CN111565091A - WARP platform image transmission method based on layered space-time block code - Google Patents
WARP platform image transmission method based on layered space-time block code Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a WARP platform image data transmission scheme based on layered space-time block codes, which finally realizes the WARP platform image data transmission based on the layered space-time block codes and QR decoding by giving a transmitting and receiving system model of the layered space-time block codes of a multi-antenna multi-carrier system and analyzing the principle and the realization of the layered space-time block codes of a transmitting end and the QR decoding of a receiving end. According to the receiving image quality and the error rate curve of the layered space-time block code (LSTBC) and the layered space-time code (V-BLAST) under different signal-to-noise ratios, the layered space-time block coding system can obtain higher average data transmission rate, and meanwhile, the diversity gain of the layered space-time block coding system ensures the reliability of image transmission in the Internet of things.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a WARP platform image transmission method, and belongs to the technical field of transmission of physical layers of the Internet of things and software radio information transmission.
Background
The internet of things (IoT) may be defined as a network of devices, vehicles, and appliances having hardware, software, and connectivity that enables the devices, vehicles, and appliances to connect and exchange data with each other, particularly in power system communications. As a fundamental problem of the internet of things, increasing capacity and high reliability are a challenge, and needs to meet the demands of large-sized equipment, vehicles, and various devices.
The multi-antenna and multi-carrier are key physical layer technologies for improving capacity and reliability of wireless networks such as the Internet of things. For example, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) modems for internet of things video streaming are designed to support high throughput for high quality video transmission. The WLAN modem adopts 2 multiplied by 2 MIMO-OFDM technology; or to consider the Energy Efficiency (EE) of MIMO-OFDM to improve its application in battery-limited internet of things networks. The battery of the equipment of the Internet of things is saved by adopting the power control of an uplink Reference Signal (RS), and meanwhile, the reduction of the peak-to-average power ratio of the OFDM signal and the power control of a downlink transmitter are considered; or in order to support large-scale connection with a large number of devices, research on a large-scale MIMO base station deployed in a data center is conducted, and applications of large-scale MIMO in industrial internet applications, such as device scheduling, power control, energy-saving design, mobile robot wireless power transmission, and the like, are discussed.
Meanwhile, the wireless communication environment is an unstable system varying with time, and theoretical research cannot assume a constant channel model. Therefore, an algorithm verification-based, system-level communication test software radio platform is needed to cope with the more complex communication environment in the future. Meanwhile, the rapid development of the wireless communication technology enables various communication protocol standards and communication equipment to be updated and updated more and more quickly, if the new equipment and the old equipment cannot be compatible, huge resource waste is caused, and the development of the communication technology is also restricted due to the fact that the communication protocols cannot be compatible with each other. The software radio platform is a hardware platform with different characteristics of standardization, universality, modularization and the like. The communication function of various system protocols is met by programming the software, and the system can be upgraded only by upgrading the software. The advanced software radio platform can test channel models of different communication systems, can also verify the performance of a communication algorithm, and can better estimate the feasibility of a communication technology. A good software radio platform is therefore an important basis for the research and development of wireless communication systems. The WARP platform, which is the software radio platform that is dominated by rice university, is a programmable and extensible software radio platform that opens the source of software support packages for all hardware designs, and can implement upgrades to the entire system by only upgrading the system resource pool if necessary.
In recent years, multimedia applications such as data, images, audio and the like in wireless communication are continuously developed, and the requirements of the whole system on transmission rate and capacity are higher and higher; meanwhile, the rapid growth of wireless communication equipment and the increasingly complex channel environment and the more tense the limited spectrum resources are, therefore, under the limited transmission bandwidth, the layered space-time block coding and the like become the best way to improve the transmission rate and the reliability of the system. Most research focuses on MATLAB simulation verification, and few researches have been conducted so far on image transmission based on layered space-time block codes on a WARP platform.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: in the data, image and audio data processing process of wireless communication, the requirements on transmission rate and capacity are higher and higher, but the diversity gain of the layered space-time code V-BLAST system is insufficient and the system reliability is poor.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a method for transmitting a WARP platform image based on layered space-time block codes, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, converting three-dimensional color image data received by a multi-antenna multi-carrier-based WARP platform sending end into one-dimensional color image binary data, and performing constellation mapping on the binary data to obtain a symbol data stream;
step 2, carrying out serial-to-parallel conversion on the symbol data stream obtained in the step 1, separating the symbol data stream into two paths of different data streams by using a layered space-time block code system, carrying out layered processing, respectively sending the data to be transmitted to each group of coders for space-time coding, carrying out multi-carrier modulation on each group of data, then packaging and framing the lead code and the space-time coded data, sending the data to a cache of a WARP, and after triggering, transmitting the packaged frames in blocks by a sending end of the WARP platform;
step 3, when the receiving end receives the one-dimensional color image data after the multi-carrier modulation, the frame synchronization processing is carried out on the lead code, the carrier frequency offset is eliminated, and the multi-antenna training sequence is utilized to carry out channel estimation;
and 4, converting the time domain data after the carrier frequency offset compensation into a frequency domain by the receiving end through the step 3, decomposing a channel matrix by utilizing QR decoding of layered space-time block codes to realize interference elimination, carrying out layered signal estimation from the last layer of the received signal estimation matrix layer by layer upwards through cyclic detection, finally detecting all estimation signals, obtaining original information according to a ZF algorithm (zero forcing algorithm), demodulating a constellation map after decoding to obtain one-dimensional image binary data, and finally reducing the one-dimensional image binary data into three-dimensional color image data.
The invention achieves the following beneficial effects:
the invention establishes a WARP platform image transmission system based on layered space-time block codes, provides a block space-time coding system model in a multi-antenna multi-carrier system, combines V-BLAST coding and space-time coding (STBC) by layered space-time block coding (LSTBC), finally achieves the purpose of layered space-time block coding image transmission of the WARP platform by the decoding principle of the transmitting end layered space-time block coding LSTBC and the receiving end QR, and ensures the reliability of image transmission in the Internet of things by high-order modulation to make up the loss of transmission rate and improved diversity gain. A series of system design and experiments are carried out by constructing a WARP software and hardware platform for experiments and simulation, so that the layered space-time block coding scheme is effectively verified to improve the transmission rate and ensure the reliability of image transmission in the Internet of things.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a multi-antenna multi-carrier layered space-time block code system based on QR decoding;
fig. 2 is a receiving diagram of a layered space-time block code LSTBC system;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a layered space-time code V-BLAST system receiving;
FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the performance of LSTBC and V-BLAST at 2 bps/Hz.
Detailed Description
The layered space-time code (V-BLAST) is a spatial multiplexing technology, can improve the data transmission rate and the channel capacity, directly improves the frequency band utilization rate and the transmission rate of the WARP communication system based on multiple antennas and multiple carriers, but has no diversity gain; space-time block coding (STBC) is based on maximization of diversity, and full diversity gain can be obtained only by performing simple decoding processing at a receiving end of a communication system, so that the anti-interference performance of the system is improved, and the reliability of data transmission is ensured; the two modes are respectively two extremes of increasing multiplexing gain and diversity gain; therefore, selecting an appropriate method to balance the two gains is also an important point for multi-antenna applications. The invention will discuss the encoding scheme combining V-BLAST and STBC, namely layered space-time block code (LSTBC), apply LSTBC on multi-antenna multi-carrier WARP system platform, through carrying on the serial-to-parallel transformation to the data flow of the sending end of WARP communication system, utilize the vertical layering of V-BLAST to guarantee the transmission rate of the system, and then send through the multi-carrier modulation after carrying on STBC coding in the multi-packet antenna, the receiving end improves the diversity gain through QR decoding, obtain higher average data transmission rate on the basis of guaranteeing to obtain the diversity gain, reach good compromise between transmission performance and spectral efficiency
Example 1:
the invention relates to a method for transmitting WARP platform images based on layered space-time block codes, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, converting three-dimensional color image data received by a multi-antenna multi-carrier-based WARP platform sending end into one-dimensional color image binary data, and performing constellation mapping on the binary data to obtain a symbol data stream;
and 2, carrying out serial-to-parallel conversion on the symbol data stream obtained in the step 1, separating the symbol data stream into two paths of different data streams by using a layered space-time block code system, carrying out layered processing, respectively sending data to be transmitted to each group of coders for space-time coding, carrying out multi-carrier modulation on each group of data, then packaging and framing the lead code and the space-time coded data, sending the data to a cache of a WARP, and after triggering, transmitting the packaged frames in blocks by a sending end of the WARP platform.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a layered space-time block code system with nTA transmitting antenna, nRA receiving antenna for dividing the transmitting antenna into m groups, the number of the antennas in each group is N1,N2,...,NmEach group of antennas can adopt different coding modes, andand the number of the antennas satisfies N1+N2+…+Nm＝nT(ii) a When the data stream is processed in a layered manner after serial-to-parallel conversion, the data to be transmitted is sent to each group of coders respectively for space-time coding, and a multi-antenna system with 4 transmitting antennas and 2 receiving antennas is taken as an example for explanation.
The transmitting antenna 1 and the transmitting antenna 2 form a group of STBC, space-time orthogonal coding is adopted, the transmitting antenna 3 and the transmitting antenna 4 form another group of STBC, 2 antenna groups send 4 complex signals in 2 symbol periods, and the coding rate is 4/2-2. Let C represent the total transmitted symbol; c1Transmitting symbols representing transmitting antenna 1 and transmitting antenna 2, constituting a first set of STBC; c2Transmit symbols representing transmit antennas 3 and 4, forming a second set of STBCs; c. C1，c2，c3，c4Respectively, the transmission symbols of the transmission antenna 1, the transmission antenna 2, the transmission antenna 3 and the transmission antenna 4. Thus, the transmit matrix at the transmit end is represented as:
step 3, when the receiving end receives the one-dimensional color image data after the multi-carrier modulation, the frame synchronization processing is carried out on the lead code, the carrier frequency offset is eliminated, and the multi-antenna training sequence is utilized to carry out channel estimation;
and 4, converting the time domain data after the carrier frequency offset compensation into a frequency domain by the receiving end through the step 3, decomposing a channel matrix by utilizing QR decoding of the layered space-time block code to realize interference elimination, carrying out layered signal estimation from the last layer of the received signal estimation matrix layer by layer upwards through cyclic detection, and finally detecting all the estimated signals. QR decoding contains the idea of successive interference cancellation, and does not need to calculate the pseudo-inverse of the channel matrix. The computational stability of QR decomposition is relatively high and simple, since small changes in the channel matrix can make large adjustments to the matrix inversion result.
41) Suppose the number n of transmitting/receiving antennasT＝2nR2N 8, the LSTBC system has N sets of space-time codes;
suppose yj,tRepresents the signal received by the jth receiving antenna at time t, hijRepresenting the channel response from the jth transmit antenna to the ith receive antenna, nj,tRepresents the noise received by the jth receiving antenna at time t; y represents a received signal matrix, H represents a channel matrix, N represents a noise matrix, a received signal expression Y in a matrix form is obtained, HC + N is obtained, and the received signal matrix Y is converted into a vector through simple equivalent transformation
Vector
The specific process is as follows:
the "+" above the letter indicates the conjugate operation of the transmitted symbol; the "^" above the letters represents the corresponding conversion or operation for changing the signal expression from a matrix form to a vector form; the letter above indicates that the two ends of the signal expression relation are simultaneously multiplied by
The conversion and operation of (1); the prime symbol above the letter indicates simultaneous left multiplication
And conjugate these two kinds of conversion and operation;
for purposes of discussion of the signal detection process, equation (2) is transformed as follows:
42) for channel matrix
Carrying out QR decomposition, i.e. reaction
Is a unitary matrix of size 2N × 2N,
is an upper triangular matrix with the size of 2N × 2N, and the two ends of the input-output relational expression of the LSTBC are simultaneously multiplied by the left
Is that
To obtain a conjugate transpose matrix of
The QR detection algorithm applied to the LSTBC system does not need to invert the channel matrix, and only needs to invert the channel matrix
Carrying out QR decomposition, i.e. reaction
Is a unitary matrix of size 2N × 2N,
is an upper triangular matrix with the size of 2N × 2N, and the two ends of the input-output relational expression of the LSTBC are simultaneously multiplied by the left
Is that
To obtain a conjugate transpose matrix of
43) Matrix array
Bottom most signal c2NThe interference of other layer signals is avoided, and the interference is directly obtained through hard decision; the bottommost signal is determined
Then, detecting the sample in the upper layer;
when detecting the signals of other layers, eliminating the interference component of the detected signals to obtain the estimated values of the signals of other layers; and (3) circularly detecting according to the steps to obtain all estimated signals, obtaining original information according to a ZF algorithm, decoding, demodulating a constellation diagram, performing inverse mapping to obtain one-dimensional image binary data, and finally restoring the one-dimensional image binary data into three-dimensional color image data.
The specific process is as follows:
as shown in the formula (4), the signal c at the bottom layer4Without interference from other layer signals, it receives the expression
quant () represents a quantization decision operation, so the lowest level signal estimate
Making a hard decision may result in:
make a decision
And then, detecting the signals of the upper layer, and eliminating the interference component of the detected signals when detecting the signals of the other layers to obtain the estimated values of the signals of the other layers, wherein the detection process comprises the following steps:
by
The signal estimation value can be obtained from the previous layer
Making a hard decision may result in:
by
And
the signal estimation value can be obtained from the previous layer
Making a hard decision may result in:
by
And
the signal estimation value can be obtained from the previous layer
Making a hard decision may result in:
therefore, all estimation signals are obtained according to the cyclic detection of the steps, and original information is obtained according to the ZF algorithm; the QR detection does not involve matrix inversion, so the computation complexity is relatively low, and meanwhile, the QR detection algorithm also includes the thought of serial interference elimination, and the problem of error propagation exists, so that the performance of the system is influenced.
System test analysis
A2-transmitting-2-receiving multi-antenna system is selected for a WARP wireless communication system, the radio frequency working frequency of the system is 2.4GHz, the 14 th channel (the highest frequency band) of an 802.11n protocol is selected to avoid interference between adjacent channels of other wireless equipment in a laboratory, the constellation mapping modulation mode is QPSK, the transmitting power is set to be 20dBm, an AGC (automatic gain control) is adopted at a receiving end, the clock frequency is 20MHz, and the maximum length of a frame structure is 220In multicarrier modulation, 52 subcarriers are used, wherein 48 data subcarriers (and one dc subcarrier for transmitting null symbols) and 4 pilot subcarriers (for phase tracking) are used.
Comparing fig. 2 and fig. 3, it is obvious that the layered space-time block code LSTBC system receives less error codes of the image than the layered space-time code V-BLAST system, the quality of the received image is better, it can be seen that the diversity gain of the system is improved, and the reliability is increased.
Image data transmission is carried out aiming at an LSTBC system under a real wireless environment, and data corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a Symbol Error Rate (SER) of each transmission is obtained by adjusting a radio frequency gain parameter of a WARP communication system, so that a curve graph of the symbol error rate changing along with the signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained. The invention adopts QPSK modulation mode to realize the frequency spectrum utilization rate of 2 bps/Hz; the V-BLAST system uses BPSK modulation to achieve the same spectrum utilization. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the symbol error rate performance of the two systems under the above conditions, wherein the maximum signal-to-noise ratios of the receiving ends of the V-BLAST system and the LSTBC system are respectively about 35dB and 45 dB; under the condition of the same frequency spectrum utilization rate, the symbol error rate performance of the LSTBC system is obviously superior to that of the V-BLAST system; while at a symbol error rate of 0.008, it is seen that the LSTBC performance is nearly 5dB better than the V-BLAST performance, and the performance gain is more pronounced as the SNR increases. Compared with the V-BLAST scheme, the LSTBC scheme has better transmission efficiency and reliability, obtains higher average data transmission rate on the basis of ensuring that diversity gain is obtained, and achieves good compromise between transmission performance and spectral efficiency.
Claims (6)
1. A method for transmitting WARP platform image based on layered space-time block code is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, converting three-dimensional color image data received by a multi-antenna multi-carrier-based WARP platform sending end into one-dimensional color image binary data, and performing constellation mapping on the binary data to obtain a symbol data stream;
step 2, carrying out serial-to-parallel conversion on the symbol data stream obtained in the step 1, separating the symbol data stream into two paths of different data streams by using a layered space-time block code system, carrying out layered processing, respectively sending the data to be transmitted to each group of coders for space-time coding, carrying out multi-carrier modulation on each group of data, then packaging and framing the lead code and the space-time coded data, sending the data to a cache of a WARP, and after triggering, transmitting the packaged frames in blocks by a sending end of the WARP platform;
step 3, when the receiving end receives the one-dimensional color image data after the multi-carrier modulation, the frame synchronization processing is carried out on the lead code, the carrier frequency offset is eliminated, and the multi-antenna training sequence is utilized to carry out channel estimation;
and 4, converting the time domain data after the carrier frequency offset compensation into a frequency domain by the receiving end through the step 3, decomposing a channel matrix by utilizing QR decoding of layered space-time block codes to realize interference elimination, carrying out layered signal estimation from the last layer of the received signal estimation matrix layer by layer upwards through cyclic detection, finally detecting all estimation signals, and obtaining original information according to a ZF algorithm (zero forcing algorithm).
2. The method for transmitting the WARP platform image based on the layered space-time block code according to claim 1, characterized in that:
in step 2, the system of the layered space-time block code has nTA transmitting antenna, nRA receiving antenna for dividing the transmitting antenna into m groups, the number of the antennas in each group is N1,N2,...,NmEach group of antennas can adopt different coding modes, and the number of the antennas meets N1+N2+…+Nm＝nT。
3. The method for transmitting the image of the WARP platform based on the layered space-time block code according to claim 2, characterized in that:
when the data stream is processed in a layered mode after serial-to-parallel conversion, data to be transmitted are respectively sent to each group of coders for space-time coding, 4 transmitting antennas and 2 receiving antennas are used; a group of STBC is formed by a transmitting antenna 1 and a transmitting antenna 2, space-time orthogonal coding is adopted, another group of STBC is formed by a transmitting antenna 3 and a transmitting antenna 4, 4 complex signals are transmitted by 2 antenna groups in 2 symbol periods, and the coding rate is 4/2-2; let C represent the total transmitted symbol; c1Transmitting symbols representing transmitting antenna 1 and transmitting antenna 2, constituting a first set of STBC; c2Transmit symbols representing transmit antennas 3 and 4, forming a second set of STBCs;
respectively, the transmission symbols of the transmission antenna 1, the transmission antenna 2, the transmission antenna 3 and the transmission antenna 4. Thus, the transmit matrix at the transmit end is represented as:
4. the method for transmitting the WARP platform image based on the layered space-time block code according to claim 1, characterized in that:
suppose the number n of transmitting/receiving antennasT＝2nR2N 8, the LSTBC system has N sets of space-time codes;
suppose yj,tRepresents the signal received by the jth receiving antenna at time t, hijRepresenting the channel response from the jth transmit antenna to the ith receive antenna, nj,tRepresents the noise received by the jth receiving antenna at time t; y represents a received signal matrix, H represents a channel matrix, N represents a noise matrix, and a received signal expression Y in a matrix form is obtained as HC + N; transforming a received signal matrix Y into a vector by a simple equivalent transformation
The matrix C of transmitted symbols is transformed into a vector
Conversion of the channel matrix H into corresponding transmitted symbol vectors
Of the channel matrix
Transformation of noise matrix N into vectors
Obtaining new expressions of received signals
5. The method for transmitting the WARP platform image based on the layered space-time block code according to claim 4, characterized in that:
to pair
Carrying out QR decomposition, i.e. reaction
Is a unitary matrix of size 2N × 2N,
is an upper triangular matrix with the size of 2N × 2N, and the two ends of the input-output relational expression of the LSTBC are simultaneously multiplied by the left
Is that
To obtain a conjugate transpose matrix of
Wherein
In the form of a final version of the received signal vector,
in the final form of the received noise vector.
Matrix array
Bottom most signal c2NThe interference of other layer signals is avoided, and the interference is directly obtained through hard decision; the bottommost signal is determined
Then, detecting the sample in the upper layer;
when detecting the signals of other layers, eliminating the interference component of the detected signals to obtain the estimated values of the signals of other layers; and (3) circularly detecting according to the steps to obtain all estimated signals, obtaining original information according to a ZF algorithm, decoding, demodulating a constellation diagram, performing inverse mapping to obtain one-dimensional image binary data, and finally restoring the one-dimensional image binary data into three-dimensional color image data.
6. The method for transmitting the WARP platform image based on the layered space-time block code according to claim 5, characterized in that:
for channel matrix
Carrying out QR decomposition, i.e. reaction
Is a unitary matrix of size 2N × 2N,
is an upper triangular matrix with the size of 2N × 2N, and the two ends of the input-output relational expression of the LSTBC are simultaneously multiplied by the left
Is that
To obtain a conjugate transpose matrix of
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