CN111556808A - 包含具有含一组宽度可变的流线的加热层的透明基材的层合玻璃板 - Google Patents

包含具有含一组宽度可变的流线的加热层的透明基材的层合玻璃板 Download PDF

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CN111556808A
CN111556808A CN201980005782.9A CN201980005782A CN111556808A CN 111556808 A CN111556808 A CN 111556808A CN 201980005782 A CN201980005782 A CN 201980005782A CN 111556808 A CN111556808 A CN 111556808A
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laminated glass
conductive layer
electrically conductive
glass pane
face
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V.勒古瓦
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及：‑由若干通过夹层粘合剂层彼此成对粘合相连的硬质透明基材形成的层合玻璃板，这些透明基材中的至少一个涂覆有导电层(2)，此透明基材的区域(1)显示四个成对的相对边缘(3,5)、(4,6)，沿两个相对的边缘(3,5)安置第一和第二母线(7,8)，导电层(2)显示用于引导母线(7,8)间电流的流线(9;91;92;93)，这组流线(9;91;92;93)的宽度可变。‑其制造方法、其用途特别是航空用途。

Description

包含具有含一组宽度可变的流线的加热层的透明基材的层合 玻璃板
用于运输用交通工具（飞机、火车、直升机、船舶、汽车等）的玻璃板，并且在一些情况下，用于建筑物的玻璃板可配备有并入玻璃板中的加热功能，从而可根据情况防止/消除雾在内部面或霜在外部面的形成。
此加热的特征在于其适应各个应用的具体需求的比功率（W/m²）。
此加热体系由例如丝网印刷在整块玻璃板上或嵌入在层合玻璃板的夹层粘合剂层中的电线或透明导电层（掺杂氧化物：掺杂锡的氧化铟-“铟锡氧化物”：ITO-、AZO（铝锌氧化物）、SnO2: F、或金属例如银、或任选的相同或不同的多层）形成，使其可通过焦耳效应加热。在这两种情况下，都在交通工具或建筑物中获得的电压下通过电极为加热体系供电。
通过切割和任选的塑形已显示出层的玻璃、或通过事后（切割后）在塑形的玻璃上沉积层获得具有加热层的玻璃。术语“玻璃”在此被理解为优选表示任何无机玻璃，但也表示由聚合物材料制备的硬质透明基材，其典型实例为聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)（PMMA）。
因为无法使用具有均一导电性的层均匀地加热非矩形形状，所以实行两种策略：
- 通常通过导电层例如导电金属氧化物（典型地为ITO）的厚度梯度所获得的导电性梯度；层厚度的大幅变化可以限制加热表面的某些部分中的电流密度；形状越复杂，厚度梯度越显著，且从工业的角度则生产更困难；
- 如专利EP 1 897 412-B1中所描述，在导电层中引导电流的流动的烧蚀线（ablationline）称作流动分离线（flow separation line）或更普遍地称作流线(flow line)；只有电流引线是平行并具有相同长度（可接纳的小偏差）的，此技术方案才在均匀性方面给出良好的结果。
可组合采用这两种策略。
可能难以控制用以实施沉积导电层的厚度梯度的手段，并且玻璃板的整个表面上的该层的整体电阻可以显著地变化。在整个玻璃板上，在引线（母线）间的恒电流电压U下，导电层的整体电阻R的标称总功率等于U2/R；如果此整体电阻R过低，则其可反映出过高功率（加热体系消耗的过高功率），并且在极端情况下，此产品将必须报废，此产品将不再处于所需容差内。
此外，当加热的玻璃板形状复杂时，且当在导电层上生产流线以引导电流并在一定程度上致使局部的加热功率密度均匀时，尽管如此，玻璃板整个表面的功率密度不均一性仍然保留，特别是在玻璃板表面的锐角处，加热功率密度较低、不够高。局部地，在两条流线间，在遍布导电带的恒定的电流强度i下，局部耗散的功率P等于R.i2，并且功率密度Ps等于P/S（以W/dm2计），例如S为两条流线间的表面积。
因此本发明致力于设计加热的玻璃板，其标称功率不超出特定最大值，并致使其功率密度在玻璃板整个表面积上达到可控程度的均一，并且特别地其在某些角落区域中的最小功率密度例如是增加的。
此目标已由本发明实现，因此本发明作为主题具有由若干通过夹层粘合剂层彼此成对粘合相连的硬质透明基材形成的层合玻璃板，这些透明基材中的至少一个涂覆有导电层，此透明基材的区域显示四个成对的相对边缘，沿两个相对的边缘安置第一和第二母线，导电层显示用于引导母线间电流的流线，特征在于这组流线的宽度可变。
生产具有可变宽度的流线可以更好地控制层的欧姆电阻，并尽可能最佳地调整层所消耗的功率。
使用具有扫描器的激光器例如可以改变通过烧蚀获得的流线的宽度。
通过测量加热层的欧姆电阻，当其小于标称值时，其可以尽可能最佳地调整流线的宽度以获得接近标称值的适合电阻。
在玻璃板功率密度过低的区域中，流线的变宽相应地使得导电带的宽度减少，结果为局部地，它们的电阻R增加，并且它们的表面积S降低，为功率密度R.i2/S增加的双重来源。本发明可以显著地降低冷点，甚至在不存在加热层厚度梯度的情况下也如此。
若干导电层可以在层合玻璃板的不同厚度水平处共存。
根据具体的具体实施方案：
- 导电层基于掺杂的金属氧化物，例如掺杂锡的氧化铟（ITO）、和/或掺杂氟的氧化锡SnO2:F、和/或掺杂铝的氧化锌（AZO）、和/或基于金属例如金Au和/或银Ag，其任选地为多层堆叠体，特别是为包含至少一个银层的类型的形式。
- 导电层具有2至1600nm的厚度；
- 导电层显示出厚度梯度，即其厚度存在变化而并非恒定；
- 流线具有5至1000μm的宽度；
- 两条相邻流线间的距离至少等于8，至多等于40，并且按优选程度递增的顺序，为至多等于30、25、和20mm；
- 导电层显示出由厚度为500至2000μm的烧蚀线组成的相分离线；这些相分离线划定了使用三相电流的不同相的三个区域；
- 所述硬质透明基材由玻璃例如钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃、或硼硅酸盐玻璃（按需要为化学增强的、加热回火的或半回火的）制成，或由聚合物材料例如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)（PMMA）、聚碳酸酯（PC）、聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)（PET）或聚氨酯（PU）制成；
- 导电层在朝向构成层合玻璃板的两个外部表面的两个硬质透明基材中的至少一个的层合玻璃板内侧的面上；
- 夹层粘合剂层选自单独或作为它们中若干的混合物的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）、聚氨酯（PU）、聚(乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯)（EVA）、离聚物；
- 一条流线(92;93)至少具有局部增加的宽度，从而局部地增加电阻、局部地减少导电区域的表面积、并局部地增加加热功率密度，从而消除冷点；特别是在衍生自直角的复杂形状的角落区域的情况下尤其如此，其中加热功率密度是不足的。
- 本发明的另一主题是以上所描述的层合玻璃板的制造方法，其包括在导电层上按如下形成具有可控的可变宽度的流线：通过借助与扫描器合并以移动激光光斑的脉冲激光器烧蚀、和/或通过导电层的局部化学剥离（chemical stripping）、和/或通过根据对应于流线的图案沉积第一涂层例如油墨，沉积作为第二涂层的导电层，然后消除例如溶解所述第一涂层和覆盖其的导电层的部分。后者方法以术语“揭开-剥离（lift-off）”为人所知。
本发明的另一主题在于以上所描述的层合玻璃板作为航空、陆地特别是铁路、或水路特别是海运的加装装甲的交通工具的加热玻璃板的用途。
根据本用途的第一形式，对于作为除冰/防结冰玻璃板的用途，从与外部大气相接触的面（其定义为面1）开始为所述硬质透明基材的面编号，并且用导电层涂覆层合玻璃板的面n，其中n大于或等于并优选等于2。
根据本用途的第二形式，对于作为除雾/防雾玻璃板的用途，如刚刚所定义的为硬质透明基材的面编号，用导电层涂覆层合玻璃板的面n，其中n大于或等于3，朝向硬质透明基材的层合玻璃板内侧的面优选与交通工具的内部体积接触。
附图图示说明本发明：
[图1]表示涂覆有防结冰加热层的硬质透明基材，并旨在形成复杂形状的飞机驾驶舱层合玻璃板的部分；正视图。
[图2]是例如[图1]的防结冰加热层的部分图解的正视图，其包含根据本发明的流线。
关于[图1]，由铝硅酸盐玻璃制备的透明基材，涂覆有具有大致均一厚度的由掺杂锡的氧化铟(ITO)制备的导电层2，所述透明基材的区域1显示四个成对的相对边缘(3，5)、(4，6)，沿两个相对的边缘3、5安置第一和第二母线7、8。
导电层2的烧蚀线构成流线9以引导母线7、8间的电流。
如果这些流线9具有恒定宽度，则[图1]中的圆角区域为加热功率密度比防结冰加热层2的中心区域的低的区域，在此角落区域，功率密度是不足的。
为了对此进行改进，如[图2]所示，流线9具有根据本发明的可变宽度。例如，流线91具有恒定宽度200μm，流线92具有恒定宽度600μm，并且流线93具有200至600μm的变化宽度。因此通过使流线92、93变宽，电阻局部增加，导电区域表面积减少，并且加热功率密度局部增加，从而消除冷点，甚至加热层2不存在厚度梯度的情况下也如此。
如下表1、2和3给出由ITO制备、厚度为200nm的导电层的引线（母线）间电阻（总电阻）Ra根据加热层宽度和流线宽度而增加的实例，向所述导电层装配有60条等距流线，引线间相距100mm。
[表1]
层电阻率 2.10<sup>-6</sup> ohm.m
层宽度 1000 mm
引线间距离 100 mm
线宽度 100 µm
线数量 60
层厚度 200 nm
无线情况下的Ra 1 ohm
有线情况下的Ra 1.01 ohm
△R 0.60 %
[表2]
层电阻率 2.10<sup>-6</sup> ohm.m
层宽度 1000 mm
引线间距离 100 mm
线宽度 600 µm
线数量 60
层厚度 200 nm
无线情况下的Ra 1 ohm
有线情况下的Ra 1.04 ohm
△R 3.73 %
[表3]
层电阻率 2.10<sup>-6</sup> ohm.m
层宽度 800 mm
引线间距离 100 mm
线宽度 600 µm
线数量 60
层厚度 200 nm
无线情况下的Ra 1.25 ohm
有线情况下的Ra 1.31 ohm
△R 4.71 %
将表2与表1相比，对于宽度为1000mm的加热层将流线由100拓宽至600μm，引线间的电阻Ra增加3.73%而非0.60%（相比没有流线的情况）。
由表3可见，对于宽度为800mm的导电层，宽度为600μm的流线引起电阻增加4.71%（仍旧相比没有流线的情况）。

Claims (15)

1.由若干通过夹层粘合剂层彼此成对粘合相连的硬质透明基材形成的层合玻璃板，这些透明基材中的至少一个涂覆有导电层(2)，此透明基材的区域(1)显示四个成对的相对边缘(3, 5)、(4, 6)，沿两个相对的边缘(3, 5)安置第一和第二母线(7, 8)，导电层(2)显示用于引导母线(7, 8)间电流的流线(9; 91; 92; 93)，其特征在于这组流线(9; 91; 92;93)的宽度可变。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于所述导电层(2)基于掺杂的金属氧化物，例如掺杂锡的氧化铟(ITO)、和/或掺杂氟的氧化锡SnO2:F、和/或掺杂铝的氧化锌(AZO)、和/或基于金属例如金Au和/或银Ag，其任选地为多层堆叠体，特别是为包含至少一个银层的类型的形式。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于所述导电层(2)具有2至1600nm的厚度。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于所述导电层(2)显示出厚度梯度。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于流线(9; 91; 92; 93)具有5至1000μm的宽度。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于两条相邻流线间的距离至少等于8、至多等于40、并且按优选程度递增的顺序，为至多等于30、25和20mm。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于所述导电层(2)显示出由具有500至2000μm的宽度的烧蚀线组成的相分离线。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于所述硬质透明基材由玻璃例如钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃、或硼硅酸盐玻璃制成，其按需要为化学增强的、加热回火的或半回火的，或由聚合物材料例如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)(PET)或聚氨酯(PU)制成。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于所述导电层(2)在朝向构成层合玻璃板的两个外部表面的两个硬质透明基材中的至少一个的层合玻璃板内侧的面上。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于夹层粘合剂层选自单独或作为它们中若干的混合物的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚(乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯)(EVA)、离聚物。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板，其特征在于一条流线(92; 93)至少具有局部增加的宽度，从而局部地增加电阻、局部地减少导电区域的表面积、并局部地增加加热功率密度，从而消除冷点。
12.用于制造根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层合玻璃板的方法，所述方法包括在导电层(2)上按如下形成具有可控的可变宽度的流线(9; 91; 92; 93)：通过借助与扫描器合并以移动激光光斑的脉冲激光器进行烧蚀、通过导电层(2)的局部化学剥离、和/或通过根据对应于流线(9; 91; 92; 93)的图案沉积第一涂层例如油墨，沉积作为第二涂层的导电层(2)，然后消除例如溶解所述第一涂层和覆盖其的导电层(2)的部分。
13.根据前述权利要求1至11中任一项所述的层合玻璃板作为航空、陆地特别是铁路、或水路特别是海运的加装装甲的交通工具的加热玻璃板的用途。
14.根据权利要求13所述的用途，其中对于作为除冰/防结冰玻璃板的用途，从与外部大气相接触的定义为面1的面开始为所述硬质透明基材的面编号，并用导电层(2)涂覆层合玻璃板的面n，其中n大于或等于并优选等于2。
15.根据权利要求13所述的用途，其中作为除雾/防雾玻璃板，从与外部大气相接触的定义为面1的面开始为所述硬质透明基材的面编号，并用导电层(2)涂覆层合玻璃板的面n，其中n大于或等于3，朝向硬质透明基材的层合玻璃板内侧的面优选与交通工具的内部体积接触。
CN201980005782.9A 2018-12-11 2019-12-04 包含具有含一组宽度可变的流线的加热层的透明基材的层合玻璃板 Pending CN111556808A (zh)

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