CN111575003A - Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN111575003A
CN111575003A CN202010511798.1A CN202010511798A CN111575003A CN 111575003 A CN111575003 A CN 111575003A CN 202010511798 A CN202010511798 A CN 202010511798A CN 111575003 A CN111575003 A CN 111575003A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
fluorescent material
bismuth
containing compound
light
near ultraviolet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN202010511798.1A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
彭明营
吴胜
熊普先
付玉斌
刘劝
陈岩
曾庆光
林君
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wuyi University
Original Assignee
Wuyi University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wuyi University filed Critical Wuyi University
Priority to CN202010511798.1A priority Critical patent/CN111575003A/en
Publication of CN111575003A publication Critical patent/CN111575003A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/08Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
    • C09K11/77Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
    • C09K11/7712Borates
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L33/00Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L33/48Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
    • H01L33/50Wavelength conversion elements
    • H01L33/501Wavelength conversion elements characterised by the materials, e.g. binder
    • H01L33/502Wavelength conversion materials
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B20/00Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and a scheme, wherein the general formula of the chemical composition of the fluorescent material is Na2Y2(1‑x)B2O7:2xBi3+Wherein x is a mole fraction and is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.00 percent. The fluorescent material has a wide excitation band and strong absorption in the range of 250-400 nm; the main absorption peaks are three, the centers of the three main absorption peaks are respectively 300nm, 345nm and 380nm, and the strongest absorption peak is positioned in a near ultraviolet region; the fluorescent material disclosed by the invention emits blue light under the excitation of near ultraviolet light, the light is emitted in a broadband manner within the range of 400-415 nm, and the center is positioned at-415 nm; the fluorescent material has low doping concentration, high luminous efficiency, raw material saving and low production cost; the fluorescent material has stable structure and simple synthesis method, is convenient for large-scale production, and can be widely used for white light LED devices excited by ultraviolet-near ultraviolet LED chips.

Description

Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of luminescent materials, in particular to a bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
White light LEDs are widely used in the fields of lighting, display, and decoration because of their significant advantages of low power consumption, high efficiency, long lifetime, fast response, good color rendering, and the like. The white light LED has good market prospect and huge social and economic benefits, and thus is also known as the fourth generation lighting source.
The current commercial white light LED mainly adopts a blue InGaN chip to excite YAG to Ce3+Yellow phosphor, which produces white light by the mixing of blue light and yellow light. However, due to lack of red light emission, the color temperature of the commercialized white light LED is higher, the color rendering index is lower, the light color is cooler, the color rendering is poor, and the application of the white light LED in indoor illumination is limited.
In order to overcome the technical problem, the prior art adopts a near ultraviolet (350-. Although white light with high color rendering property, high color rendering index and adjustable color temperature can be obtained by the scheme, the red, green and blue fluorescent materials are required to have absorption in a near ultraviolet region (350-. Therefore, the development of three-primary-color fluorescent materials capable of being effectively excited by near ultraviolet region (350-.
In the past, most researches on the three-primary-color fluorescent materials are concentrated on rare earth ions as an activator, but most of the rare earth ions show a strong absorption band in a visible region, so that the serious problem of reabsorption is caused, and the luminous efficiency is reduced. And main group Bi3+Has many advantages compared with rare earth, such as rich reserves and low price, and more importantly Bi3+Can be effectively excited by near ultraviolet region (350-.
Among the three-primary-color fluorescent materials, the blue fluorescent material is an indispensable component in the three-primary-color fluorescent powder, the main effects are to improve the luminous efficiency and the color rendering property, and the emission wavelength and the spectral power of the blue fluorescent material have great influence on the luminous efficiency, the color temperature, the light decay and the color rendering property of the compact fluorescent lamp respectively.
Therefore, the stable and efficient bismuth-doped blue fluorescent material is developed, and has great practical application significance in preparing white light LED lighting devices.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material has absorption in a near ultraviolet region (350-410nm), has no absorption in a visible light region, emits in a blue light region, has adjustable excitation and emission and can meet the requirement of blue light emission generated by near ultraviolet excitation.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the chemical composition general formula of the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material is Na2Y2(1-x)B2O7:2xBi3+Wherein x is a mole fraction and is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.00 percent.
Preferably, the crystal structure of the fluorescent material belongs to an orthorhombic system, and the luminescent ion is Bi3+
Preferably, the fluorescent material has a relatively wide excitation band, has strong absorption in the range of 250-400nm, has at least three main absorption peaks, the centers of the main absorption peaks are respectively-300 nm, -345 nm and-380 nm, and the strongest absorption peak is located in a near ultraviolet region (370nm-400 nm).
Preferably, the fluorescent material emits blue light under the excitation of near ultraviolet light, the light is emitted in a broadband within the range of 400-500nm, and the center is positioned at 415 nm.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material, which comprises the following steps:
s1) according to the chemical composition general formulaNa2Y2(1-x)B2O7:2xBi3+Respectively weighing a sodium-containing compound raw material, an yttrium-containing compound raw material, a boron-containing compound raw material and a bismuth-containing compound raw material, and then grinding and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture; wherein x is a mole fraction and 0<x≤1.00%;
S2) mixing and grinding the raw materials in the step S1) uniformly, pre-burning for 1-5h at 650-850 ℃, cooling to room temperature, grinding and uniformly mixing, then calcining for 3-8h at 900-1200 ℃, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace, and grinding to obtain the bismuth-doped borate fluorescent material.
Preferably, in the above method, in step S1), the sodium-containing compound raw material is sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate.
Preferably, in the above method, in step S1), the yttrium-containing compound raw material is yttrium oxide or yttrium nitrate.
Preferably, in the above method, in the step S1), the boron-containing compound raw material is boric acid.
Preferably, in the above method, in step S1), the bismuth-containing compound raw material is bismuth trioxide or bismuth nitrate.
Preferably, the fluorescent material prepared in step S2) is used for a white LED device excited by an ultraviolet-near ultraviolet LED chip.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the fluorescent material has a wide excitation band and strong absorption in the range of 250-400 nm; three main absorption peaks are provided, the centers of the three main absorption peaks are respectively 300nm, 345nm and 380nm, and the strongest absorption peak is positioned in a near ultraviolet region (370nm-400 nm);
2. the fluorescent material disclosed by the invention emits blue light under the excitation of near ultraviolet light, the light is emitted in a broadband manner within the range of 400-415 nm, and the center is positioned at-415 nm;
3. the fluorescent material has low doping concentration, high luminous efficiency, raw material saving and low production cost;
4. the fluorescent material has stable structure and simple synthesis method, is convenient for large-scale production, and can be widely used for white light LED devices excited by ultraviolet-near ultraviolet LED chips.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an X-ray material end diffraction pattern of fluorescent materials prepared according to the compounding ratios (1) to (5) of example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows excitation spectra of samples of formulations (1) to (5) in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows emission spectra of samples of formulations (1) to (5) in example 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following further describes embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings:
example 1
The embodiment provides a preparation method of a bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material, which comprises the following steps:
s1), selecting sodium bicarbonate, yttrium oxide, boric acid and bismuth trioxide as initial compound raw materials, and respectively weighing four compound raw materials according to the stoichiometric ratio of each element, wherein the mixture ratio is as follows:
(1) na, Y, B, Bi, 1:0.9995:1:0.0005, corresponding to x, 0.05%;
(2) na, Y, B, Bi, 1, 0.99875, 1, 0.00125, corresponding to x, 0.125%;
(3) na, Y, B, Bi, 1:0.9975:1:0.0025, corresponding to x, 0.25%;
(4) na, Y, B, Bi, 1:0.995:1:0.005, corresponding to x, 0.5%;
(5) na, Y, B, Bi, 1, 0.99, 1, 0.01, corresponding to x, 1%;
s2), grinding and uniformly mixing the mixture, and then putting the mixture into a corundum crucible; the corundum crucible is placed in a corundum boat and put into a high-temperature box type electric furnace. The temperature rise rate is strictly controlled, and the pre-sintering is carried out for 1 hour at 800 ℃. Cooling to room temperature, grinding and uniformly mixing; then calcining for 4h at 950 ℃, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace, and grinding to obtain the target fluorescent material, namely the near-ultraviolet excited bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material.
Example 2
S1), selecting sodium bicarbonate, yttrium oxide, boric acid and bismuth trioxide as starting compound raw materials, wherein the molar ratio of Na to Y to B to Bi is 1:0.9975:1:0.0025 to x is 0.25 percent; respectively weighing four compound raw materials;
s2), grinding and mixing the mixture evenly, then loading the mixture into a corundum crucible, placing the corundum crucible into a corundum boat, and placing the corundum crucible into a high-temperature box type electric furnace. The temperature rise rate is strictly controlled, and the pre-sintering is carried out for 1 hour at 800 ℃. Cooling to room temperature, grinding and uniformly mixing; then calcining for 4h at 950 ℃, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace, and grinding to obtain the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material. XRD pattern analysis shows that the compound is Na2Y2B2O7A crystalline phase.
Example 3
S1), selecting sodium bicarbonate, yttrium oxide, boric acid and bismuth trioxide as starting compound raw materials, wherein the molar ratio of Na to Y to B to Bi is 1:0.9975:1:0.0025 to x is 0.25 percent; respectively weighing four compound raw materials;
s2), grinding and mixing the mixture evenly, then loading the mixture into a corundum crucible, placing the corundum crucible into a corundum boat, and placing the corundum crucible into a high-temperature box type electric furnace. The temperature rise rate is strictly controlled, and the pre-sintering is carried out for 2 hours at 800 ℃. Cooling to room temperature, grinding and uniformly mixing; then calcining the mixture for 3 hours at 950 ℃, cooling the mixture to room temperature along with the furnace, and grinding the mixture to obtain the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material. XRD pattern analysis shows that the compound is Na2Y2B2O7A crystalline phase.
Example 4
S1), selecting sodium bicarbonate, yttrium oxide, boric acid and bismuth trioxide as starting compound raw materials, wherein the molar ratio of Na to Y to B to Bi is 1:0.9975:1:0.0025 to x is 0.25 percent; respectively weighing four compound raw materials;
s2), grinding and mixing the mixture evenly, then loading the mixture into a corundum crucible, placing the corundum crucible into a corundum boat, and placing the corundum crucible into a high-temperature box type electric furnace. The temperature rise rate is strictly controlled, and the pre-sintering is carried out for 2 hours at 800 ℃. Cooling to room temperature, grinding and uniformly mixing; then calcining for 2h at 1000 ℃, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace, and grinding to obtain the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material. XRD pattern analysis shows that the compound is Na2Y2B2O7A crystalline phase. The spectral properties of the fluorescent material were similar to those of example 1.
Example 5
S1), selecting sodium bicarbonate, yttrium oxide, boric acid and bismuth trioxide as starting compound raw materials, wherein the molar ratio of Na to Y to B to Bi is 1:0.9975:1:0.0025 to x is 0.25 percent; respectively weighing four compound raw materials;
s2), grinding and mixing the mixture evenly, then loading the mixture into a corundum crucible, placing the corundum crucible into a corundum boat, and placing the corundum crucible into a high-temperature box type electric furnace. The temperature rise rate is strictly controlled, and the pre-sintering is carried out for 3 hours at 800 ℃. Cooling to room temperature, grinding and uniformly mixing; then calcining for 2h at 1100 ℃, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace, and grinding to obtain the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material.
Example 6
This example was conducted to analyze the fluorescent material prepared in example 1, and as shown in FIG. 1, the samples (1) to (5) of example 1 were subjected to a measurement by a wire end diffractometer at 950 ℃ under a radiation source of Cu target K α with a radiation measuring voltage of 40kV, a measuring current of 40mA, a scanning step of 0.02 DEG/step, a scanning speed of 0.12s/step, XRD pattern analysis showed that the sample phase obtained at 950 ℃ was Na2Y2B2O7The phase belongs to an orthorhombic system, and impurities are not introduced in the doping of the bismuth.
As shown in FIG. 2, the emission spectra of the samples of formulations (1) to (5) in example 1 have an excitation wavelength of 380 nm. Measured using a steady state transient fluorescence spectrometer model FLS920 from Edinburgh, england. A450W xenon lamp is used as an excitation light source and is provided with a time correction single photon counting card (TCSPC), a thermoelectric cold red sensitive Photomultiplier (PMT), a TM300 excitation monochromator and a double TM300 emission monochromator. As shown in FIG. 2, under 380nm UV excitation, the samples all generated blue light with center at 415nm, wavelength covering 400-500nm, corresponding to Bi3+3P of1→1S0And (4) transition. And with Bi3+The intensity of the emission peak is obviously changed by the change of the doping concentration.
As shown in FIG. 3, the excitation wavelengths of the samples of the formulations (1) to (5) of example 1 were 380 nm. The test conditions were the same as in fig. 2.
The spectral properties of the phosphors of examples 2-5 are similar to example 1.
The foregoing embodiments and description have been presented only to illustrate the principles and preferred embodiments of the invention, and various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.

Claims (10)

1. The chemical composition general formula of the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material is Na2Y2(1-x)B2O7:2xBi3+Wherein x is a mole fraction and is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.00 percent;
the crystal structure of the fluorescent material belongs to an orthorhombic system, and the luminescent ions are Bi3+
The fluorescent material has strong absorption in the range of 250-400nm, at least three main absorption peaks with the centers of-300 nm, -345 nm and-380 nm respectively, and the strongest absorption peak is positioned in a near ultraviolet region (370nm-400 nm).
2. The bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material according to claim 1, wherein: the fluorescent material emits blue light under the excitation of near ultraviolet light, the light is emitted in a broadband within the range of 400-415 nm, and the center of the light is positioned at 415 nm.
3. A preparation method of a bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1) according to the chemical composition general formula Na2Y2(1-x)B2O7:2xBi3+Respectively weighing a sodium-containing compound raw material, an yttrium-containing compound raw material, a boron-containing compound raw material and a bismuth-containing compound raw material, and then grinding and uniformly mixing to obtain a mixture; wherein x is a mole fraction and 0<x≤1.00%;
S2) mixing and grinding the raw materials in the step S1) uniformly, pre-burning for 1-5h at 650-850 ℃, cooling to room temperature, grinding and uniformly mixing, then calcining for 3-8h at 900-1200 ℃, cooling to room temperature along with the furnace, and grinding to obtain the bismuth-doped borate fluorescent material.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in step S1), the sodium-containing compound is sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein in step S1), the yttrium-containing compound is yttrium oxide or yttrium nitrate.
6. The method according to claim 3, wherein in step S1), the boron-containing compound is boric acid.
7. The method according to claim 3, wherein in step S1), the bismuth-containing compound is bismuth trioxide or bismuth nitrate.
8. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fluorescent material prepared in step S2) has strong absorption in the range of 250-400nm, the main absorption peaks have at least three, the centers of the main absorption peaks are respectively-300 nm, -345 nm and-380 nm, and the strongest absorption peak is located in the near ultraviolet region (370nm-400 nm).
9. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fluorescent material emits blue light under the excitation of near-UV light, the emission is broadband emission within the range of 400-500nm, and the center is located at-415 nm.
10. The method for preparing the bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material according to claim 3, wherein the fluorescent material prepared in the step S2) is used for a white LED device excited by an ultraviolet-near ultraviolet LED chip.
CN202010511798.1A 2020-06-08 2020-06-08 Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof Pending CN111575003A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010511798.1A CN111575003A (en) 2020-06-08 2020-06-08 Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202010511798.1A CN111575003A (en) 2020-06-08 2020-06-08 Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN111575003A true CN111575003A (en) 2020-08-25

Family

ID=72120018

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN202010511798.1A Pending CN111575003A (en) 2020-06-08 2020-06-08 Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN111575003A (en)

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011066685A1 (en) * 2009-12-04 2011-06-09 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 Borate luminous material and preparation method thereof

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011066685A1 (en) * 2009-12-04 2011-06-09 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 Borate luminous material and preparation method thereof

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
SHENG WU ET AL.: "Bismuth activated high thermal stability blue-emitting phosphor Na2Y2B2O7:Bi used for near-UV white-light LEDs", 《JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C》 *

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN111057545A (en) Bismuth-doped gallate blue fluorescent powder and preparation method thereof
CN112094647B (en) Narrow-band emission nitrogen oxide red fluorescent powder and preparation method thereof
CN108570323B (en) Lithium strontium phosphate phosphor and preparation method thereof
CN111575004A (en) Eu (Eu)2+Doped blue-green controllable fluorescent powder and preparation method and application thereof
CN112920801B (en) Red light fluorescent powder material and preparation method thereof
JP5312694B2 (en) Bismuth ion sensitized rare earth germanate luminescent material and method for producing the same
CN108531179B (en) Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent powder and preparation method and application thereof
CN112625683A (en) Germanate type red fluorescent powder and preparation method thereof
WO2010105424A1 (en) Germanate luminescence material and its preparation
CN107163943B (en) Spectrum-adjustable fluorescent powder suitable for near ultraviolet excitation and preparation method thereof
CN111575003A (en) Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof
CN111138191B (en) Eu (Eu)3+Ion activated tantalate fluorescent ceramic and synthesis method and application thereof
CN103013511A (en) Red fluorescent powder for white-light LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and preparation method and application thereof
CN106753370B (en) A kind of bismuth doping Tungstoborate yellow fluorescent powder and preparation method thereof, application
CN106867524B (en) Preparation and application of alkaline earth aluminate blue fluorescent material
CN111286331A (en) Bi3+Narrow-band blue-light-doped aluminum gallate fluorescent powder and preparation method thereof
CN116396754B (en) Broad-spectrum excited narrow-band green-light oxynitride fluorescent powder
CN110373189A (en) A kind of tantalates blue-fluorescence powder, preparation method thereof of bismuth doping
CN105238401B (en) White emitting fluorescent powder based on ultraviolet light or near ultraviolet excitation and preparation method thereof
CN112322289A (en) Bismuth-doped borate blue fluorescent material and preparation method thereof
CN113046067B (en) Eu (Eu) 3+ /K + Codoped sodium barium fluoborate-based red phosphor and preparation method thereof
CN109097048B (en) Silicate blue fluorescent powder for white light LED and preparation method thereof
Li et al. Luminescent properties of new bluish white CaBi2B2O7: Dy3+ phosphor for white light-emitting diodes
CN106947474B (en) Aluminate red fluorescent powder suitable for near ultraviolet to blue light excitation and preparation method thereof
CN112048299B (en) Ce3+Doped white light LED fluorescent material and preparation method thereof

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20200825

RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication