CN111631097B - Fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling effective phosphorus content of red-loaned rice soil - Google Patents
Fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling effective phosphorus content of red-loaned rice soil Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention particularly relates to a fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling the content of available phosphorus in red-loaned rice soil. The specific steps of phosphate fertilizer application regulation are as follows: (1) determining the effective phosphorus content of the soil of the land to be fertilized by adopting a 0.5mol/L sodium bicarbonate leaching method; (2) comparing the measured available phosphorus content with an agronomic threshold value of available phosphorus in the red soil rice soil, and if the measured available phosphorus content is greater than or equal to the agronomic threshold value, applying cow dung to a phosphate fertilizer, applying urea to a nitrogen fertilizer and applying potassium chloride to a potassium fertilizer; if the measured effective phosphorus content is less than the agronomic threshold value, applying urea to a nitrogen fertilizer, applying potassium chloride to a potassium fertilizer, applying a chemical phosphate fertilizer to a phosphate fertilizer, and calculating the application amount of the chemical phosphate fertilizer by a formula; (3) according to the recommended phosphorus application amount, cow dung or chemical phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied to surface soil once before rice transplanting. The regulation and control method has the advantages of quantification and accuracy, ensures the long-term fertilizer efficiency of the paddy field soil, avoids excessive accumulation of phosphorus in the soil, and saves phosphate fertilizer resources.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of paddy field fertilization, and particularly relates to a fertilization method for quantitatively regulating and controlling the content of available phosphorus in red-loaned paddy soil.
Background
Phosphorus is one of three nutrient elements for plant growth, and has important significance for increasing the yield of crops. However, due to the obvious yield increasing effect and economic benefit of the phosphate fertilizer and the requirement for guaranteeing the grain safety, the problem that the input amount of the phosphate fertilizer is far more than the required amount exists in the current agricultural production, and the serious consequences of resource waste, environmental pollution and the like are caused. The accumulation of soil phosphorus and the water environment problem that arouses have generally been paid attention to, how to confirm reasonable phosphorus fertilizer quantity to improve the phosphorus fertilizer utilization ratio, reduce the phosphorus and run off, avoid the ecological environment problem that brings from this, be the problem that needs to solve urgently. At present, the regulation and control of the available phosphorus content of soil through fertilization is one of the research directions for rationalizing the application of phosphate fertilizers, and the main methods comprise the following two methods:
the first method is the broadcast application of chemical phosphate fertilizer as a base fertilizer. Before transplanting rice, the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer is taken as reference, the application amount of chemical phosphate fertilizer is 50% of the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the application amount of the existing phosphate fertilizer is mostly 50-150 kg/hm 2 And the fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer to be spread and uniformly mixed with surface soil. The method has the defects that the fluctuation range of the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is large, the effective phosphorus in the soil can be rapidly accumulated when the chemical phosphate fertilizer is continuously applied for many years, the content of the effective phosphorus in the soil can reach or exceed the environmental threshold, the yield increasing effect of the continuous application of the phosphate fertilizer on the rice is limited, and the environmental risk of phosphorus loss is increased.
In the second method, chemical phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer (pig manure) are matched to be used as base fertilizer for broadcasting. Before rice transplantation, the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer is taken as reference, the application amount of organic fertilizer is calculated according to the proportion of organic fertilizer nitrogen replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer, the common usage amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer is 20-50%, and the usage amount of organic fertilizer (pig manure) is mostly 15000-22500 kg/hm 2 . The chemical phosphate fertilizer and the organic fertilizer are used as base fertilizers and are uniformly mixed with the surface soil. The method has the disadvantages that the organic phosphorus content in the organic fertilizer (pig manure) is high, the soil available phosphorus can be rapidly accumulated after continuous application for many years, the soil available phosphorus content can reach or exceed the environmental threshold, the yield increasing effect of the continuous application of the phosphate fertilizer on the rice is limited, and the environmental risk of phosphorus loss is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the problems of phosphorus loss and overproof soil phosphorus content caused by inaccurate application amount of the current phosphate fertilizer, the application provides a fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling the effective phosphorus content of red-soil rice soil.
The technical scheme of the application is as follows:
a fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling the content of available phosphorus in red-loaned rice soil comprises the following steps:
(1) determining the effective phosphorus content of the soil of the land to be fertilized by adopting a 0.5mol/L sodium bicarbonate leaching method;
(2) comparing the content of available phosphorus measured in the step (1) with an agronomic threshold value of available phosphorus in the red soil rice soil, and selecting a fertilizing method according to a comparison result, wherein the specific implementation method comprises the following steps:
if the measured available phosphorus content is greater than or equal to the agronomic threshold value, applying cow dung to the phosphate fertilizer, urea to the nitrogen fertilizer and potassium chloride to the potassium fertilizer;
if the measured available phosphorus content is less than the agronomic threshold, applying urea to the nitrogenous fertilizer, applying potassium chloride to the potash fertilizer, and applying chemical phosphate fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the chemical phosphate fertilizer is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula: y-chemical phosphate fertilizer application amount; a-actually measuring the absolute value of the difference value of the available phosphorus and the agronomic threshold value of the available phosphorus in the soil; 3-is the increment of the effective phosphorus in the soil when the surplus of the soil is 100kg phosphorus; 30-is phosphorus taken away by rice through grain and straw harvest every year; n-years planned for the available phosphorus content of the soil to reach an agronomic threshold;
(3) according to the recommended phosphorus application amount, cow dung or chemical phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied to surface soil once before rice transplanting.
Further, the specific determination steps of the effective phosphorus content in the step (1) are as follows: weighing sodium bicarbonate and air-dried soil according to the mass ratio of 20:1, placing the sodium bicarbonate and the air-dried soil into an extraction bottle, mixing and shaking the mixture for 30 minutes, filtering the mixture by using non-phosphorus filter paper, adding a molybdenum-antimony color-developing resisting agent into the obtained filtrate, measuring an absorption value by using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and checking a working curve to obtain the effective phosphorus content of the soil of the to-be-detected plot.
Further, the agronomic threshold value of available phosphorus refers to the content of available phosphorus in the soil with the highest yield of paddy field crops, and the agronomic threshold value of the available phosphorus in the red soil paddy soil is 20 mg/kg.
Further, the cow dung applied in the step (2) is fresh cow dung after being piled, and the application amount is 22500kg/hm 2 。
Furthermore, the nitrogen content of the urea is 46 percent by mass percent, and the urea is applied to early rice and late rice by the weight of pure NThe fertilizer amount is 150.0kg/hm respectively 2 、165.0kg/hm 2 Said potassium chloride contains K 2 The content of O is 60 percent by mass, and K is used in early rice and late rice 2 The fertilizing amount of the O meter is 90kg/hm 2 。
The technical scheme provided by the invention has the following obvious beneficial effects:
based on the quantitative relation between the change of the soil available phosphorus and the surplus of the soil available phosphorus and the agronomic threshold value of the soil available phosphorus, the method can optimize the type of the applied phosphate fertilizer and quantify the application amount of the fertilizer phosphorus according to the comparison between the actual value of the soil available phosphorus and the agronomic threshold value. For example, a field is determined to have a soil available phosphorus content of 10mg/kg below the agronomic threshold, in which case the application of chemical phosphate fertilizer has a significant yield increase effect on rice, and if we plan to achieve the agronomic threshold (20mg/kg) of soil available phosphorus through 20 years of continuous application of chemical fertilizer, the annual fertilizer phosphorus (P) application is 47kg/hm according to the calculation method in this application 2 Count P 2 O 5 Is 108kg/hm 2 If the chemical fertilizer uses superphosphate, P in the superphosphate 2 O 5 The content is 12 percent, the application amount of the calcium superphosphate is 897kg/hm 2 60kg of calcium superphosphate is applied per mu per year, and the fertilizing amount is obviously lower than that of the conventional phosphate fertilizer applied to most farmlands.
If the actual measured soil available phosphorus content is more than or equal to 20mg/kg, cow dung is applied to replace chemical phosphate fertilizer, and the application amount of fresh cow dung after composting is suggested to be 22500kg/hm 2 The cow dung replaces chemical phosphate fertilizer, and a fertilizing method of applying the cow dung with chemical nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is adopted, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer in early rice and late rice in each season is 150.0kg/hm 2 And K 2 O90kg/hm 2 、165.0kg/hm 2 And K 2 O 90kg/hm 2 The nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer respectively use urea (containing 46 percent of N by mass) and potassium chloride (containing K) 2 O mass% 60%). The long-term test result of 20 years shows that the rice yield of the cow dung (NKM) compounded with the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is higher than that of the NPK (N-P-K) compounded with the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, and the result is shown in the following table 1.
TABLE 1 annual yield variation and coefficient of variation of rice treated with different fertilizers
Indicates that the correlation between the annual rice yield change and the experimental age is significant.
In a word, the fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling the effective phosphorus content of the red-loafing paddy soil has the following outstanding effects:
(1) through the agronomic threshold value (20mg/kg) of the effective phosphorus content, a reference basis is provided for applying chemical phosphate fertilizer or cow dung, and the blindness of fertilization is avoided.
(2) Through the calculation of formula, can be with the chemical phosphorus fertilizer quantity accuracy ization of using, avoided the current condition that the soil phosphorus element that causes of using at will is excessive or not enough, practiced thrift the phosphorus fertilizer resource, guaranteed the output of crops.
(3) According to long-term tests, the soil available phosphorus regulation and control method has obvious effect, the test field can ensure the high yield of grain crops within 20 years, the yield change fluctuation is small, and the soil fertility is always in an ideal state.
(4) The application provides an effective phosphorus regulation and control method, can improve the scientificity, validity and rationality that the phosphorus fertilizer was used conscientiously, if can promote by a large scale, can greatly alleviate the soil superphosphorization problem that exists in the present paddy field arable land of china, can practice thrift the phosphorus resource on the one hand, for country and peasant friend's saving cost spending, on the other hand can avoid the water pollution that paddy field soil phosphorus element excessive accumulation produced, play the effect of environmental protection promptly.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
In order to illustrate the method for regulating and controlling the available phosphorus in the paddy soil, the applicant makes a comparative test. The available phosphorus content of the test field pieces was first determined prior to comparative testing to determine the fertilization schedule, with the test site being located in the town of Wenful City, Yongzhou, Hunan province.
The determination method of the available phosphorus content comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a solution to be detected: weighing 5.0g (accurate to 0.01g) of air-dried soil sample passing through a sieve pore of 2mm in a leaching bottle, adding 100ml of 0.5mol/L sodium bicarbonate solution in the leaching bottle, shaking at 25 +/-1 ℃ for 30min, and filtering to obtain filtrate for measuring phosphorus; simultaneously, carrying out a reagent blank test;
(2) and (3) determination: sucking 2-10 ml of filtrate into a 50ml volumetric flask, adding 1 drop of 2, 4-dinitrophenol indicator, adjusting the pH value of the solution to be just yellowish by using 1mol/L sulfuric acid solution, and strongly generating bubbles during neutralization, so that the solution is shaken one drop by one drop without overflowing carbon dioxide bubbles from a bottle mouth, sucking 5ml of molybdenum-antimony anti-color-developing agent by a suction tube after the bubbles are not generated, fixing the volume to the scale by using water, and shaking uniformly. After 30min, carrying out color comparison on a spectrophotometer by using a 2cm light path cuvette and 700nm wavelength, adjusting the absorption value to zero by using a blank test solution as a reference solution, then measuring the absorption value of the color development solution to be detected, finding out the phosphorus ppm number of the color development solution on a working line, wherein the color can be kept stable within 8 h;
(3) drawing a working curve: after 5ppm of phosphorus standard solutions 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were respectively sucked into a 50ml volumetric flask, development was carried out in the same manner as in the measurement to obtain 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6ppm of phosphorus standard series color-developing solutions. Using 0ppm phosphorus standard color development liquid as reference, adjusting the absorption value to zero, measuring the absorption value of the standard series color development liquid from thin to thick, and drawing a working curve;
(4) and (5) checking the working curve according to the measured absorption value of the field to be measured to obtain the effective phosphorus content of the field to be measured.
According to the method for measuring available phosphorus, the content of available phosphorus in the test field is 31mg/kg and is more than 20mg/kg of agronomic threshold, and according to the method for regulating and controlling the phosphorus fertilizer in the application, cow dung is applied to the phosphate fertilizer. Other information for this experiment is as follows:
and (3) test year: early rice and late rice in 2017.
The rice variety planted: early rice-Ling Liangyou 942; late rice-Tyou 207.
Basic nutrients of the test field: 26.6g/kg of organic matter, 1.83g/kg of total nitrogen, 1.18g/kg of total phosphorus, 192mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and 110mg/kg of quick-acting potassium.
Test protocol: the experiment was repeated for 4 treatments, 3, 4 treatments were: CK. NPK, NK and NKM treatment, wherein:
and (3) CK processing: no fertilizer is applied.
NPK treatment: total application of pure N in early rice: 10 kg/mu, P 2 O 5 : 60 kg/mu, K 2 O:6 kg/mu, the proportion of the three is about 1: 0.6: 0.6; late rice was administered with pure N in total: 12 kg/mu, P 2 O 5 : 3 kg/mu, K 2 O:8 kg/mu, and the proportion of the three is about 1: 0.3: 0.7. the phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied once, and the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied for 3 times, namely the base fertilizer (70%), the tillering full-period fertilizer (20%) and the panicle fertilizer (10%). The specification of the fertilizer is as follows: urea (containing 46% of N by mass) for nitrogen fertilizer and calcium superphosphate (containing P) for phosphate fertilizer 2 O 5 12 percent of potassium chloride (containing K) for potash fertilizer 2 The mass ratio of O is 60%). Namely, the total dosage of the urea, the calcium superphosphate and the potassium chloride in the early rice is respectively 22, 50 and 10 kg/mu, and the total dosage of the urea, the calcium superphosphate and the potassium chloride in the late rice is respectively 25, 25 and 13 kg/mu.
NK treatment: total application of pure N in early rice: 10 kg/mu, K 2 O:6 kg/mu, and the proportion of the two is about 1: 0.6; late rice was administered with pure N in total: 12 kg/mu, K 2 8 kg/mu of O, and the proportion of the two is about 1: 0.7. no phosphate fertilizer is applied, and the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied for 3 times, namely, a base fertilizer (70%), a tillering full-period fertilizer (20%) and a spike fertilizer (10%). The specification of the fertilizer is as follows: urea (containing N46) for nitrogenous fertilizer and potassium chloride (containing K) for potash fertilizer 2 O60%). Namely, the total dosage of the urea and the potassium chloride in the early rice season is respectively 22 kg/mu and 10 kg/mu, and the total dosage of the urea and the potassium chloride in the late rice season is respectively 25 kg/mu and 13 kg/mu.
NKM treatment: total application of pure N in early rice: 10 kg/mu, K 2 6 kg/mu of O, and the proportion of the two is about 1: 0.6; late rice was administered with pure N in total: 12 kg/mu, K 2 O:8 kg/mu, and the proportion of the two is about 1: 0.7. and simultaneously applying 1500 kg/mu of decomposed cattle manure, wherein the decomposed cattle manure is obtained by naturally stacking fresh cattle manure for 15 days. Decomposed cow dung is used as base fertilizer and is applied at one timeThe nitrogenous fertilizer and the potash fertilizer are applied for 3 times, namely a base fertilizer (70%), a tillering full-period fertilizer (20%) and a spike fertilizer (10%). The specification of the fertilizer is as follows: urea (containing N46 wt.%) for nitrogen fertilizer and potassium chloride (containing K) for potassium fertilizer 2 The mass ratio of O is 60%). Namely, the total dosage of the urea and the potassium chloride in the early rice season is respectively 22 kg/mu and 10 kg/mu, and the total dosage of the urea and the potassium chloride in the late rice season is respectively 25 kg/mu and 13 kg/mu.
The yield results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 variation in treatment yield (kg/mu)
| Treatment of | Early rice | Late rice | Annual output |
| CK | 238±10 | 303±12 | 541±9 |
| NPK | 294±11 | 325±7 | 613±13 |
| NK | 250±15 | 319±6 | 575±12 |
| NKM | 307±18 | 400±13 | 707±32 |
As can be seen from Table 2, the early rice and late rice yields were reduced by 15% -19% and 2% -20% respectively, compared to the phosphate fertilizer treatments (NPK and NKM) without the application of chemical phosphate fertilizer (NK). After organic fertilizer is used for replacing chemical phosphate fertilizer (NKM), the yield of early rice is equivalent to that of NPK treatment, but the yield of late rice and the annual yield are respectively increased by 25 percent and 23 percent compared with NPK, and the difference reaches a remarkable level (P is less than 0.05). Therefore, the decomposed cow dung is used for replacing chemical phosphate fertilizer to ensure the increase of the rice yield.
After the late rice is harvested, soil samples of plough layers (0-20cm) are taken for soil available phosphorus content determination, and the determination method is not repeated. The soil available phosphorus measurement results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 variation of effective phosphorus content for each treatment
| Treatment of | Effective phosphorus content (mg/kg) |
| CK | 27.3±1.2 |
| NPK | 37.7±0.9 |
| NK | 21.3±0.9 |
| NKM | 31.3±0.9 |
As can be seen from table 3, with the application of chemical phosphate fertilizer (NPK), the available phosphorus content of the plough layer soil is continuously increased by 21% compared with that before the test, which is significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the environmental risk is further increased because the effective rate of the soil continues to maintain higher content; after the decomposed cow dung replaces a chemical phosphate fertilizer (NKM), the effective phosphorus content is basically equal to that before the test, higher rice yield can be obtained, and the environmental risk of phosphorus loss is effectively reduced.
It should be noted that the above-described embodiments may enable those skilled in the art to more fully understand the present invention, but do not limit the present invention in any way. Thus, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be modified and equivalents may be substituted; all technical solutions and modifications thereof which do not depart from the spirit and technical essence of the present invention should be covered by the scope of the present patent.
Claims (2)
1. A fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling the content of available phosphorus in red-loaned rice soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) determining the effective phosphorus content of the soil of the land to be fertilized by adopting a 0.5mol/L sodium bicarbonate leaching method;
(2) comparing the content of available phosphorus measured in the step (1) with an agronomic threshold value of available phosphorus in the red soil rice soil, and selecting a fertilizing method according to a comparison result, wherein the specific implementation method comprises the following steps:
if the measured available phosphorus content is greater than or equal to the agronomic threshold value, applying cow dung to the phosphate fertilizer, urea to the nitrogen fertilizer and potassium chloride to the potassium fertilizer;
if the measured available phosphorus content is less than the agronomic threshold, applying urea to the nitrogenous fertilizer, applying potassium chloride to the potash fertilizer, and applying chemical phosphate fertilizer to the phosphate fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the chemical phosphate fertilizer is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula: y is the application amount of the chemical phosphate fertilizer; a is the absolute value of the difference value of the measured available phosphorus and the agronomic threshold value of the soil available phosphorus; 3 is the increment of the effective phosphorus in the soil when each surplus of 100kg of phosphorus in the soil exists; 30 is phosphorus taken away by rice through grain and straw harvest every year; n-years planned for the available phosphorus content of the soil to reach an agronomic threshold;
(3) according to the recommended phosphorus application amount, cow dung or chemical phosphate fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer and is applied to surface soil once before rice transplanting;
the agronomic threshold value of the available phosphorus of the red soil rice soil is 20 mg/kg;
the nitrogen content of the urea is 46 percent by mass, and the fertilizing amount in early rice and late rice by pure N is 150.0kg/hm respectively 2 、165.0kg/hm 2 Said potassium chloride contains K 2 The content of O is 60% by mass, and K is calculated in early rice and late rice 2 The fertilizing amount of the O meter is 90kg/hm 2 ；
The cow dung applied in the step (2) is the fresh cow dung after being piled, and the application amount is 22500kg/hm 2 。
2. The fertilizing method for quantitatively regulating and controlling the available phosphorus content of the red-loaned rice soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific determination steps of the available phosphorus content in the step (1) are as follows: weighing sodium bicarbonate and air-dried soil according to the mass ratio of 20:1, placing the sodium bicarbonate and the air-dried soil into an extraction bottle, mixing and shaking the mixture for 30 minutes, filtering the mixture by using non-phosphorus filter paper, adding a molybdenum-antimony color-developing resisting agent into the obtained filtrate, measuring an absorption value by using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and checking a working curve to obtain the effective phosphorus content of the soil of the to-be-detected plot.
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