CN111616207B - Method for selecting optimal harvesting period of non-respiratory jump type fruit after picking and cold storage - Google Patents

Method for selecting optimal harvesting period of non-respiratory jump type fruit after picking and cold storage Download PDF

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CN111616207B
CN111616207B CN202010632610.9A CN202010632610A CN111616207B CN 111616207 B CN111616207 B CN 111616207B CN 202010632610 A CN202010632610 A CN 202010632610A CN 111616207 B CN111616207 B CN 111616207B
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CN111616207A (en
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周炼
贺明阳
王日葵
韩冷
洪敏�
吴志刚
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23BPRESERVATION OF FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES
    • A23B7/00Preservation of fruit or vegetables; Chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
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    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for selecting the optimal harvest time of non-respiratory jump type fruits after being picked and refrigerated, which comprises the following steps: picking when the non-respiratory jump type fruits grow to the mature period on fruit trees, picking at least in 3 stages, wherein the picking interval time of each stage is 3-4 weeks, storing the fruits in a refrigerator corresponding to the fruit variety after picking, detecting the respiratory intensity of the fruits during the storage period, and selecting the stage with the minimum respiratory intensity to determine the optimum picking stage of the fruits of the variety. Also provides a storage method of the non-respiratory transition type fruit, which comprises the following steps: 1) Selecting the optimal harvesting period of the variety of fruits according to the method; 2) Picking fruits according to the selected optimal picking period, and storing the picked fruits in a refrigerator corresponding to the variety for storage. The fruits harvested according to the harvesting period determined by the method have high fruit quality, low fruit damage rate during storage and best commodity under the same refrigeration condition, the storage tolerance of the fruits is improved by timely harvesting, and the fruits are kept fresh to the greatest extent.

Description

非呼吸跃变型水果采后冷藏其最佳采收期的选定方法Method for selecting the best harvesting period of non-climacteric fruits after cold storage

技术领域Technical Field

本发明涉及农产品生产技术领域,具体涉及一种非呼吸跃变型水果采后冷藏其最佳采收期的选定方法。The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural product production, and in particular to a method for selecting the optimal harvesting period of non-climacteric fruits for post-harvest cold storage.

背景技术Background Art

果实从生长到成熟直至可以采摘,鲜果采摘(离开树体)后仍然进行着呼吸作用,直至完全成熟或达最佳食用期。果实品质和贮藏性能与采收时间密切相关,所以针对不同品种适时采收尤为重要。Fruits grow, mature and are ready to be picked. Fresh fruits continue to breathe after being picked (leaving the tree) until they are fully ripe or reach their best eating period. Fruit quality and storage performance are closely related to harvest time, so timely harvesting is particularly important for different varieties.

果实适宜的采收成熟度与其贮藏保鲜方法也密切相关,在文献“论园艺作物产品的保鲜采收成熟度”(庄虚之.西南园艺,2001,29(4):16-17)中公开道:对用于贮藏的柑桔果实,教科书上说:“采收应比鲜食用果略为提前,在接近成熟时采收;贮藏用果,目前大多在果皮组织已充分发育完成,着色已达80%左右,果肉尚未完全软化时进行。”这里只阐明“目前”常规贮藏方法中果实的采收成熟度情况,未能反映出多种贮藏方法对采收成熟度的要求。有人认为“用于贮藏的柑桔应为七八分成熟,即果皮有三分之二面积转黄时采收”,也有人认为应在充分成熟时采收,如宽皮柑桔类在果皮颜色60%转黄时采收,橙类需在完全着色时采收。”上述意见之不一致,甚至相互冲突,足见保鲜采收成熟度问题值得进一步探究。在实践应用上,沈兆敏等认为“果实贮藏方法不同,采收成熟度也可有异,如气调贮藏用果宜早采,冷藏用果对成熟度要求较高”;邵蒲芬等介绍其硅窗气调贮藏的锦橙“宜适当早采......”曾经的研究多认为冷藏用果采收成熟度越高越好,一般认为成熟度越低的果实对低温的敏感性越高,越易发生冷害。The appropriate harvesting maturity of fruits is also closely related to their storage and preservation methods. In the document "On the Preservation and Harvesting Maturity of Horticultural Crop Products" (Zhuang Xuzhi. Southwest Horticulture, 2001, 29(4):16-17), it is disclosed that for citrus fruits for storage, the textbook says: "Harvesting should be slightly earlier than fresh-eating fruits, and should be harvested when they are close to maturity; for storage fruits, most of them are harvested when the peel tissue has fully developed, the color has reached about 80%, and the flesh has not yet completely softened." This only explains the harvesting maturity of fruits in the "current" conventional storage methods, and fails to reflect the requirements of harvesting maturity for various storage methods. Some people believe that "citrus fruits for storage should be harvested when they are 70% to 80% mature, that is, when two-thirds of the peel turns yellow", while others believe that they should be harvested when they are fully mature, such as wide-skinned citrus fruits should be harvested when the peel color turns 60% yellow, and oranges should be harvested when they are fully colored. "The above opinions are inconsistent and even conflicting, which shows that the issue of maturity for fresh-keeping harvesting deserves further exploration. In practical application, Shen Zhaomin and others believe that "different fruit storage methods may result in different harvest maturity. For example, fruits for controlled atmosphere storage should be harvested early, while fruits for refrigerated storage have higher requirements for maturity"; Shao Pufen and others introduced that the Jincheng oranges stored in their silicon window controlled atmosphere storage "should be harvested appropriately early..." Previous studies have mostly believed that the higher the maturity of fruits for refrigerated storage, the better. It is generally believed that the lower the maturity of the fruit, the more sensitive it is to low temperatures and the more likely it is to suffer from chilling damage.

非呼吸越变型果实的成熟度难以界定,影响因素颇多、更为复杂,而且同品种在不同产地的采收期并非完全一致,所以采收时间主要靠经验等多为宽泛的时间范围。柑橘果实属于典型的非呼吸跃变型水果,以往对早中熟品种的柑桔研究较多,一般早、中熟的果皮转色与果实的成熟度呈正相关,其成熟度可通过果皮颜色等表象方便判断。而针对晚熟柑橘采收期的研究不多,其采收成熟度的了解更少,特别是具体的适时采收时间尚未定论(并无统一的依据或具体标准)。一般水果如晚熟柑橘果实的采收期不仅因品种、树龄、生长环境等有别外,也跟采收用途和目的有关。相比留树贮藏、挂树贮藏或即食采摘,由于大部分果实并非于树体完熟时采摘,或多或少都需要后熟或周转贮运的过程。The maturity of non-respiratory climacteric fruits is difficult to define, and there are many influencing factors, which are more complicated. In addition, the harvesting period of the same variety in different production areas is not completely consistent, so the harvesting time is mainly based on experience and is mostly a wide time range. Citrus fruits are typical non-respiratory climacteric fruits. In the past, there have been many studies on early and mid-ripening varieties of citrus. Generally, the color change of the early and mid-ripening peel is positively correlated with the maturity of the fruit, and its maturity can be easily judged by the appearance of the peel color. However, there are not many studies on the harvesting period of late-ripening citrus, and there is even less understanding of its harvesting maturity, especially the specific timely harvesting time has not yet been determined (there is no unified basis or specific standard). The harvesting period of general fruits such as late-ripening citrus fruits is not only different due to varieties, tree age, growth environment, etc., but also related to the purpose and purpose of harvesting. Compared with tree storage, tree hanging storage or immediate picking, since most fruits are not picked when the tree is fully ripe, they more or less need to undergo the process of ripening or turnover storage and transportation.

晚熟柑橘的成熟度通过外观表征等难以评判,比如外观颜色方面如塔罗科血橙在低温下果实还会不断转色(趋于紫红),血橙果皮与果肉颜色并非一致对应;鲍威尔脐橙跟夏橙类似,都存在果皮返青现象;杂柑不知火在当年12月完成转色,却要到翌年的三月才开始成熟,所以就果皮颜色难以判断其成熟度,并且不知火果皮粗糙不利于色差仪的测定。若想凭借果实内在指标或无损地预估其采收适宜度还有待进一步研究。The maturity of late-ripening citrus is difficult to judge by appearance. For example, the Tarocco blood orange will continue to change color (tending to purple-red) at low temperatures, and the color of the blood orange peel and flesh is not consistent; Powell navel oranges are similar to summer oranges, and the peel turns green; the mixed orange Shiranui completes color change in December of the year, but does not begin to mature until March of the following year, so it is difficult to judge its maturity by the peel color, and the rough peel of Shiranui is not conducive to the measurement of the colorimeter. Further research is needed to estimate the suitability of harvesting by internal indicators of the fruit or non-destructively.

因此有必要对晚熟柑桔果实采后的冷藏特异性进行研究,以探明各自不同的贮运采收期。Therefore, it is necessary to study the cold storage specificity of late-ripening citrus fruits after harvest in order to find out their different storage, transportation and harvesting periods.

发明内容Summary of the invention

本发明的目的是针对上述问题,提供一种非呼吸跃变型水果采后冷藏其最佳采收期的选定方法。The object of the present invention is to provide a method for selecting the best harvesting period of non-climacteric fruits for post-harvest cold storage in view of the above problems.

本发明为了实现其目的,采用的技术方案是:In order to achieve its purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

一种非呼吸跃变型水果采后冷藏其最佳采收期的选定方法,包括如下步骤:待非呼吸跃变型水果在果树上生长至成熟期开始采摘,至少分3期采摘,每期采摘间隔时间为3-4周,采摘后贮藏于该水果品种对应的冷藏库中贮藏,贮藏期间检测水果的呼吸强度,选择呼吸强度最小的那一期确定为该品种水果的最佳采收期。A method for selecting the best harvesting period of non-climacteric fruits after post-harvest cold storage comprises the following steps: picking the non-climacteric fruits when they grow to maturity on the fruit trees, picking them in at least three phases, with the interval between each phase being 3-4 weeks; storing the fruits in a cold storage corresponding to the fruit variety after picking, detecting the respiration intensity of the fruits during storage, and selecting the phase with the smallest respiration intensity as the best harvesting period for the fruit variety.

优选地,所述非呼吸跃变型水果为晚熟柑橘。Preferably, the non-climacteric fruit is late-ripening citrus.

进一步地,所述晚熟柑橘为血橙或者不知火或者脐橙,血橙采收期为开花当年的12月~翌年的3月,不知火采收期为开花后第二年的2~5月,脐橙采收期为开花后翌年的3~5月,在各自采收期时间范围内至少分3期采摘,每期采摘间隔时间为3-4周,采后贮藏于该水果品种对应的冷藏库中贮藏,贮藏期间检测水果的呼吸强度,选择呼吸强度最小的那一期确定为该品种水果的最佳采收期。Furthermore, the late-ripening citrus is blood orange, Nashi orange or navel orange. The harvesting period of blood orange is from December of the flowering year to March of the following year, the harvesting period of Nashi orange is from February to May of the second year after flowering, and the harvesting period of navel orange is from March to May of the following year after flowering. The citrus is harvested in at least three phases within the respective harvesting period, and the interval between each phase is 3-4 weeks. After harvesting, the citrus is stored in a cold storage corresponding to the fruit variety. During storage, the respiration intensity of the fruit is detected, and the phase with the smallest respiration intensity is selected as the best harvesting period for the fruit variety.

在上述技术方案中,采摘的水果入库前预冷预贮或进入冷藏库后至少1-2周之后再检测呼吸强度,同时检测不同时期采摘果的呼吸强度,选择呼吸强度最小的那一期确定为该品种水果的最佳采收期。In the above technical scheme, the picked fruits are pre-cooled and pre-stored before storage or the respiration intensity is tested at least 1-2 weeks after entering the cold storage. At the same time, the respiration intensity of the fruits picked at different periods is tested, and the period with the lowest respiration intensity is selected as the best harvesting period for this variety of fruit.

本发明还提供了一种非呼吸跃变型水果的贮藏方法,包括如下步骤:The present invention also provides a storage method for non-climacteric fruits, comprising the following steps:

1)选定水果的最佳采收期:按照上述的方法选定该品种水果的最佳采收期;1) Select the best harvesting period for the fruit: select the best harvesting period for the fruit of the variety according to the above method;

2)按照选定的最佳采收期采摘该品种水果,采收后贮藏于该品种对应的冷藏库内贮藏。2) Pick the fruit of this variety according to the selected optimal harvesting period, and store it in the cold storage corresponding to this variety after harvesting.

本发明的有益效果是:克服了现有技术的“冷藏用果采收成熟度越高越好”的技术偏见,提出了一种新的非呼吸跃变型水果采后冷藏其最佳采收期的选定方法,按此方法确定的采收期采收的水果在相同冷藏条件下果实品质高、贮存病果率低,商品性最好,适时采收不仅提高了果实的耐贮性,也使果实得以最大程度的保鲜。The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: it overcomes the technical prejudice of the prior art that "the higher the maturity of fruits for refrigeration, the better", and proposes a new method for selecting the best harvesting period for post-harvest refrigeration of non-respiratory climacteric fruits. Fruits harvested at the harvesting period determined by this method have high fruit quality and low storage disease rate under the same refrigeration conditions, and have the best commercial quality. Harvesting at the right time not only improves the storage resistance of the fruits, but also enables the fruits to be kept fresh to the greatest extent.

附图说明BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

图1是不同采收期的血橙贮藏病变结果。Figure 1 shows the storage lesions of blood oranges harvested at different times.

图2是不同采收期血橙果实贮藏中的呼吸强度结果。Figure 2 shows the results of respiration intensity of blood orange fruits during storage at different harvest times.

图3是不知火三期采后贮藏病变结果。Figure 3 shows the storage lesions of the third-stage Shiranui after harvest.

具体实施方式DETAILED DESCRIPTION

下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明,但并不因此而限制本发明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

下述实施例中的实验方法,如无特别说明,均为常规方法。The experimental methods in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.

实施例1Example 1

1材料与方法1 Materials and methods

1.1果材与器材1.1 Fruit materials and equipment

塔罗科血橙采自中国农业科学院柑桔研究所资源室果园(树龄挂果5年以上);不知火采于中国农业科学院柑桔研究所贮藏课题果园(树龄<3年);鲍威尔脐橙产自重庆奉节盛果期果园。采收期时间间隔约一个月(不知火、鲍威尔脐橙的第二、第三期间隔三周左右);皆分三期采摘,具体开采时间详见表1。各品种果实每期采3~5箱,每箱约80个果(视果实品种大小数量有别)。Tarocco blood oranges were harvested from the orchard of the Resource Room of the Citrus Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (trees over 5 years old); Nashi oranges were harvested from the storage research orchard of the Citrus Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (trees less than 3 years old); Powell navel oranges were produced from the orchard in Fengjie, Chongqing. The harvesting period was about one month apart (the second and third periods of Nashi oranges and Powell navel oranges were about three weeks apart); all were harvested in three phases, and the specific harvesting time is detailed in Table 1. Each variety of fruit was harvested in 3 to 5 boxes per period, with about 80 fruits in each box (depending on the size and quantity of the fruit variety).

湿度可调的冷库数间;塑料果箱以及单果包装袋若干;色差仪和折光仪检测必备等。Several cold storage rooms with adjustable humidity; several plastic fruit boxes and single fruit packaging bags; colorimeter and refractometer are essential for testing, etc.

1.2试验方案与取样检测1.2 Test plan and sampling and testing

果实从采摘到入库的程序按相应标准(柑橘贮藏NY/T 1189-2006)规范化操作,试验方案参见表1。The procedures from fruit picking to storage were standardized according to the relevant standards (Citrus Storage NY/T 1189-2006). The experimental scheme is shown in Table 1.

表1血橙、不知火、脐橙各采收期试验表Table 1 Test table of harvesting period of blood orange, unknown fire orange and navel orange

Figure BDA0002566284220000031
Figure BDA0002566284220000031

每个处理号至少三个重复,每个重复即一箱果子;实时监测并定期调查果实贮藏病变并剔除烂果,最后统计各个处理的腐烂率等发病情况以及内在品质(GB/T 12947—2008鲜柑橘)等指标数据。Each treatment number was replicated at least three times, and each replicate was a box of fruit. Real-time monitoring and regular investigation of fruit storage lesions were conducted, and rotten fruit was removed. Finally, statistics were collected on the rot rate and other disease conditions of each treatment, as well as indicators such as intrinsic quality (GB/T 12947-2008 Fresh Citrus).

1.31.3

1.3.1果实贮藏病变调查1.3.1 Investigation of fruit storage lesions

本申请所述的病果率即贮藏期间肉眼可见的侵染性加上生理性发病果占贮藏前总果数的百分比;同理腐烂率与褐斑率分别为腐烂率(%)=(腐烂霉变果实个数/总果数)×100;褐斑率(%)=(褐斑干疤果实个数/总果数)×100。The diseased fruit rate mentioned in the present application is the percentage of the infectious fruits visible to the naked eye plus the physiologically diseased fruits to the total number of fruits before storage; similarly, the rot rate and brown spot rate are respectively rot rate (%) = (number of rotten and moldy fruits/total number of fruits) × 100; brown spot rate (%) = (number of fruits with brown spots and dry scars/total number of fruits) × 100.

1.3.2呼吸强度的测定1.3.2 Determination of respiratory intensity

呼吸检测采用碱吸收CO2法,每次检测同一处理仍然三个重复,每个重复取样果数视果实大小10个左右。呼吸强度的检测时间:各样品至少每月检测一次,由于刚入冷库的鲜果呼吸都较高,一般稳定(1~2周)下来后再行检测。The respiration test adopts the alkaline absorption CO 2 method. The same treatment is still repeated three times each time. The number of fruit sampled in each repetition depends on the size of the fruit, about 10. Respiration intensity test time: Each sample is tested at least once a month. Since the respiration of fresh fruit just put into the cold storage is relatively high, it is generally tested after it stabilizes (1 to 2 weeks).

1.3.3品质等内质指标测定1.3.3 Determination of quality and other internal quality indicators

果实品质分析每个重复取样果数至少10个,且三个重复的贮后检测,可溶性固形物、糖、酸、维生素C等指标按国标(柑桔鲜果检验方法GB/T 8210-2011)和中国专利ZL201310752539.8(专利名称:一种提高滴定精度的还原糖直接滴定法)检测,品质指标TSS、RS、TA和VC分别代表可溶性固形物、还原糖、总酸(可滴定酸)和维生素C;本文固酸比(TSS:TA)与糖酸比(RS:TA)按均值相除计算所得,即分别表示为TSS/TA与RS/TA。For fruit quality analysis, at least 10 fruits were sampled for each replicate and three replicates were tested after storage. Soluble solids, sugar, acid, vitamin C and other indicators were tested according to the national standard (Citrus fresh fruit inspection method GB/T 8210-2011) and Chinese patent ZL201310752539.8 (patent name: A direct titration method for reducing sugar to improve titration accuracy). The quality indicators TSS, RS, TA and VC represent soluble solids, reducing sugar, total acid (titratable acid) and vitamin C, respectively. In this paper, the solid-acid ratio (TSS:TA) and the sugar-acid ratio (RS:TA) were calculated by dividing the mean, that is, expressed as TSS/TA and RS/TA, respectively.

色差中L为亮度值,a*-红绿色差,b*-黄蓝色差,OJ为仪器对果汁的综合评分;a*的正值越大红色越深,b*的正值越大黄色越深,ho为色调角,当ho在90°内,其值越小越偏紫红。以符号△表示贮藏前后的变化,即相应指标数值之差(贮后-贮前)。In the color difference, L is the brightness value, a * - the difference between red and green, b * - the difference between yellow and blue, OJ is the comprehensive score of the instrument on the juice; the larger the positive value of a * , the deeper the red, the larger the positive value of b * , the deeper the yellow, ho is the hue angle, when ho is within 90°, the smaller its value, the more purple-red. The symbol △ represents the change before and after storage, that is, the difference between the corresponding index values (after storage - before storage).

1.4数据统计1.4 Statistics

试验结果图表中的数据除个别对应列出外,以各处理号三次重复的平均值±相对标准偏差表示;数据采用Microsoft Excel整理分析和作图,并以SPSS软件作差异显著性分析。The data in the experimental results charts are presented as the mean ± relative standard deviation of three replicates of each treatment number, except for those listed individually. The data were sorted, analyzed and plotted using Microsoft Excel, and the significance of the differences was analyzed using SPSS software.

2结果与分析2 Results and analysis

2.1塔罗科血橙2.1 Tarocco Blood Orange

三个时期采收的血橙采后进入同一库内(6-8℃/RH 80%)贮藏,最晚一期采收的贮至三个月后将三个时期所有采收的果实转入室内(20~22℃)货架期半月。塔罗科血橙(以下简称血橙)贮藏病变情况及其货架调查统计如图1所示,从病变调查数据统计不同采收期的月均发病,可见第一期血橙相比较好,不仅显示出腐烂等发病最低,货架期间的发病率也显著低于T3号血橙Ⅲ期。Blood oranges harvested in three periods were stored in the same warehouse (6-8℃/RH 80%) after harvesting. After the latest harvest, all fruits harvested in three periods were transferred to indoor (20-22℃) for a shelf life of half a month. The storage lesion situation of Tarocco blood orange (hereinafter referred to as blood orange) and the shelf investigation statistics are shown in Figure 1. From the statistics of the monthly average morbidity of different harvest periods from the lesion investigation data, it can be seen that the first period of blood oranges is relatively good, not only showing the lowest morbidity of rot, but also the morbidity rate during the shelf period is significantly lower than that of T3 blood orange III.

果实品质检测数据结果如下表2所示。The fruit quality test data results are shown in Table 2 below.

表2血橙贮后品质检测数据Table 2 Quality test data of blood orange after storage

Figure BDA0002566284220000041
Figure BDA0002566284220000041

注:a,b,c--差异显著性标识(p<0.05)Note: a, b, c--significant difference mark (p<0.05)

血橙Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期的还原糖含量比采收时分别提高了1.49%和0.59%,而Ⅲ期却下降了1.29%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期的维生素C含量比采收时分别下降了6.99%、16.05%和8.61%,说明第一期果实的品质保持相对较好,在历经最长的时间(5个月)后检测果样,也显示出Ⅰ期的固酸比、糖酸比和出汁率均最高,维生素C显著最高(见表2),说明第一期采收的品质保持较好。The reducing sugar content of blood orange in stage I and stage II increased by 1.49% and 0.59% respectively compared with the time of harvest, while that in stage III decreased by 1.29%; the vitamin C content in stages I, II and III decreased by 6.99%, 16.05% and 8.61% respectively compared with the time of harvest, indicating that the quality of the first-stage fruit is relatively well maintained. After the longest period of time (5 months), the fruit samples were tested, which also showed that the solid-acid ratio, sugar-acid ratio and juice yield of stage I were the highest, and the vitamin C content was significantly the highest (see Table 2), indicating that the quality of the first-stage harvest is well maintained.

呼吸检测数据结果如图2所示,由此可见第一期采收果的呼吸强度较低,且显著低于第二期。这也应证了贮藏的发病结果,即发病率越低的Ⅰ期果实呼吸强度也越小,反之亦然。The results of the respiration test data are shown in Figure 2, which shows that the respiration intensity of the first-stage harvested fruit is low and significantly lower than that of the second stage. This also confirms the results of storage disease, that is, the lower the disease rate, the lower the respiration intensity of the first-stage fruit, and vice versa.

血橙贮藏结束时(5月20日)的果汁色差检测及其与采收时的色差指标相比较,可反映出不同采收期果实的内质颜色变化(参见表3)。The color difference detection of blood orange juice at the end of storage (May 20) and its comparison with the color difference index at harvest can reflect the color changes of the internal quality of fruits at different harvesting periods (see Table 3).

表3血橙果汁色差指标及其相关色差贮藏前后的变化Table 3 Changes of color difference indexes and related color differences of blood orange juice before and after storage

Figure BDA0002566284220000051
Figure BDA0002566284220000051

表3数据反映出,血橙Ⅰ期贮后果汁颜色不仅a*值、OJ均最高,色调角ho最小,且转红最明显(△a升高最多),并趋于紫红(△ho显著变小),综合分值OJ也明显提高。The data in Table 3 show that the color of blood orange juice after storage in stage I not only has the highest a* value and OJ, but also the smallest hue angle ho, and the most obvious red turn (the largest increase in △a) and tends to purple-red (△ho significantly decreases), and the comprehensive score OJ also increases significantly.

所以,第一期采摘的血橙贮藏发病最少;呼吸强度也最低;果实贮后品质及其色差都反映出Ⅰ期较好。同时果汁颜色加深也可能由于低温有助于果实自身花青素等物质的合成与转化。Therefore, blood oranges picked in the first period have the least disease and the lowest respiration rate during storage. The quality and color difference of the fruit after storage reflect that the first period is better. At the same time, the darkening of the juice color may also be due to the fact that low temperature helps the synthesis and transformation of anthocyanins and other substances in the fruit itself.

2.2杂柑不知火2.2 Mixed Citrus Unknown Fire

不知火挂果后于翌年的2~4月采摘,即2月6日、3月6日、3月27日三个时间段采摘,采后进入同一库内(4-6℃/RH70%)贮藏,最晚一期采摘的果实至少贮藏3个月后(贮至7月7日)统计它们的发病情况,数据结果如图3所示。After the fruits of the unknown fire were set, they were picked from February to April of the following year, that is, picked on February 6, March 6, and March 27, and stored in the same warehouse (4-6℃/RH70%). The fruits picked last were stored for at least 3 months (stored until July 7) and their disease status was counted. The data results are shown in Figure 3.

尽管库房调查各处理三次重复的褐斑果和腐烂果的平行性不太好(差异不显著),但统计它们最终的发病数据可得:S1号的总发病与月均病果率均显著最高,相比而言,最后一期S3号较好。Although the parallelism of the three replicates of brown spotted and rotten fruits in the warehouse investigation was not very good (the difference was not significant), the statistics of their final disease data showed that the total disease incidence and monthly average diseased fruit rate of S1 were significantly the highest. In comparison, the last period S3 was better.

最后(7月14日)测得S1、S2、S3号的呼吸强度(mgCO2/(kg·h))分别为14.80±1.53、12.43±1.20、10.45±0.57,S1号显著最高,这也映证了贮藏病变结果。Finally (July 14), the respiratory intensities (mgCO 2 /(kg·h)) of S1, S2, and S3 were measured to be 14.80±1.53, 12.43±1.20, and 10.45±0.57, respectively. S1 was significantly the highest, which also confirmed the storage lesion results.

分期采收果贮藏后的内质检测等相关数据如表4所示。相比而言,色差指标第一期S1号最差,其a、b、OJ值均显著最低,S3号略好于S2号。品质分析而言,除S1的固形物较低且还原糖低于采收时的指标数据外,S3与S2的固形物和还原糖均比其采收时有所提高;且S3号采收与贮后的固形物和糖等指标均较高,它与S2号差异不显著可能由于两个采收期时间相隔较短所致。The relevant data of the internal quality test after storage of the fruits harvested in different stages are shown in Table 4. In comparison, the color difference index of S1 in the first stage was the worst, and its a, b, and OJ values were significantly the lowest, and S3 was slightly better than S2. In terms of quality analysis, except that S1 had a lower solid content and its reducing sugar was lower than the index data at harvest, the solid content and reducing sugar of S3 and S2 were both higher than that at harvest; and the solid content and sugar index of S3 after harvest and storage were higher. The insignificant difference between it and S2 may be due to the short time interval between the two harvest periods.

表4不知火分期采收的果实贮藏结束时果汁检测相关指标数据Table 4 Data on relevant indicators of juice testing at the end of storage of fruits harvested in different stages of Shiranui

Figure BDA0002566284220000052
Figure BDA0002566284220000052

所以从贮藏调查以及品质、色差等方面来看,最晚一期采摘的S3号最好,而S3号的呼吸强度也最小。Therefore, from the perspective of storage investigation, quality, color difference, etc., S3, which was picked the latest, is the best, and the respiration intensity of S3 is also the lowest.

2.3鲍威尔脐橙2.3 Powell Navel Orange

P1、P2、P3三期采后贮藏调查它们病变情况,皆历经100天左右的贮藏病变数据见表5所列,表中列出了每个采收期的三个重复的具体数据。The pathological changes of the plants were investigated during post-harvest storage at P1, P2 and P3. The pathological changes data after about 100 days of storage are shown in Table 5. The table lists the specific data of three replicates for each harvest period.

表5鲍威尔脐橙不同采收期病变情况与呼吸检测数据结果Table 5 Pathological changes and respiratory test data of Powell navel oranges at different harvesting periods

Figure BDA0002566284220000061
Figure BDA0002566284220000061

数据显示Ⅰ期的腐烂率较高,Ⅲ期的褐斑率较高,总发病Ⅱ期P2较少;P1、P2、P3三期病果率(%)分别为1.04±1.07、0.43±0.74、1.44±1.60。The data showed that the rot rate was higher in stage Ⅰ, the brown spot rate was higher in stage Ⅲ, and the total incidence of stage Ⅱ P2 was lower; the diseased fruit rates (%) of stages P1, P2, and P3 were 1.04±1.07, 0.43±0.74, and 1.44±1.60, respectively.

三个时期采摘果的呼吸强度随时间而变的趋势基本一致,即刚采摘时较高(前期较高),后期降低趋于平稳,且各期果的呼吸强度都受库内贮藏温度的影响。三期比较而言Ⅱ期P2的呼吸强度最低,而Ⅰ期P1一直最高,贮至三个月后(6月11日)P1号的呼吸强度为15.23±1.04/mg CO2/(kg·h),直到最后(7月31日)的呼吸强度检测数据如表5所列,仍然P1号显著最高。The trends of the respiration intensity of the fruits picked in the three periods over time were basically the same, that is, it was higher when just picked (higher in the early stage), and decreased and stabilized in the later stage, and the respiration intensity of the fruits in each period was affected by the storage temperature in the warehouse. Compared with the three periods, the respiration intensity of P2 in period II was the lowest, while that of P1 in period I was always the highest. After three months of storage (June 11), the respiration intensity of P1 was 15.23±1.04/mg CO 2 /(kg·h). The respiration intensity test data until the last (July 31) are listed in Table 5, and P1 is still significantly the highest.

表6三期鲍威尔脐橙贮藏前后的品质相关指标Table 6 Quality related indicators of three-stage Powell navel oranges before and after storage

Figure BDA0002566284220000062
Figure BDA0002566284220000062

三个时期采收的果实与其贮后的品质结果详见表6,尽管Ⅲ期P3号各项指标均较高,除了受取样因素影响外,主要源于其采收较晚而贮期却最短,即便如此,它与第Ⅱ期P2的糖、酸、Vc差异并不显著;但第Ⅰ期P1的品质指标下降最厉害,其总酸和维生素C相比采收时下降了61.8%和37.85%。分期采收的果实贮藏后果汁亮度L值均有所下降,但a、b、OJ值都有所上升,其变化幅度参见表7,由此可见P2号的亮度下降(△L)最少(1.185),反映红、黄色和综合分值的△a、△b和△OJ上升幅度均最高,故第Ⅱ期P2最好,而P2的呼吸强度也最低。实际中也发现第Ⅲ期采摘果果皮已经“返青”。The quality results of fruits harvested in three periods and after storage are shown in Table 6. Although all indicators of P3 in stage III are relatively high, in addition to the influence of sampling factors, it is mainly due to the fact that it was harvested later and the storage period is the shortest. Even so, the sugar, acid, and Vc of P3 in stage II are not significantly different from those of P2 in stage I. However, the quality indicators of P1 in stage I have dropped the most, and its total acid and vitamin C have dropped by 61.8% and 37.85% compared with the time of harvest. The brightness L value of the fruits harvested in different periods has decreased after storage, but the a, b, and OJ values have increased. The change range is shown in Table 7. It can be seen that the brightness of P2 has decreased the least (△L) (1.185), and the increase range of △a, △b and △OJ reflecting red, yellow and comprehensive scores is the highest, so P2 in stage II is the best, and the respiration intensity of P2 is also the lowest. In practice, it is also found that the skin of the fruits picked in stage III has "returned to green".

表7三期鲍威尔脐橙贮藏前后果汁色差指标变化值Table 7 Changes in color difference index of juice of three-stage Powell navel orange before and after storage

Figure BDA0002566284220000071
Figure BDA0002566284220000071

综上,它们各自较好的采收期分别为塔罗科血橙第一期(当年的12月17日采)、不知火第三期(翌年的3月27日)、鲍威尔脐橙第二期(翌年的4月9日采)。In summary, the best harvesting periods for each of them are the first period of Tarocco blood oranges (harvested on December 17 of the current year), the third period of Shiranui oranges (harvested on March 27 of the following year), and the second period of Powell navel oranges (harvested on April 9 of the following year).

本申请研究的冷藏效果是基于对果实冷藏前后品质检测、呼吸强度以及贮藏病变等指标的数据结果,同时反映出果实的采后病变与呼吸强度存在很大的相关性,即同一品种在相同环境条件下呼吸强度越大的发病率越高,品质下降也更快。晚熟柑橘的采收期虽因品种有所不同,但却有着类似的采后反应,以本发明方法能够确定不同晚熟柑橘品种的最适采收期,适时采收不仅提高了果实的耐贮性,也使果实得以最大程度的保鲜。以此思路可以分析并判断其它非呼吸跃变型水果的适宜采收期。The cold storage effect studied in this application is based on the data results of quality detection, respiratory intensity, storage pathology and other indicators before and after cold storage of fruits. It also reflects that there is a great correlation between post-harvest pathology of fruits and respiratory intensity, that is, the higher the respiratory intensity of the same variety under the same environmental conditions, the higher the incidence rate, and the faster the quality declines. Although the harvest period of late-maturing citrus varies depending on the variety, they have similar post-harvest reactions. The method of the present invention can determine the optimal harvest period for different late-maturing citrus varieties. Timely harvesting not only improves the storage resistance of the fruit, but also allows the fruit to be kept fresh to the greatest extent. This idea can be used to analyze and determine the appropriate harvest period for other non-respiratory climacteric fruits.

Claims (2)

1. A method for selecting the optimal harvest time of non-respiratory jump type fruits after being picked and refrigerated is characterized by comprising the following steps: picking the fruits at least in 3 stages after the non-climacteric fruits grow to the mature period on the fruit trees, wherein the picking interval time of each stage is 3-4 weeks, storing the fruits in a refrigerator corresponding to the fruit variety after picking, detecting the respiratory intensity of the fruits during the storage period, detecting the respiratory intensity of the picked fruits at least 1-2 weeks after the picked fruits enter the refrigerator, detecting the respiratory intensity of the picked fruits at different periods, detecting the respiratory intensity once at least every month, and selecting the stage with the minimum respiratory intensity to determine the optimum picking stage of the fruits;
the non-respiratory jump type fruits are late-maturing citrus, talocos, or burning-unaware or powell navel oranges, the harvesting period of the talocos is 12 months to 3 months in the next year after flowering, the harvesting period of the burning-unaware is 2 to 5 months in the next year after flowering, and the harvesting period of the powell navel oranges is 3 to 5 months in the next year after flowering.
2. A method for storing non-climacteric fruit, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) Selecting the optimal harvesting period of the fruits: selecting the optimal harvest time of the variety of fruit according to the method of claim 1;
2) And picking the fruits of the variety according to the selected optimal picking period, and storing the picked fruits in a refrigerator corresponding to the variety for storage.
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