and the quick charging performance is excellent.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the artificial graphite to the natural graphite is 30: 70-70: 30, and the mass ratio of the total weight of the artificial graphite and the natural graphite to the amorphous carbon is 90: 10-99: 1.
Preferably, the natural graphite comprises one or more of flake graphite, spherical graphite and microcrystalline graphite, and the particle size D50 of the natural graphite is 6-16 μm.
Preferably, the artificial graphite comprises a composition which is prepared by graphitizing needle coke, petroleum coke, asphalt coke, natural asphalt coke and anthracite at a high temperature and has a graphitization degree of more than or equal to 94%, and the particle size D50 of the artificial graphite is 6-16 μm.
Preferably, the amorphous carbon is obtained by carbonizing a binder, the binder comprises one or a combination of a plurality of coal tar, coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, furan resin, furfuryl alcohol resin, polyacrylonitrile and carbohydrate organic matters, and the particle size D50 of the amorphous carbon is 2-8 μm.
A preparation method of a high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite negative electrode material comprises the following steps:
firstly, mixing natural graphite, artificial graphite and an adhesive uniformly according to a certain mass ratio to obtain a mixture;
secondly, under the protection of inert gas, the mixture is stirred and subjected to low-temperature heat treatment in a reactor to obtain coated composite graphite secondary particles;
thirdly, carbonizing the obtained composite graphite secondary particles at 800-1500 ℃ under the condition of inert gas, and cooling to room temperature;
and fourthly, screening the mixed material to obtain the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material.
The preparation method is simple in preparation process and can be commercially applied, the particle structure control and the surface modification process can be combined together, and amorphous carbon is attached to the surface of each particle while granulation is carried out by using a binder, so that the material has excellent quick-filling performance.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the total mass of the artificial graphite and the natural graphite to the binder in the step (i) is 80: 20-99: 1.
Preferably, in the step (i), a V-shaped mixer or a cantilever double-helix conical mixer is adopted as the mixing equipment, the rotating speed is 25-35rpm, and the mixing time is 60-120 min.
Preferably, in the second step, the reactor is one of a horizontally or vertically arranged reactor with a stirrer and a reactor with a rotatable tank.
Preferably, in the second step, the stirring speed of the low-temperature heat treatment is 25-40 r/min, the temperature of the low-temperature treatment comprises two stages of temperature rise and constant temperature, the temperature rise speed is 1-5 ℃/min at room temperature, the temperature is raised for 30-300 min, and the constant temperature is maintained for 120-300 min, so that the secondary particle product of the composite graphite is obtained.
Preferably, in the third step, the temperature of the carbonization treatment is 800-1500 ℃, and the time of the carbonization treatment is 10-50 hours, so as to obtain a secondary particle product of the composite graphite with the surface being amorphous carbon.
Preferably, in the step (iv), the mixing device is a V-shaped mixer or a cantilever double-helix conical mixer, the rotating speed is 25-35rpm, and the mixing time is 60-120 min.
Preferably, in the step IV, the rotating speed is 25-35rpm, and a 200-250-mesh sieve is adopted for sieving, so that the high-capacity high-compaction quick-filling graphite material with the particle size of 13-18 mu m is obtained.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention adopts natural graphite as one of the graphite components, ensures the high capacity and high compaction performance of the material, and buffers the expansion of the natural graphite by the partial isotropy of the artificial graphite. Meanwhile, the amorphous carbon is utilized to tightly anchor the artificial graphite and the natural graphite single particles together to form a composite graphite secondary particle structure, so that the expansion of the natural graphite is restrained, lithium ions are favorably embedded into a graphite layer from all directions, the contact point of the lithium ions and the graphite layer is increased, and the migration path of the lithium ions is shortened. A layer of amorphous carbon is formed between the artificial graphite and the natural graphite particles and on the surface of each single particle, so that the surface defects of the natural graphite are improved, and the migration rate of lithium ions between the graphite surface and different graphites is accelerated. Therefore, the high-capacity high-compaction quick-charging graphite is obtained, wherein the capacity is more than or equal to 360mAh/g, the pole piece compaction is more than or equal to 1.70g/cc, and the multiplying power charging is more than or equal to 2.5C.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging graphite prepared by the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging graphite prepared by the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging graphite prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron microscope image of high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging graphite prepared in example 4 of the present invention.
Wherein: natural graphite 1, artificial graphite 2 and amorphous carbon 3.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments. Those skilled in the art will be able to implement the invention based on these teachings. Moreover, the embodiments of the present invention described in the following description are generally only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Therefore, all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without any creative effort shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The high-capacity high-compaction quick-charging graphite prepared by the invention is characterized in that the artificial graphite 2 and the natural graphite 1 are tightly anchored together through the amorphous carbon 3 to form a composite graphite secondary particle structure, and a layer of amorphous carbon 3 is coated between the artificial graphite 2 and the natural graphite 1 and on the surface of each component particle. Fig. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging graphite prepared by the present invention, and it can be seen from fig. 2 that the expected high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging graphite structure can be effectively prepared by the method of the present invention.
Example 1
Firstly, mixing 22.8Kg of flake graphite, 37.2Kg of artificial graphite prepared from needle coke raw powder with the graphitization degree of more than or equal to 94 percent and 10.8Kg of high-temperature petroleum asphalt in a V-shaped mixer at a speed of 25r/min for 60min to obtain a mixture, wherein the particle size of natural graphite D50 is 6-12 mu m, the particle size of artificial graphite D50 is 8-16 mu m, and the particle size of amorphous carbon D50 is 3-5 mu m;
secondly, adding the mixture into a vertical reactor, stirring at the rotating speed of 25r/min, heating at the room temperature (25 ℃) at the speed of 2 ℃/min for 150min, and keeping the temperature for 120min to obtain a secondary particle product of the composite graphite;
thirdly, carbonizing the secondary particle product at 1150 ℃ for 15 hours under the protection of nitrogen, and cooling to room temperature;
the carbonized product is mixed by a V-shaped mixer for 60min at a speed of 25r/min and then is sieved by a 250-mesh sieve to obtain the material, and fig. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of the high-capacity high-compaction fast graphite filling prepared by the embodiment.
Example 2
Firstly, mixing 25.2Kg of spherical graphite, 34.8Kg of artificial graphite prepared from petroleum coke raw powder with graphitization degree of more than or equal to 94% and 11.4Kg of epoxy resin in a V-shaped mixer at 35r/min for 60min to obtain a mixture, wherein the particle size D50 of the natural graphite is 6-16 mu m, the particle size D50 of the artificial graphite is 10-15 mu m, and the particle size D50 of amorphous carbon is 2-5 mu m;
secondly, adding the mixture into a vertical reactor, stirring at the rotating speed of 40r/min, heating at the room temperature (25 ℃) at the speed of 1 ℃/min for 300min, and then keeping the temperature for 300min to obtain a secondary particle product of the composite graphite;
thirdly, carbonizing the secondary particle product at 800 ℃ for 15 hours under the protection of nitrogen, and cooling to room temperature;
and fourthly, mixing the carbonized product with a V-shaped mixer for 60min at a speed of 25r/min, and sieving the mixture with a 250-mesh sieve to obtain the material.
Firstly, mixing 31.8Kg of microcrystalline graphite, 28.2Kg of artificial graphite prepared from natural asphalt coke with graphitization degree of more than or equal to 94 percent and 9.6Kg of high-temperature petroleum asphalt in a V-shaped mixer at a speed of 30r/min for 60min to obtain a mixture, wherein the particle size D50 of the natural graphite is 10-16 mu m, the particle size D50 of the artificial graphite is 10-16 mu m, and the particle size D50 of amorphous carbon is 5-8 mu m;
secondly, adding the mixture into a vertical reactor, stirring at the rotating speed of 35r/min, heating at the room temperature (25 ℃) at the speed of 5 ℃/min for 30min, and then keeping the temperature for 200min to obtain a secondary particle product of the composite graphite;
thirdly, carbonizing the secondary particle product at 1500 ℃ for 15 hours under the protection of nitrogen, and cooling to room temperature;
and fourthly, mixing the carbonized product with a V-shaped mixer for 60min at a speed of 25r/min, and sieving the mixture with a 250-mesh sieve to obtain the material.
Example 4
Firstly, mixing 31.4Kg of artificial graphite prepared from flake graphite, needle-shaped coke powder with graphitization degree of more than or equal to 94% and 9.3Kg of coal pitch in a V-shaped mixer at a speed of 30r/min for 60min to obtain a mixture, wherein the particle size of natural graphite D50 is 6-16 mu m, the particle size of artificial graphite D50 is 6-16 mu m, and the particle size of amorphous carbon D50 is 2-8 mu m;
secondly, adding the mixture into a vertical reactor, stirring at the rotating speed of 25r/min, heating at room temperature (25 ℃) at the speed of 3 ℃/min for 200min, and then keeping the temperature for 250min to obtain a secondary particle product of the composite graphite;
thirdly, carbonizing the secondary particle product at 1250 ℃ for 15 hours under the protection of nitrogen, and cooling to room temperature;
fourthly, the carbonized product is mixed for 60min by a V-shaped mixer at 25r/min and then is sieved by a 250-mesh sieve to obtain the material, and figure 4 is a scanning electron microscope image of the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging graphite prepared by the embodiment. .
Example 5
Firstly, 31.6Kg of spherical graphite, 29.9Kg of artificial graphite prepared from anthracite with the graphitization degree of more than or equal to 94 percent and 8.6Kg of coal tar are mixed in a V-shaped mixer for 60min at a speed of 25r/min to obtain a mixture, wherein the particle size D50 of natural graphite is 6-10 mu m, the particle size D50 of artificial graphite is 6-9 mu m, and the particle size D50 of amorphous carbon is 2-6 mu m;
secondly, adding the mixture into a vertical reactor, stirring at the rotating speed of 25r/min, heating at the room temperature (25 ℃) at the speed of 2 ℃/min for 150min, and keeping the temperature for 120min to obtain a secondary particle product of the composite graphite;
thirdly, carbonizing the secondary particle product at 1080 ℃ for 15 hours under the protection of nitrogen, and cooling to room temperature;
and fourthly, mixing the carbonized product with a V-shaped mixer for 60min at a speed of 25r/min, and sieving the mixture with a 250-mesh sieve to obtain the material.
According to the above embodiment, the performance parameters of the prepared graphite are shown in table 1:
as can be seen from the performance parameters of the graphite prepared in the examples 1-5, the capacity of the graphite is more than 360mAh/g, the compaction of a pole piece is more than 1.70g/cc, the 2.5C rate charging is more than 80%, and the high-capacity high-compaction quick-charging performance is excellent.
Claims (10)
1. A high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material is characterized in that artificial graphite and natural graphite single particles are tightly anchored together through amorphous carbon to form a composite graphite secondary particle structure, and a layer of amorphous carbon is coated between the artificial graphite and the natural graphite particles and on the surfaces of all component particles.
2. The high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the artificial graphite to the natural graphite is 30: 70-70: 30, and the mass ratio of the total weight of the artificial graphite and the natural graphite to the amorphous carbon is 90: 10-99: 1.
3. The high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the natural graphite comprises one or more of flake graphite, spherical graphite and microcrystalline graphite, and the particle size of the natural graphite D50 is 6-16 μm.
4. The high-capacity high-compaction fast-filling composite graphite cathode material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the artificial graphite comprises a composition of one or more of needle coke, petroleum coke, pitch coke, natural pitch coke and anthracite which are prepared by high-temperature graphitization, wherein the graphitization degree is greater than or equal to 94%, and the particle size D50 of the artificial graphite is 6-16 μm.
5. The high-capacity high-compaction fast-filling composite graphite negative electrode material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the amorphous carbon is obtained by carbonizing a binder, the binder comprises one or a combination of a plurality of coal tar, coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenolic resin, epoxy resin, furan resin, furfuryl alcohol resin, polyacrylonitrile and carbohydrate organic matters, and the particle size D50 of the amorphous carbon is 2-8 μm.
6. A preparation method of the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite anode material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, mixing natural graphite, artificial graphite and an adhesive uniformly according to a certain mass ratio to obtain a mixture;
secondly, under the protection of inert gas, the mixture is stirred and subjected to low-temperature heat treatment in a reactor to obtain coated composite graphite secondary particles;
thirdly, carbonizing the obtained composite graphite secondary particles at 800-1500 ℃ under the condition of inert gas, and cooling to room temperature;
and fourthly, screening the mixed material to obtain the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material.
7. The preparation method of the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material as claimed in claim 6, wherein the mass ratio of the total mass of the artificial graphite and the natural graphite to the binder in the step (i) is 80: 20-99: 1.
8. The preparation method of the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite cathode material according to claim 6, characterized in that in the second step, the stirring speed of the low-temperature heat treatment is 25-40 r/min, the temperature of the low-temperature treatment comprises two stages of temperature rise and constant temperature, the temperature rise is carried out at a temperature rise speed of 1-5 ℃/min at room temperature for 30-300 min, and the constant temperature is carried out for 120-300 min, so as to obtain the secondary particle product of the composite graphite.
9. The preparation method of the high-capacity high-compaction fast-charging composite graphite negative electrode material according to claim 6, characterized in that in the third step, the temperature of the carbonization treatment is 800-1500 ℃, and the time of the carbonization treatment is 10-50 hours, so as to obtain a secondary particle product of composite graphite with amorphous carbon on the surface.
10. The preparation method of the high-capacity high-compaction and fast-charge composite graphite cathode material according to claim 6, wherein in the fourth step, the rotation speed is 25-35rpm, and the high-capacity high-compaction and fast-charge graphite cathode material with the particle size of 13-18 μm is obtained by sieving with a 200-250 mesh sieve.
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| CN112310347A (en) * | 2020-11-03 | 2021-02-02 | 珠海冠宇电池股份有限公司 | Lithium ion battery with high energy density and charging capacity |
| CN112542578A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-03-23 | 大连宏光锂业股份有限公司 | Composite graphite cathode material of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof |
| CN112582592A (en) * | 2020-12-11 | 2021-03-30 | 成都爱敏特新能源技术有限公司 | High-compaction and fast-filling artificial graphite material and preparation method thereof |
| CN112645319A (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-04-13 | 福建杉杉科技有限公司 | Composite graphite negative electrode material, lithium ion battery and preparation method |
| CN113422025A (en) * | 2021-06-25 | 2021-09-21 | 洛阳月星新能源科技有限公司 | Natural graphite composite material and preparation method thereof |
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| CN114314580A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-04-12 | 宁波杉杉新材料科技有限公司 | Composite graphite negative electrode material and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN114628650A (en) * | 2021-09-06 | 2022-06-14 | 万向一二三股份公司 | Material for improving quick charge performance of lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof |
| CN114784231A (en) * | 2022-05-07 | 2022-07-22 | 万向一二三股份公司 | Preparation method of graphite cathode of lithium battery |
| CN117800335A (en) * | 2024-02-29 | 2024-04-02 | 上海巴库斯超导新材料有限公司 | Preparation process of composite material of artificial graphite and carbon-coated natural graphite |
| CN117800335B (en) * | 2024-02-29 | 2024-04-30 | 上海巴库斯超导新材料有限公司 | Preparation process of composite material of artificial graphite and carbon-coated natural graphite |
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