CN111541544A - 一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法 - Google Patents

一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法 Download PDF

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CN111541544A
CN111541544A CN202010200419.7A CN202010200419A CN111541544A CN 111541544 A CN111541544 A CN 111541544A CN 202010200419 A CN202010200419 A CN 202010200419A CN 111541544 A CN111541544 A CN 111541544A
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CN111541544B (zh
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张春辉
王琴
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Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3247—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
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Abstract

本发明的目的是提供一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，在量子数字签名的密钥分发阶段，利用双场密钥生成协议（TF‑KGP，Twin‑Field KGP）来完成密钥的生成和分发，用户将量子态发送给一个专门的测量方进行测量，且无需要求测量方的可信性。从安全性角度看，本发明由于使用了TF‑KGP，拥有测量设备无关的性质，可以抵御针对测量设备的侧信道攻击，提升了量子数字签名系统的安全性；从实用性角度看，在相同的参数条件下，本发明可以用于签名的密钥数量大幅增加，因而提升了签名的安全传输距离和远距离处的签名率，提高了量子数字签名系统的的实用性能。

Description

一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法
技术领域
本发明涉及量子信息技术、网络信息安全技术领域，尤其涉及一种基 于双场协议的量子数字签名方法。
背景技术
数字签名是最重要的密码协议之一，在验证诸如金融交易和电子合同 等数字文件的真实性和完整性方面有着广泛的应用。当前的数字签名 (以下简称经典数字签名)只能提供基于计算复杂度的安全性。例如， RSA算法的安全性依赖于大数因子分解问题，而椭圆曲线算法则依赖 于离散对数的计算难度。但是，随着数学算法的发展和量子计算机的出现，这些经典数字签名算法最终都将被破解。
量子数字签名(QDS，Quantum Digital Signature)的安全性则是基 于量子力学定律，能够提供信息论层面上的安全性。自2001年第一 个QDS协议提出以来，科研人员已经消除了许多实际应用的障碍，例 如量子存储，安全的量子通道等。同时，科研人员提出可以使用量子 密钥分发协议作为QDS中的密钥生成协议(KGP，Key Generation Protocol)，降低了QDS的实验实现难度。此外，测量设备关的量子 数字签名(MDI-QDS，Measurement-Device-Independent QDS)协议 能够免疫任何针对测量设备的侧信道攻击。然而，现有的QDS协议难 以同时兼顾安全性和实用性，分别存在一定的局限性。例如，BB84 型QDS(BB84-QDS)协议虽然具有较高的签名率，但是不能抵御针对 测量端的侧信道攻击，安全性较低；MDI-QDS协议则与之相反，具有 较高的安全性，但签名率十分有限。最重要的是，这两类QDS协议中 的KGP均不能打破在不使用量子中继器时密钥生成率和距离之间的 线性界，这是由信道容量所决定的上限。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，在量子 数字签名的密钥分发阶段，利用双场密钥生成协议(TF-KGP， Twin-Field KGP)来完成密钥的生成和分发，用户将量子态发送给一 个专门的测量方进行测量，且无需要求测量方的可信性。由于使用了 TF-KGP，拥有测量设备无关的安全性，可以抵御针对测量设备的侧信 道攻击；此外相比BB84-QDS和MDI-QDS，本发明大大提升了签名的 传输距离和远距离处的签名率。
本发明提供一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，所述方法采用双 场协议进行密钥生成和签名，应用于量子数字签名(QDS)传输系统 中，所述方法包括密钥分发阶段和信息阶段，具有用户方Alice、Bob、 Charlie和测量方Eve，在密钥分发阶段，Alice、Bob、Charlie是 量子态的发送方，Eve是量子态的接收测量方；密钥分发阶段包括以 下三个步骤：
步骤一：Alice和Bob、Alice和Charlie分别将量子态发送给Eve 进行测量，并使用双场密钥生成协议进行原始密钥的生成，然后 从各自所持有的原始密钥中随机选取部分比特用于检测信道传输 时的误码率，剩下的比特作为密钥池用于签名所需；定义原始密钥、误码率检测和密钥池的长度分别为nZ、ntest和npool；记Alice、 Eve和Bob之间构成的量子信道为Alice-Bob，Alice、Eve和 Charlie之间的构成量子信道为Alice-Charlie，并定义Alice-Bob 的误码率为
Figure BDA0002419174200000031
Alice-Charlie的误码率为
Figure BDA0002419174200000032
步骤二：签名消息m，这里m＝0或1，Alice和Bob，或Alice和 Charlie，分别从自己的密钥池中选取长度为L的比特串，记Alice 和Bob选取的比特串分别为
Figure BDA0002419174200000033
和
Figure BDA0002419174200000034
Alice和Charlie选取的比 特串分别为
Figure BDA0002419174200000035
和
Figure BDA0002419174200000036
步骤三：Bob和Charlie分别从
Figure BDA0002419174200000037
和
Figure BDA0002419174200000038
随机选取一半保留，将另 一半比特及比特位置信息通过两者之间的安全私密信道进行交换； 记Bob保留的比特信息为
Figure BDA0002419174200000039
发送给Charlie的比特信息为
Figure BDA00024191742000000310
记Charlie保留的比特信息为
Figure BDA00024191742000000311
发送给Bob的比特信息为
Figure BDA00024191742000000312
交换后，Bob的密钥串为
Figure BDA00024191742000000313
Charlie的密钥串为
Figure BDA00024191742000000314
在信息阶段，Alice作为签名者，Bob和Charlie作为验证方，即 接收签名者；信息阶段包括以下四个步骤：
步骤四：Alice将签名信息(m，Sigm)发送给Bob，其中Sigm表示 对消息m的签名，
Figure BDA00024191742000000315
步骤五：Bob将接收到的签名(m，Sigm)与
Figure BDA00024191742000000316
比对，如果
Figure BDA00024191742000000317
中的
Figure BDA00024191742000000318
分别与签名中
Figure BDA00024191742000000319
相应位置比特的不匹配数目均 小于saL/2，Bob接受这一签名并进行下一步，否则拒绝签名并终 止协议流程；其中，
Figure BDA00024191742000000320
Figure BDA00024191742000000321
是密钥串
Figure BDA00024191742000000322
的 误码率上限，Pe为存在窃听者的情况下在密钥生成过程中引入误 差的最小速率Pe；
步骤六：Bob将签名信息(m，Sigm)发送给Charlie；
步骤七：Charlie将接收到的签名信息(m，Sigm)与
Figure BDA0002419174200000041
进行比对， 如果
Figure BDA0002419174200000042
中
Figure BDA0002419174200000043
分别与签名中
Figure BDA0002419174200000044
相应位置比特的不匹 配数目均小于svL/2，Charlie则接受这个签名，否则拒绝这个签 名；其中，
Figure BDA0002419174200000045
sv＞sa。
进一步改进在于：在存在窃听者Eve的情况下，密钥串
Figure BDA0002419174200000046
中的最 小熵为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000047
其中，
Figure BDA0002419174200000048
和H2均为二元 香农熵函数，满足：H(x)＝-xlog2(x)-(1-x)log2(1-x)；ò是用于参数估 计的失败概率，E表示窃听者Eve，而n L,1和
Figure BDA0002419174200000049
分别为密钥串
Figure BDA00024191742000000410
中 单光子计数的下界和单光子误码率的上界，其中U为B或C，代表用 户Bob或Charlie。
进一步改进在于：当存在窃听者Eve时，Eve在密钥生成过程对密钥 串
Figure BDA00024191742000000411
中引入误码的最小速率Pe为：
Figure BDA00024191742000000412
进一步改进在于：所述密钥分发阶段分别由Alice和Bob、Alice和 Charlie使用TF-KGP产生比特串，其中Alice和Bob或Alice和 Charlie分别向测量方Eve发送量子态，Eve对接收到的量子态进行 测量。
本发明的有益效果：相比以往的QDS方案，本发明方案在密钥分发阶 段采用双场密钥生成协议，由于双场密钥生成协议可以打破以往的密 钥率和距离之间的线性界，使得在满足给定安全性的条件下能够用于 签名的密钥大大增加，提升了量子数字签名的签名率和传输距离；本 发明具有测量设备无关的性质，可以抵御针对测量设备的攻击，因而 保证了量子数字签名系统的高安全性。仿真结果表明其在各方面都具 有良好的表现。
附图说明
图1是本发明的方案图。
图2是本发明的中密钥池大小、半比特签名长度和签名比特数随距离 变化图。
图3是本发明与其他方案签名率的对比图。
图4是本发明不同安全性下签名率与本地误码率之间的关系图。
具体实施方式
为了加深对本发明的理解，下面将结合实施例对本发明作进一步详述， 该实施例仅用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明保护范围的限定。 下面以一种特定的TF-KGP为例，即发送与否双场密钥生成协议(SNS TF-KGP，Sending-or-Not-SendingTF-KGP)，来介绍本发明方案。同 时需要强调，TF-QDS方法适用于不同类型的TF-KGP协议，不仅仅限 定于SNSTF-KGP协议。
下面将详细介绍TF-QDS协议的内容：
分发阶段：在分发阶段，Alice、Bob、Charlie是量子态的发送方，Eve 是量子态的接收测量方，分发阶段包括步骤：
(1)Alice-Bob/Alice-Charlie分别产生N个脉冲，并使用强 度调制器和相位调制器对脉冲进行编码，然后发送给Eve；在编码过 程中，分别以1-pZ和pZ的概率随机选择诱骗态窗口和信号态窗口对脉 冲进行编码，两种窗口分别记为X窗口和Z窗口；在X窗口下，Alice 和Bob每边以px的概率随机制备发送一个强度为x、相位θ的相干态， 其中x∈{0,w,v}，x∈[0,2π]，在Z窗口下，以ps的概率发送强度为u 的信号态，不发送的概率是1-ps；以Alice和Bob为例，其分别制备 的相干态可以表征为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000061
其中n为脉冲中的光子数，xA和xB分别为Alice和Bob使用的强度， θA和θB分别为Alice和Bob制备的相位；
(2)Eve使用一个分束器和两个探测器对接收到的脉冲对进行 投影测量，并公开公布探测结果，如果两个探测器中仅有一个响应， 则记录为成功响应事件；两个探测器分别记为D0,D1；
(3)Alice-Bob/Alice-Charlie公开宣布他们对于每个脉冲所 用的窗口类型，仅保留对他们来说成功的测量结果，成功的测量结果 是他们使用相同类型窗口时，即都使用X窗口或Z窗口，Eve的成功 响应事件；如果他们都使用X窗口，则需要公布每个脉冲的相位和诱 骗态强度；此外，还需要后选择出X窗口下的有效测量结果，定义为 (以Alice-Bob为例)：Alice和Bob都使用了X窗口、相同的强度 以及相位满足满足以下条件的成功响应事件：
Figure BDA0002419174200000062
其中，ψAB为Alice到Eve信道与Bob到Eve信道之间的整体相位差， 它导致了本地误码ed，k＝0或1代表Alice和Bob的相位同相或反相，
Figure BDA0002419174200000071
表示预设的相位片大小，M为相位片的数目；
(4)Alice-Bob/Alice-Charlie利用Z窗口下的数据生成原始 密钥，生成规则如下(以Alice和Bob为例)：对于Z窗口下的成功 测量结果，如果Alice发送了信号态则记为1，没有发送则记为0， Bob反之；利用X窗口下的数据估计信道参数，X窗口下有效测量结 果中正确和错误的响应事件为：对于X窗口下的有效测量结果，正确 的响应事件为k＝0时探测器D0响应或k＝1时探测器D1响应，错误的响 应事件为k＝0时探测器D1响应或k＝1时探测器D0响应；此外，他们随 机牺牲Z窗口下比例为rET的比特进行误码率检测，剩下的比特作为 签名的密钥池；原始密钥、误码率检测和密钥池的长度分别为nZ、ntest和npool，Alice-Bob的误码率为
Figure BDA0002419174200000072
Alice-Charlie的误码率为
Figure BDA0002419174200000073
(5)为签名消息m(m＝0或1)，Alice和Bob、Alice和Charlie 分别从自己的密钥池中选取长度为L的比特串；记Alice和Bob选取 的比特串分别为
Figure BDA0002419174200000074
和
Figure BDA0002419174200000075
Alice和Charlie选取的比特串为
Figure BDA0002419174200000076
和
Figure BDA0002419174200000077
(6)Bob和Charlie分别从
Figure BDA0002419174200000078
和
Figure BDA0002419174200000079
随机选取一半保留，将另一 半比特及比特位置信息通过两者之间的安全私密信道进行交换；记 Bob保留的比特信息为
Figure BDA00024191742000000710
发送给Charlie的比特信息为
Figure BDA00024191742000000711
记Charlie保留的比特信息为
Figure BDA00024191742000000712
发送给Bob的比特信息为
Figure BDA00024191742000000713
交换后，Bob的密钥串为
Figure BDA00024191742000000714
Charlie的密钥串为
Figure BDA00024191742000000715
信息阶段：在信息阶段，Alice作为签名者，Bob和Charlie作为 验证方，信息阶段包括步骤：
(7)Alice将签名信息(m，Sigm)发送给Bob，其中Sigm表示对 消息m的签名，
Figure BDA0002419174200000081
(8)Bob将接收到的签名(m，Sigm)与
Figure BDA0002419174200000082
比对，如果
Figure BDA0002419174200000083
分别与
Figure BDA0002419174200000084
中相应位置比特的不匹配数目均小于saL/2，Bob接受这 一签名并进行下一步，否则拒绝签名并终止协议流程；其中，
Figure BDA0002419174200000085
Figure BDA0002419174200000086
是密钥串
Figure BDA0002419174200000087
的误码率上限，Pe为存在 窃听者的情况下在密钥生成过程中引入误差的最小速率Pe；
(9)Bob将(m，Sigm)发送给Charlie；
(10)Charlie将接收到的签名信息(m，Sigm)与
Figure BDA0002419174200000088
进行比对， 如果
Figure BDA0002419174200000089
分别与
Figure BDA00024191742000000810
中相应位置比特的不匹配数目均小 于svL/2，Charlie则接受这个签名，否则拒绝这个签名；其中，
Figure BDA00024191742000000811
sv＞sa。
定义Pab为X窗口下进行TF-KGP的双方分别发送强度为a和b的概率，
Figure BDA00024191742000000812
为X窗口下有效事件的发送概率，其中a,b∈{0,w,v}。两个概率可 以表征为：
Figure BDA00024191742000000813
其对应发送的脉冲数分别为Nab＝PabN,
Figure BDA00024191742000000814
类似地，进行 TF-KGP的双方都选择Z窗口的脉冲数为
Figure BDA00024191742000000815
定义nZ为TF-KGP过程中测量所得到的Z窗口下的计数，即原始密钥 的数量，其大小可以表征为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000091
其中，
Figure BDA0002419174200000092
是信道的穿透率，ηd为探测器的探测效率，α为信道 的损耗系数；θAU＝θA-θU为TF-KGP双方制备相位的相位差。定义nab为 TF-KGP双方在X窗口下强度组合为a和b时的计数，用来估计单光 子计数所需的强度组合为{00,0w,w0,0v,v0}，它们的计数可以表征为：
n00＝2Pdc(1-Pdc)N00, (5)
n0w＝nw0＝2[(1-Pdc)eηw/2-(1-Pdc)2e-ηw]N0w, (6)
n0v＝nv0＝2[(1-Pdc)eηv/2-(1-Pdc)2e-ηv]N0v, (7)
其中，Pdc为探测器的暗计数率。此外，定义maa为X基窗口下错误的 响应事件数，即误码计数，用来估计单光子的误码率，可以表征为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000093
利用公式(5-8)中的计数值，我们可以估计出X窗口下的单光子计 数的下界和单光子误码计数分别为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000094
Figure BDA0002419174200000095
其中，τX,1为发送时X窗口下所有单光子成分的概率，可以表征为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000096
Figure BDA0002419174200000097
和
Figure BDA0002419174200000098
分别为nab考虑了统计起伏后的上界和下界，
Figure BDA0002419174200000099
和
Figure BDA00024191742000000910
分别为 maa考虑了统计起伏后的上界和下界。例如，对于变量χ，使用Hoeffding不等式考虑统计起伏后的上下界为：
χ+＝χ+δ(χ，SF)，χ-＝χ-δ(χ，SF)， (12)
Figure BDA0002419174200000102
其中òSF为某一观测量考虑统计起伏时的失败概率。
利用X窗口下的单光子计数的下界n X,1和单光子误码计数的上界
Figure BDA0002419174200000103
通过使用Serfling不等式可以估计出Z窗口下原始密钥中单光子计 数的下界和单光子误码计数的上界，估计关系为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000104
Figure BDA0002419174200000105
其中
Figure BDA0002419174200000106
N Z,1为发送端Z窗口下单光子 数目的下界，
Figure BDA0002419174200000107
为发送端X窗口下单光子数目的上界，它们可以表 征为：
N Z,1＝2ps(1-ps)ue-uNZ-δ(NZ,òSF), (16)
Figure BDA0002419174200000108
公式(14-15)的失败概率都为òSF，根据这两公式可以得到Z窗口下 的单光子误码率为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000109
由于原始密钥中单光子计数的下界和单光子误码率的上界分别为n Z,1和
Figure BDA00024191742000001010
通过使用Serfling不等式可以估计出密钥串
Figure BDA00024191742000001011
中单光子计 数的下界和单光子误码率的上界，估计关系为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000111
Figure BDA0002419174200000112
其中
Figure BDA0002419174200000113
根据公式(19-20)估计出的单光子计数下界和单光子误码率上界， 可以得到存在窃听者Eve的情况下，密钥串
Figure BDA0002419174200000114
中的最小熵为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000115
其中，
Figure BDA0002419174200000116
和H2均为二元香农熵函数，满足： H(x)＝-xlog2(x)-(1-x)log2(1-x)；ò是用于参数估计的失败概率，E表 示窃听者Eve。Eve在TF-KGP过程对密钥串
Figure BDA0002419174200000117
中引入误码的最小 速率Pe为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000118
针对TF-QDS的安全性分析，本发明方案综合考虑了鲁棒性概率、伪 造概率和抵赖概率。鲁棒性概率是衡量系统正常运行时协议的失败概 率，它主要由检测的误码率来估计密钥串
Figure BDA0002419174200000119
中误码率的失败引起 的，估计关系为：
Figure BDA00024191742000001110
估计的失败概率为òPE，Alice-Bob和Alice-Charlie两个TF-KGP过 程中
Figure BDA00024191742000001111
的误码率上界为
Figure BDA00024191742000001112
因此，TF-QDS的鲁棒 性概率为：
P(Robust)2òPE。 (24)
抵赖概率是衡量Alice的签名被Bob接受但被Charlie拒绝的概率。 为了抵赖，Alice需要使得她所发的签名(m，Sigm)与
Figure BDA0002419174200000121
两部分的 不匹配率低于sa，而与
Figure BDA0002419174200000122
两部分的不匹配率高于sv。因此，抵赖概率 为：
Figure BDA0002419174200000123
其中
Figure BDA0002419174200000124
伪造概率是衡量Bob伪 造Alice的签名可被Charlie接受的概率。为了伪造签名，Bob需要 使得他伪造的签名(m，Sigm)与
Figure BDA0002419174200000125
中
Figure BDA0002419174200000126
的不匹配率低于sv。因此 伪造概率包含了Bob猜测
Figure BDA0002419174200000127
所有过程的失败概率：
Figure RE-GDA0002573042950000128
g和òF与Bob伪造签名的错误率小于sv的概率相关，g为预设的常数 概率，òF定义为：
Figure RE-GDA0002573042950000129
Figure BDA00024191742000001210
和
Figure BDA00024191742000001211
分别为估计参数n L,1和
Figure BDA00024191742000001212
的失败概率。综上，协议的安全性需 满足
εmax{P(Robust),P(Repudiation),P(Forge)}。 (28)
为衡量TF-QDS协议的性能，定义协议的签名比特数目nbits和签名率R 分别为：
Figure BDA00024191742000001213
Figure BDA00024191742000001214
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明白，以下结合具体仿 真结果，并参照附图，对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
本发明方案仿真中相位片个数M＝16，其他所用的系统参数如表I所 示：α为量子信道的损耗系数；ηd和Pdc分别为探测器的探测效率和暗 计数率；ed为光学系统的本底误码率；rET为原始密钥中选择进行误码 率检测的比例；òPE和òSF分别为误码率估计的失败概率和统计起伏估 计的失败概率；g为与伪造相关的概率。此外在给定的安全性大小下， 对TF-QDS的签名率进行了全参数优化，优化的参数包括：诱骗态的 强度{w，v}和相应的选择概率{pw，pv}、Z窗口的选择概率pZ、信号 态的强度u和发送概率ps。
表I
α η<sub>d</sub> P<sub>dc</sub> e<sub>d</sub> r<sub>ET</sub> ò<sub>PE</sub> ò<sub>SF</sub> g
0.2dB/km 50％ 10<sup>-7</sup> 0.03 5.5％ 10<sup>-12</sup> 10<sup>-12</sup> 10<sup>-12</sup>
附图2首先展示了在脉冲数为N＝1013、安全性为ε＝10-5时，TF-QDS 中密钥池大小npool、签名半比特所需长度L和签名比特数nbits随传输距 离的变化趋势。从图中可以看出，在大于250km时，签名半比特所 需的长度随距离的增大急剧增加，同时所能签名的比特数急剧减少。 这表明在远距离处，有限长效应的影响快速增大，需要更长的密钥量 来安全地签名半比特。
附图3展示了在脉冲数为N＝1013或N＝1015、安全性为ε＝10-5时， TF-QDS与其他两种代表性方案的签名率对比图。这两种方案分别为 BB84-QDS和MDI-QDS，BB84-QDS来自文献[R.Amiri,P.Wallden,A. Kent,and E.Andersson,Secure quantum signatures usinginsecure quantum channels,Phys.Rev.A 93,032325(2016)]， MDI-QDS来自文献[I.V.Puthoor,R.Amiri,P.Wallden,M.Curty, and E.Andersson,Measurement-device-independent quantum digital signatures,Phys.Rev.A 94,022328(2016)]。为了公 平的对比，仿真时对这两种方案的签名率同样使用了表I中的参数， 并进行了全参数优化。从图3中可以看出，TF-QDS拥有远超BB84-QDS 和MDI-QDS的传输距离以及远距离签名率。BB84-QDS虽然在近距离 拥有更高的签名率，但是安全性级别低，不能抵御针对测量设备的侧 信道攻击。此外，可以看出TF-QDS受有限长的影响介于BB84-QDS和 MDI-QDS之间。
附图4展示了在50km处N＝1013、安全性为ε＝10-5或ε＝10-10时，TF-QDS 的签名率随本底误码率变化的趋势。可以看出，在此条件下TF-QDS 可以容忍18％的本底误码率，远超BB84-QDS和MDI-QDS的所能承受 的本底误码率。此外，更高的安全性水平意味着将会牺牲一定的签名 率。
综上，本发明提出了一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，并且使 用发送与否双场密钥生成协议作为一种特殊的例子进行了详细介绍。 通过具体仿真证明，使用了该方法的QDS系统，能够同时兼顾安全性 和实用性，即不仅拥有测量设备无关的安全性等级，而且在安全传输 距离和签名效率上比现有QDS协议具有明显提升。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出：对于本技术领域的 普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，通过使用不同的 双场协议、不同诱骗态方法、不同的有限长效应、不同的光源、不同 的实现体系(片上系统，自由空间系统，光纤系统等)等手段，还可 以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (4)

1.一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，其特征在于：所述方法采用双场协议进行密钥生成和签名，应用于量子数字签名(QDS)传输系统中，所述方法包括密钥分发阶段和信息阶段，具有用户方Alice、Bob、Charlie和测量方Eve，在密钥分发阶段，Alice、Bob、Charlie是量子态的发送方，Eve是量子态的接收测量方；密钥分发阶段包括以下三个步骤：
步骤一：Alice和Bob、Alice和Charlie分别将量子态发送给Eve进行测量，并使用双场密钥生成协议进行原始密钥的生成，然后从各自所持有的原始密钥中随机选取部分比特用于检测信道传输时的误码率，剩下的比特作为密钥池用于签名所需；定义原始密钥、误码率检测和密钥池的长度分别为nZ、ntest和npool；记Alice、Eve和Bob之间构成的量子信道为Alice-Bob，Alice、Eve和Charlie之间的构成量子信道为Alice-Charlie，并定义Alice-Bob的误码率为
Figure FDA0002419174190000011
Alice-Charlie的误码率为
Figure FDA0002419174190000012
步骤二：签名消息m，这里m＝0或1，Alice和Bob，或Alice和Charlie，分别从自己的密钥池中选取长度为L的比特串，记Alice和Bob选取的比特串分别为
Figure FDA0002419174190000013
和
Figure FDA0002419174190000014
Alice和Charlie选取的比特串分别为
Figure FDA0002419174190000015
和
Figure FDA0002419174190000016
步骤三：Bob和Charlie分别从
Figure FDA0002419174190000017
和
Figure FDA0002419174190000018
随机选取一半保留，将另一半比特及比特位置信息通过两者之间的安全私密信道进行交换；记Bob保留的比特信息为
Figure FDA0002419174190000019
发送给Charlie的比特信息为
Figure FDA0002419174190000021
记Charlie保留的比特信息为
Figure FDA0002419174190000022
发送给Bob的比特信息为
Figure FDA0002419174190000023
交换后，Bob的密钥串为
Figure FDA0002419174190000024
Charlie的密钥串为
Figure FDA0002419174190000025
在信息阶段，Alice作为签名者，Bob和Charlie作为验证方，即接收签名者；信息阶段包括以下四个步骤：
步骤四：Alice将签名信息(m，Sigm)发送给Bob，其中Sigm表示对消息m的签名，
Figure FDA0002419174190000026
步骤五：Bob将接收到的签名(m，Sigm)与
Figure FDA0002419174190000027
比对，如果
Figure FDA0002419174190000028
中的
Figure FDA0002419174190000029
分别与签名中
Figure FDA00024191741900000210
相应位置比特的不匹配数目均小于saL/2，Bob接受这一签名并进行下一步，否则拒绝签名并终止协议流程；其中，
Figure FDA00024191741900000211
Figure FDA00024191741900000212
是密钥串
Figure FDA00024191741900000213
的误码率上限，Pe为存在窃听者的情况下在密钥生成过程中引入误差的最小速率Pe；
步骤六：Bob将签名信息(m，Sigm)发送给Charlie；
步骤七：Charlie将接收到的签名信息(m，Sigm)与
Figure FDA00024191741900000214
进行比对，如果
Figure FDA00024191741900000215
中
Figure FDA00024191741900000216
分别与签名中
Figure FDA00024191741900000217
相应位置比特的不匹配数目均小于svL/2，Charlie则接受这个签名，否则拒绝这个签名；其中，
Figure FDA00024191741900000218
2.如权利要求1所述的一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，其特征在于：在存在窃听者Eve的情况下，密钥串
Figure FDA00024191741900000219
中的最小熵为：
Figure FDA00024191741900000220
其中，
Figure FDA00024191741900000221
和H2均为二元香农熵函数，满足：H(x)＝-xlog2(x)-(1-x)log2(1-x)；ò是用于参数估计的失败概率，E表示窃听者Eve，而nL,1和
Figure FDA0002419174190000031
分别为密钥串
Figure FDA0002419174190000032
中单光子计数的下界和单光子误码率的上界，其中U为B或C，代表用户Bob或Charlie。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，其特征在于：当存在窃听者Eve时，Eve在密钥生成过程对密钥串
Figure FDA0002419174190000033
中引入误码的最小速率Pe为：
Figure FDA0002419174190000034
4.如权利要求1所述的一种基于双场协议的量子数字签名方法，其特征在于：所述密钥分发阶段分别由Alice和Bob、Alice和Charlie使用TF-KGP产生比特串，其中Alice和Bob或Alice和Charlie分别向测量方Eve发送量子态，Eve对接收到的量子态进行测量。
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Denomination of invention: A Quantum Digital Signature Method Based on Dual Field Protocol

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