CN111620851A - Method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on tertiary extraction method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on a tertiary extraction method, and belongs to the technical field of separation and purification. According to the invention, through three extraction processes of organic solvent extraction, acidic solution extraction and organic solvent extraction, the difference of distribution coefficients of nicotine among different solutions is utilized, so that nicotine is effectively separated from tobacco, and the yield and the purity of the obtained nicotine are high; the extraction method of the invention is simple, has low energy consumption and low requirement on production equipment, and is suitable for industrial mass production. The example results show that the purity of the nicotine obtained by the extraction method provided by the invention can reach more than 95%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of separation and purification, in particular to a method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on a tertiary extraction method.
Background
Nicotine, also known as nicotine, is a colorless or yellowish oily liquid, and has a chemical name of 1-methyl-2- (2-pyridyl) pyrrolidine and a molecular formula of C10H14N2The molecular weight is 162.28, the boiling point is 247 deg.C, the melting point is-79 deg.C, the flash point is 95 deg.C, and the autoignition temperature is 240 deg.C. Nicotine is an important raw material for medicines, natural pesticides, spices and chemical industry, and can be used for producing safe and effective smoking cessation products, electronic cigarettes and low-toxicity and residue-free pesticides.
Tobacco is the major source of nicotine. The existing extraction methods of nicotine comprise a steam distillation method, an organic solvent extraction method and the like, however, the steam distillation method has high energy consumption; the organic solvent extraction method uses highly toxic organic solvents such as chloroform, diethyl ether, etc., which are harmful to the bodies of production workers, and the purity of the obtained nicotine cannot reach a high level.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on a tertiary extraction method, which has the advantages of low energy consumption, simple operation, and high yield and purity of the obtained nicotine.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on a tertiary extraction method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing tobacco and water, sequentially heating, leaching and filtering, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained filtrate to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain alkaline filtrate;
(2) carrying out first extraction on the alkaline filtrate by using an organic solvent, and collecting an organic phase to obtain an organic phase extraction liquid;
(3) performing second extraction on the organic phase extraction liquid by using an acid solution, and collecting a water phase to obtain a nicotine salt solution;
(4) carrying out column chromatography separation on the nicotine salt solution, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained column chromatography separation liquid to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain an alkaline column chromatography separation liquid;
(5) and (3) carrying out third extraction on the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid by using an organic solvent, and removing the organic solvent from the obtained organic phase to obtain the pure nicotine.
Preferably, the mass ratio of the tobacco to the water in the step (1) is 1: 10-50; the temperature of the heating leaching is 20-60 ℃, and the time is 0.5-3 h.
Preferably, after the step (2) collects the organic phase, the organic phase is further concentrated to 1/6-1/2 of the original volume.
Preferably, the organic solvent in the step (2) and the organic solvent in the step (5) are independently one or more of n-hexane, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate.
Preferably, the volume ratio of the organic solvent to the alkaline filtrate in the first extraction is 1: 1-3, and the number of times of the first extraction is 2-3.
Preferably, the acidic solution is an organic acid aqueous solution, and the organic acid is one or more of tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid; the mass concentration of organic acid in the organic acid aqueous solution is 1-3%;
the volume ratio of the acidic solution to the organic phase extraction liquid in the second extraction is 1-3: 1; the number of times of the second extraction is 2-3.
Preferably, a filler of the separation column used for column chromatographic separation is an octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica filler, and an elution phase during column chromatographic separation is an organic acid with a mass concentration of 1-3%;
the column passing speed of the nicotine salt solution during column chromatography separation is 10-30 mL/min; the number of times of column chromatography separation is 2-3.
Preferably, the volume ratio of the organic solvent to the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid in the third extraction is 1-3: 1, and the number of times of the third extraction is 2-3.
The invention provides a method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on a tertiary extraction method, which comprises the following steps: (1) mixing tobacco and water, sequentially heating, leaching and filtering, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained filtrate to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain alkaline filtrate; (2) carrying out first extraction on the alkaline filtrate by using an organic solvent, and collecting an organic phase to obtain an organic phase extraction liquid; (3) performing second extraction on the organic phase extraction liquid by using an acid solution, and collecting a water phase to obtain a nicotine salt solution; (4) carrying out column chromatography separation on the nicotine salt solution, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained column chromatography separation liquid to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain an alkaline column chromatography separation liquid; (5) and (3) carrying out third extraction on the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid by using an organic solvent, and removing the organic solvent from the obtained organic phase to obtain the pure nicotine. The invention can effectively separate nicotine from tobacco through three extraction processes, and the yield and purity of the obtained nicotine are high. The extraction method of the invention is simple, has low energy consumption and low requirement on production equipment, and is suitable for industrial mass production. The example results show that the purity of the nicotine obtained by the extraction method provided by the invention can reach more than 95%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a standard curve graph of nicotine mass concentration versus peak area;
FIG. 2 is a high performance liquid chromatography spectrum of a nicotine sample obtained in example 1.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on a tertiary extraction method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing tobacco and water, sequentially heating, leaching and filtering, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained filtrate to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain alkaline filtrate;
(2) carrying out first extraction on the alkaline filtrate by using an organic solvent, and collecting an organic phase to obtain an organic phase extraction liquid;
(3) performing second extraction on the organic phase extraction liquid by using an acid solution, and collecting a water phase to obtain a nicotine salt solution;
(4) carrying out column chromatography separation on the nicotine salt solution, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained column chromatography separation liquid to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain an alkaline column chromatography separation liquid;
(5) and (3) carrying out third extraction on the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid by using an organic solvent, and removing the organic solvent from the obtained organic phase to obtain the pure nicotine.
The method comprises the steps of mixing tobacco and water, sequentially heating, leaching and filtering, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained filtrate to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain alkaline filtrate. The invention has no special requirements on the variety of the tobacco, and the tobacco of any variety is suitable for the extraction method. Before mixing, the tobacco is preferably crushed, and the particle size of the crushed tobacco is preferably 100 meshes; the method of pulverization in the present invention is not particularly limited, and pulverization methods known to those skilled in the art may be used.
The mixing mode of the tobacco and the water is not particularly required, and the mixing mode known by the technical personnel in the field can be used, such as stirring and mixing; in the invention, the mass ratio of the tobacco to the water is preferably 1: 10-50, and more preferably 1: 20-40. In the invention, the temperature of the heating leaching is preferably 20-60 ℃, and more preferably 30-50 ℃; the time is preferably 0.5 to 3 hours, and more preferably 1 to 2 hours. In the invention, the number of times of the heating leaching is preferably 1-3 times, and preferably 3 times. The invention dissolves the nicotine component in the tobacco into water by the heating and leaching. When the times of the heating leaching are more than 1, the leaching liquor obtained in each time is combined after each time of heating leaching is finished.
The present invention does not require any particular filtration means, and filtration means known to those skilled in the art may be used. After filtration, the pH value of the obtained filtrate is adjusted to be not less than 10, preferably to be 11-13, so as to obtain alkaline filtrate. In the invention, the regulator for adjusting the pH value is preferably one or more of NaOH, KOH and ammonia water. According to the invention, the pH value of the obtained filtrate is adjusted to be more than or equal to 10, so that nicotine in water reacts with alkali to form combined nicotine, and the solubility of nicotine in an organic solvent is increased.
After obtaining the alkaline filtrate, the method uses an organic solvent to carry out first extraction on the alkaline filtrate, and collects an organic phase to obtain an organic phase extraction liquid. In the invention, the organic solvent is preferably a low-toxicity organic solvent, and is particularly preferably one or more of n-hexane, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate; the mass ratio of the low-toxicity organic solvent to the alkaline filtrate in the first extraction is preferably 1: 10-50. In the invention, the number of times of the first extraction is preferably 2-3, more preferably 3, and after each extraction is completed, the organic phases obtained each time are combined. The invention can extract the combined nicotine in the alkaline filtrate into the organic solvent through the first extraction.
After collecting the organic phase, the present invention also preferably comprises concentrating the organic phase. The invention has no special requirement on the concentration mode, and the concentration mode known to the technical personnel in the field can be used, such as vacuum filtration pump decompression and rotary evaporation concentration. In the invention, the concentration is preferably 1/6-1/2 concentrated to the original volume, and is more preferably 1/4-1/3 concentrated to the original volume. By means of the concentration, the consumption of acidic solution and organic solvent in the subsequent extraction process can be reduced.
After the organic phase extraction liquid is obtained, the organic phase extraction liquid is subjected to second extraction by using an acid solution, and a water phase is collected to obtain a nicotine salt solution. In the invention, the acidic solution is preferably an organic acid aqueous solution, and the organic acid is preferably one or more of tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid; the mass concentration of the organic acid in the organic acid aqueous solution is preferably 1 to 3%, more preferably 2%. In the invention, the volume ratio of the acidic solution to the organic phase extraction liquid in the second extraction is preferably 1-3: 1, and more preferably 2: 1; the number of times of the second extraction is preferably 2-3, more preferably 3, and after each extraction is completed, the water phases obtained in each time are combined. The invention makes free nicotine react with acid through second extraction to generate nicotine salt solution, and then makes nicotine component enter into water phase by utilizing difference of distribution coefficient of nicotine salt in two solvents.
After the nicotine salt solution is obtained, the nicotine salt solution is subjected to column chromatography separation, the pH value of the obtained column chromatography separation liquid is adjusted to be more than or equal to 10, and the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid is obtained. In the invention, the filler of the separation column used for column chromatography separation is preferably octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica filler (C18 for short), and the elution phase is preferably organic acid with the mass concentration of 1-3%. In the invention, the column passing rate of the nicotine salt solution during column chromatography separation is preferably 10-30 mL/min, and more preferably 20 mL/min; the number of times of column chromatography separation is 2-3, preferably 3, and the separation liquid of each column chromatography is used for the next column chromatography. The invention can make a small amount of fat-soluble impurities in nicotine salt solution adsorbed on the filler by the column chromatography separation, thereby achieving the purpose of purification.
After the column chromatography separation, the pH value of the obtained column chromatography separation liquid is adjusted to be not less than 10, preferably 11-13, so as to obtain the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid. In the invention, the regulator for adjusting the pH value is preferably one or more of NaOH, KOH and ammonia water. The invention can change nicotine salt into free nicotine by adjusting the pH value of the column chromatography separation liquid to be more than or equal to 10.
After the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid is obtained, the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid is subjected to third extraction by using an organic solvent, and the organic solvent is removed from the obtained organic phase to obtain pure nicotine. In the invention, the organic solvent is preferably a low-toxicity organic solvent, and is particularly preferably one or more of n-hexane, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate; the volume ratio of the organic solvent to the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid in the third extraction is preferably 1-3: 1, and more preferably 2: 1. In the invention, the number of times of the third extraction is preferably 2-3, more preferably 3, and after each extraction is completed, the organic phases obtained each time are combined. According to the invention, through the third extraction, free nicotine can be transferred into the organic solvent through different distribution coefficients.
In the present invention, the organic solvent is preferably removed by rotary evaporation, and the present invention has no special requirement on the specific operation mode of the rotary evaporation, and the operation mode known to those skilled in the art can be used.
The invention can effectively separate nicotine from tobacco through three extraction processes, and the obtained nicotine has higher yield and purity. Furthermore, the acid used in the extraction process is organic acid, so that the corrosion on metal equipment is low; the invention uses low-toxicity organic solvent to carry out the first extraction and the third extraction, which has little harm to human body and low influence on environment.
The method for extracting nicotine from tobacco by the tertiary extraction method provided by the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
(1) Weighing 15g of crushed tobacco leaves (the granularity is 100 meshes), adding water which is 10 times of the mass of the tobacco leaves, and leaching for 3 times at 20 ℃, wherein each time is 1 h; combining the three leaching solutions, performing vacuum filtration on the leaching solutions, and adjusting the pH value of the filtrate to 11 by using KOH to obtain alkaline filtrate;
(2) 400mL of alkaline filtrate was measured, and petroleum ether was used to obtain the following alkaline filtrate: extracting petroleum ether at a ratio of 1:1(v/v) for 3 times, combining 1.2L petroleum ether phases, and concentrating the petroleum ether phases to 200 mL;
(3) according to the concentrated solution: extracting 3 times with 1 wt.% citric acid at a ratio of 1:1(v/v), and mixing the extract phases to obtain 600mL nicotine salt solution;
(4) adding the 600mL of nicotine salt solution into a BUCHI C-615 medium-pressure liquid phase column using octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica filler RP-18(C18) as a filler, performing column chromatography separation at the speed of 10mL/min, and eluting with 1 wt.% of citric acid to obtain 1200mL of column chromatography separation liquid;
(5) regulating the pH value of the 600mL column chromatography separation liquid to be 11 by using KOH, and carrying out column chromatography separation liquid: extracting with petroleum ether at a ratio of 3:1(v/v) for 3 times, and collecting 600mL of extraction phase petroleum ether; at room temperature, the petroleum ether of the extraction phase is evaporated by a rotary evaporator until no liquid is evaporated, and the liquid in a rotary evaporation bottle, namely a nicotine sample, is collected, and the yield is 75.5%.
Example 2
(1) Weighing 15g of crushed tobacco leaves (the granularity is 100 meshes), adding water which is 20 times of the mass of the tobacco leaves, and leaching for 2 times at 30 ℃, wherein each time is 1.5 hours; mixing the leaching solutions, performing vacuum filtration, and adjusting the pH value of the filtrate to 12 with NaOH to obtain alkaline filtrate;
(2) 400mL of basic filtrate was measured, and n-hexane was used to obtain a basic filtrate: extracting n-hexane at a ratio of 1:1(v/v) for 3 times, combining n-hexane phases of 1.2L, and concentrating the n-hexane phase to 600 mL;
(3) according to the concentrated solution: extracting 3 times with 3 wt.% tartaric acid at a ratio of 3:1(v/v), and mixing the extract phases to obtain 600mL of nicotine salt solution;
(4) adding 600mL of nicotine salt solution into a BUCHI C-615 medium-pressure liquid phase column using octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica filler RP-18(C18) as a filler, performing column chromatography separation at the speed of 20mL/min, and eluting with 3 wt.% of tartaric acid to obtain 1200mL of column chromatography separation liquid;
(5) regulating the pH value of the 600mL column chromatography separation liquid to be 12 by using NaOH, and carrying out column chromatography separation liquid: extracting n-hexane for 3 times at a ratio of 3:1(v/v), and collecting 600mL of extract phase n-hexane; and (3) evaporating the n-hexane of the extract phase at room temperature by using a rotary evaporator until no liquid is evaporated, and collecting the liquid in a rotary evaporation bottle, namely a nicotine sample, wherein the yield is 77.8%.
Example 3
(1) Weighing 15g of crushed tobacco leaves (the granularity is 100 meshes), adding water which is 50 times of the mass of the tobacco leaves, and leaching for 1 time at 30 ℃, wherein each time is 2 hours; then, carrying out vacuum filtration, and adjusting the pH value of the filtrate to 13 by using NaOH to obtain alkaline filtrate;
(2) 400mL of basic filtrate was measured, and n-hexane was used to obtain a basic filtrate: extracting n-hexane at a ratio of 1:1(v/v) for 3 times, combining n-hexane phases of 1.2L, and concentrating the n-hexane phase to 600 mL;
(3) according to the concentrated solution: extracting 3 times with 3 wt.% citric acid at a ratio of 3:1(v/v), and combining the extract phases to obtain 600mL of nicotine salt solution;
(4) adding the 600mL of nicotine salt solution into a BUCHI C-615 medium-pressure liquid phase column which takes octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica filler RP-18(C18) as a filler, performing column chromatography separation at the speed of 30mL/min, and eluting by using 3 wt.% of citric acid to obtain 1200mL of column chromatography separation liquid;
(5) adjusting the pH value of the 600mL column chromatography separation liquid to 13 by using NaOH, and carrying out column chromatography separation liquid: extracting n-hexane at a ratio of 3:1(v/v) for 3 times by using petroleum ether, and collecting 600mL of extraction phase petroleum ether; at room temperature, the petroleum ether in the extract phase is evaporated by a rotary evaporator until no liquid is evaporated, and the liquid in a rotary evaporation bottle, namely a nicotine sample, is collected, and the yield is 80.6%.
Test example 1
(1) Accurately weighing 5 parts of 1mg nicotine standard substance, and respectively preparing nicotine standard substance solutions of 0.1mg/mL, 0.2mg/mL, 0.3mg/mL, 0.4mg/mL and 1 mg/mL;
(2) performing high performance liquid chromatography test on nicotine standard solutions with different concentrations by using an Agilent 1200 high performance liquid chromatograph, wherein the sample amount is 20 mu L each time, the gradient elution procedure is shown in Table 1, and the result shows that the retention time of nicotine is about 9.5 min; a standard curve is drawn by taking the nicotine concentration (mg/mL) as an abscissa and taking the peak area as an ordinate, and the obtained standard curve graph is shown in figure 1;
TABLE 1 high Performance liquid phase test gradient elution procedure
| Time (min) | A(0.02％K2HPO4，pH6.5) | B (methanol) |
| 0 | 5 | 95 |
| 5 | 35 | 65 |
| 20 | 50 | 50 |
(3) 1mg of the nicotine sample of example 1 was accurately weighed to prepare a 1mg/mL test solution, and 20. mu.L of the test solution was subjected to HPLC test according to the above method, and the obtained spectrum is shown in FIG. 2, and the concentration of the nicotine sample of example 1 was 0.951mg/mL and the purity thereof was 95.1% by calculation according to the standard curve.
The purity of the nicotine samples obtained in examples 2 and 3 was measured in the same manner as in example 2, and the purity of the nicotine obtained in example 2 was 95.8%, and the purity of the nicotine obtained in example 3 was 95.3%.
According to the embodiment and the test examples, the method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on the three-time extraction method is environment-friendly and safe, is simple to operate, and has high yield and purity of the obtained nicotine.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for extracting nicotine from tobacco based on a three-time extraction method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) mixing tobacco and water, sequentially heating, leaching and filtering, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained filtrate to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain alkaline filtrate;
(2) carrying out first extraction on the alkaline filtrate by using an organic solvent, and collecting an organic phase to obtain an organic phase extraction liquid;
(3) performing second extraction on the organic phase extraction liquid by using an acid solution, and collecting a water phase to obtain a nicotine salt solution;
(4) carrying out column chromatography separation on the nicotine salt solution, and adjusting the pH value of the obtained column chromatography separation liquid to be more than or equal to 10 to obtain an alkaline column chromatography separation liquid;
(5) and (3) carrying out third extraction on the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid by using an organic solvent, and removing the organic solvent from the obtained organic phase to obtain the pure nicotine.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the tobacco to the water in the step (1) is 1: 10-50; the temperature of the heating leaching is 20-60 ℃, and the time is 0.5-3 h.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein after the step (2) of collecting the organic phase, the step of concentrating the organic phase further comprises concentrating the organic phase to 1/6-1/2 of the original volume.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic solvent in the step (2) and the step (5) is one or more of n-hexane, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate.
5. The method according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the volume ratio of the organic solvent to the alkaline filtrate in the first extraction is 1: 1-3, and the number of times of the first extraction is 2-3.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the acidic solution is an organic acid aqueous solution, and the organic acid is one or more of tartaric acid, citric acid and malic acid; the mass concentration of organic acid in the organic acid aqueous solution is 1-3%;
the volume ratio of the acidic solution to the organic phase extraction liquid in the second extraction is 1-3: 1; the number of times of the second extraction is 2-3.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein a filler of the separation column used for column chromatographic separation is an octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica filler, and an elution phase during column chromatographic separation is an organic acid with a mass concentration of 1-3%;
the column passing speed of the nicotine salt solution during column chromatography separation is 10-30 mL/min; the number of times of column chromatography separation is 2-3.
8. The method according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the volume ratio of the organic solvent to the alkaline column chromatography separation liquid in the third extraction is 1-3: 1, and the number of times of the third extraction is 2-3.
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| CN115028618A (en) * | 2022-07-19 | 2022-09-09 | 江西农业大学 | Method for preparing high-purity nicotine |
| CN115028618B (en) * | 2022-07-19 | 2024-03-01 | 江西农业大学 | Method for preparing nicotine |
| CN115594663A (en) * | 2022-10-25 | 2023-01-13 | 云南中烟工业有限责任公司（Cn） | Continuous extraction and purification method of nicotine |
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Application publication date: 20200904 |