CN111541048A - Terahertz active phased array antenna - Google Patents
Terahertz active phased array antenna Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111541048A CN111541048A CN202010355056.4A CN202010355056A CN111541048A CN 111541048 A CN111541048 A CN 111541048A CN 202010355056 A CN202010355056 A CN 202010355056A CN 111541048 A CN111541048 A CN 111541048A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- terahertz
- array antenna
- signal
- frequency
- phased array
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/04—Architecture, e.g. interconnection topology
- G06N3/045—Combinations of networks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
- G06N3/00—Computing arrangements based on biological models
- G06N3/02—Neural networks
- G06N3/08—Learning methods
- G06N3/084—Backpropagation, e.g. using gradient descent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
- H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
- H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters
Abstract
The invention discloses a terahertz active phased array antenna, and aims to provide a terahertz active phased array antenna capable of correcting dynamic errors in real time. The invention is realized by the following technical scheme: the terahertz antenna array is sequentially connected with a wafer-level hybrid circuit, an active feed network is connected with an artificial neural network connecting a wave controller and an artificial intelligent library, and is also connected with a transmitting source passing through an N-time frequency multiplier, a mixer connected with a receiving user terminal and a local vibration source connected with the mixer through an M-time frequency multiplier; the active feed network acquires a transmitting signal of a terahertz frequency band, the transmitting signal is distributed to a terahertz array antenna through a wafer-level mixing circuit to perform beam synthesis and beam scanning, the active feed network transmits a terahertz receiving signal to a mixer, meanwhile, a local oscillation signal acquired by a local oscillation source through an M-time frequency multiplier enters the mixer to perform difference frequency mixing with the terahertz receiving signal, the obtained difference frequency signal changing along with the frequency is sent to a user receiving terminal, and spectrum type ellipsometry and imaging are completed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a terahertz active phased-array antenna in the technical field of electronics.
Background
The terahertz (THz) frequency band is defined as an electromagnetic band with the frequency of 0.1 THz-10 THz and the wavelength of 0.03 mm-3 mm, is between microwave millimeter waves and far infrared rays, and is in a transition frequency band from electronics to photonics. Terahertz radiation has coherence due to a mechanism generated by the coherence, and the amplitude and the phase of an electric field can be directly measured by the coherence detection, so that the absorption coefficient, the refractive index and the like of a sample can be accurately extracted, and the measurement accuracy is improved. The energy of terahertz radiation is only one tenth of the energy of X-ray photons, and the substance to be detected cannot be damaged due to photoionization. And the terahertz radiation has good penetrability to a plurality of nonpolar materials and dielectric materials. In various millimeter wave/terahertz systems, a transceiver of electromagnetic energy directly determines the performance of the system, such as communication capacity, transmission distance, imaging quality, and the like. At present, the devices mainly comprise a parabolic antenna, a dielectric lens antenna, a parabolic reflector and the like, but the devices have the advantages of large volume, heavy weight, non-planar structure and high requirement on processing precision, so that the devices are difficult to be applied to a millimeter wave/terahertz system with a compact structure. In recent years, the terahertz technology has been developed and applied in the fields of communication, nondestructive testing, biomedicine, and the like. As an important component in a terahertz application system, the terahertz phased-array antenna is very deficient, and the development of the terahertz application technology is limited. Real-time dynamic errors are introduced due to hardware circuit design and manufacturing of the terahertz phased array antenna. The real-time dynamic errors comprise device errors of a hardware circuit, amplitude/phase dynamic errors of the devices influenced by environmental temperature (low temperature, normal temperature and high temperature) and dynamic amplitude/phase errors introduced along with frequency change when the dual-signal source is used; in a terahertz frequency band, such as 300GHz, the processing precision of 0.01mm also brings about a phase error of 3.6 °, which often results in that the phased array antenna needs to be processed for many times to meet design requirements, and the manufacturing cost is very high. In the conventional frequency modulation continuous terahertz wave technology, a local oscillator signal time domain wave mode and an echo time domain signal wave mode which are the same in the same type are adopted, and an obtained difference frequency signal does not change along with frequency and cannot be applied to spectrum type ellipsometry, so that some new design methods are often required to be provided to meet the use requirements of users. At present, there are several methods for designing a terahertz phased array antenna.
The first method is a design method using a lens antenna, for example, chinese patent No. 2019 CN201811516500.5 discloses "a space lens scanning antenna based on elliptic paraboloid of revolution phase distribution and its beam scanning method", which is far superior to the lens antenna designed based on the traditional aplanatic principle, but during beam scanning, its phase error is unchanged with the increase of scanning angle, and cannot be fundamentally corrected or solved.
The second method is a method for designing a terahertz phased-array antenna using liquid crystal material phase shifting, for example, the MASTER paper published in 2018 with the classification number TN82 and the Hefei University Technology MASTER' S distettionon (academic MASTER) mainly reports the reflective liquid crystal phase shifting unit of the terahertz frequency band and the reflective phased-array antenna formed by the same, analyzes the arrangement of liquid crystal molecules under different voltages, and introduces a method for measuring the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal under different frequency bands. A reflection type liquid crystal phase-shifting unit with a double dipole structure is designed, and the phase-shifting characteristic of the unit is simulated and analyzed. And based on the liquid crystal reflection unit with the double dipole structure, a terahertz reflection array antenna consisting of 40 multiplied by 40 units is designed, finally, the radiation characteristic of the terahertz reflection array antenna is calculated in a simulation mode, and the calculation result shows that the antenna can realize the scanning capability of-20 degrees to 20 degrees. However, the liquid crystal reflector antenna has a complicated surface structure, and thus is difficult to process in a high frequency band. In addition, the liquid crystal phase shift is greatly influenced by the ambient temperature, the phase shift precision is not high, and the engineering application is greatly limited.
The third method is a photoconductive phased array antenna design method based on optical delay control, for example, chinese patent No. 2017 CN201611117374.7 discloses "a terahertz photoconductive phased array antenna system", which is applied to improve the radiation power of an antenna array and change the beam pointing angle by introducing an optical delay controller into the pump light path of the photoconductive antenna array and controlling the radiation phase.
The fourth way is to use a classical phase shifter or vector modulator method to realize the terahertz phased array antenna. For example, a 4-channel integrated phased array transmitter chip applied to a 0.34THz high-speed communication system is researched in a document of '0.34 THz high-speed wireless communication transmitter chip design' published in the journal of terahertz science and electronic information, 2015, and the like. The chip integrates a 21.25GHz phase-locked loop frequency source, a 4-frequency multiplier and a 4-way Wilkinson power division network, each path of phased array channel comprises an 85GHz power amplifier, an analog phase shifter, a 20Gbps binary on-off keying modulator, a 4-frequency multiplier and a 2 x 2 chip antenna array, and simulation results show that the phased array system can realize +/-12-degree angle scanning on an E surface, the 3dB beam width is 11.9 degrees, and the Effective Isotropic Radiation Power (EIRP) of the system is 12 dBm.
The fifth mode is to use an oscillator circuit to realize frequency multiplication and beam scanning of the terahertz phased array. For example, the document "A0.28 THzpower-generation and beam-steering array in CMOS based on distributed active radiators" published by IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2012, K.Senguta et al, studies an inverse design method to achieve a change in the current distribution on the metal surface by using a triple frequency injection phase-locked oscillator in combination with a distributed active radiator to produce a desired radiation pattern. The distributed active radiator is a self-oscillation active electromagnetic structure and consists of two metal rings, generates out-phase current at fundamental frequency and in-phase current at second harmonic frequency, and realizes antenna radiation. The 4 x 4 phased array adopts a 45nm SOI CMOS process to realize that the EIRP value of the phased array antenna is 9.4dBm at 0.28T, and the scanning ranges of the azimuth plane and the pitch plane exceed 80 degrees.
Recent reports, such as "a 0.34-THz wideband wide-angle 2-D radiating phase array in 0.13- μm SiGe BiCMOS" published by IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2019, h.jali et al, study a 2 × 2 phased array integrated circuit, the circuit structure is composed of four standing wave oscillators, each oscillator unit can filter out fundamental frequency and odd harmonic components of the phased array antenna, so as to realize effective radiation of the fourth harmonic component of the phased array antenna, and realize phase shift of terahertz phased array beam scanning by generating standing waves or traveling waves between excitation sources; the phased array is realized by adopting a 0.13-mum SiGe BiCMOS process, can realize beam scanning of 128 degrees/53 degrees on a two-dimensional plane, and has the maximum radiation power of-6.8 dBm within the range of 318GHz-370 GHz.
In summary, all the existing methods for designing terahertz phased array antennas reported in domestic and foreign documents do not report how to design and implement terahertz phased array antennas effectively under the condition that hardware circuits of the terahertz phased array antennas have real-time dynamic errors. Secondly, for some detection imaging applications, the terahertz phased array antenna needs to adopt a dual-signal-source structure, namely, waveforms with different frequencies are adopted for a transmitting source and a local vibration source, so that dynamic amplitude/phase errors changing along with the frequencies can be introduced, and the normal work of the terahertz active phased array antenna can be ensured only by real-time compensation. Therefore, for the terahertz active phased array antenna, how to correct the amplitude/phase error generated by the design and manufacture of a hardware circuit to enable the performance of the terahertz active phased array antenna to reach the best is not a determined technical scheme at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a novel design method of a terahertz active phased array antenna, which has the advantages of compact structure, low manufacturing cost, high beam scanning response agility, capability of being used for spectrum ellipsometry and capability of quickly correcting errors of the terahertz active phased array antenna in real time, and aims at solving the problems of amplitude/phase errors generated by design and manufacture of hardware circuits of the terahertz active phased array antenna, real-time dynamic errors of various hardware circuits under the environment changes of low temperature, normal temperature and high temperature and the defects of the prior art.
The above object of the present invention can be achieved by the following means. A terahertz active phased array antenna, comprising: terahertz antenna array 1 wafer level hybrid circuit 2, active feed network 3 that connect in order, wherein: the active feed network 3 is connected with an artificial neural network 9 connected with a wave controller 10 and an artificial intelligent library 11, and is also connected with an emission source 5 passing through an N-time frequency multiplier 4, a mixer 6 connected with a user receiving terminal and a local vibration source 8 connected with the mixer through an M-time frequency multiplier 7, in a receiving/transmitting state, a radio frequency signal sent by the emission source 5 is multiplied to a terahertz frequency band through the N-time frequency multiplier 4, the active feed network 3 acquires a transmission signal of the terahertz frequency band, and the transmission signal is distributed to the terahertz array antenna 1 through a wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 to perform wave beam synthesis and wave beam scanning; and then, after a terahertz echo signal returned from the target direction is received by the terahertz array antenna 1, the terahertz echo signal enters the active feed network 3 through the wafer-level mixing circuit 2, a terahertz receiving signal is sent to the frequency mixer 6, meanwhile, a local oscillation signal obtained by the local oscillation source 8 through the M-time frequency multiplier 7 enters the frequency mixer 6 to perform difference frequency mixing with the terahertz receiving signal, an obtained difference frequency signal changing along with the frequency is sent to a user receiving terminal, and the spectrum type ellipsometry and high-precision imaging are completed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
compact structure and low manufacturing cost. The invention adopts the active feed network 3 to connect with the artificial neural network 9 connecting the wave controller 10 and the artificial intelligence library 11, and also connects with the emission source 5 passing through the N-time frequency multiplier 4, the mixer 6 connecting the receiving user terminal and the local vibration source 8 connecting the local vibration source through the M-time frequency multiplier 7, thus the invention has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, small volume, light weight and easy integration. The technical bottleneck that the terahertz active phased-array antenna needs to be processed for many times to meet the design requirement is overcome, and the problem of high manufacturing cost is solved.
The real-time error correction is quick and high in precision. In a receiving/transmitting state, the wave beam synthesis and the wave beam scanning of the terahertz active phased-array antenna are both controlled by a wave controller 10, an artificial intelligence library 11 is started to be combined with an artificial neural network 9 for realization, and the wave beam synthesis and the wave beam scanning of the terahertz active phased-array antenna are satisfied by directly calling an amplitude control code matrix and a phase control code matrix in a priori knowledge data sample in the artificial intelligence library 11 or by starting an automatic quantization algorithm in the artificial neural network 9 to output a new amplitude control code matrix and a new phase control code matrix through correlation comparison. Due to the introduction of the artificial neural network 9, all processing and manufacturing errors and dynamic errors introduced by other factors can be corrected, so that the performance of the terahertz active phased-array antenna can be optimal.
The agility of the beam scanning reaction is high. In the receiving/transmitting state, the artificial neural network 9 adopts an automatic quantification algorithm, and meanwhile, data samples of the artificial intelligence library 11 are continuously updated, so that the artificial neural network 9 is accelerated to have autonomous perception, response and evolution capabilities. The artificial intelligence of the artificial neural network 9 is enhanced by using the prior knowledge provided by the artificial intelligence library 11 for the artificial neural network 9, and the purpose of quickly correcting the real-time dynamic error of the terahertz active phased-array antenna is achieved. Due to the introduction of priori knowledge and the accumulation of test data, the complexity of the input/output relationship of the artificial neural network 9 is reduced, so that the test times for training the artificial neural network 9 are reduced, and the agility of the terahertz active phased-array antenna beam scanning reaction is improved.
Can be used for spectrum type ellipsometry. The invention adopts a dual-signal source structure of the emission source 5 and the local vibration source 8, so that frequency modulation continuous terahertz waves can acquire a difference frequency signal which can change along with the frequency, the local vibration signal and the echo signal have different time domain wave patterns, and the spectrum type ellipsometry and high-precision imaging are realized. The method can solve the problems that in the traditional frequency modulation continuous terahertz wave technology, a local oscillator signal time domain wave mode and an echo signal time domain wave mode which are the same are adopted, an obtained difference frequency signal does not change along with frequency, and the method can not be applied to spectrum type ellipsometry.
The invention not only has the advantages of small feed loss, easy realization of high gain and the like of the traditional parabolic antenna and lens, but also has the characteristics of flexible design, small volume, easy processing, low cost and the like, and is very suitable for the application of millimeter wave/terahertz frequency bands.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a design block diagram of a terahertz active phased array antenna of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a graph of amplitude error correction for a transmit beam sweep of 30 degrees in an exemplary embodiment.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of phase error correction for a transmit beam sweep of 30 degrees in an exemplary embodiment.
Fig. 4 is a diagram of amplitude error correction during 45 degree sweep of the receive beam in an exemplary embodiment.
Fig. 5 is a diagram of phase error correction during a 45 degree receive beam sweep in an exemplary embodiment.
In the figure: the terahertz frequency-variable band-pass filter comprises a terahertz antenna array 1, a wafer-level hybrid circuit 2, an active feed network 3, a frequency multiplier 4N times, an emission source 5, a frequency mixer 6, a frequency multiplier 7M times, a local vibration source 8, an artificial neural network 9, a wave controller 10 and an artificial intelligent library 11.
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Detailed Description
See fig. 1-5. In an embodiment described below, a terahertz active phased array antenna includes: terahertz antenna array 1 wafer level hybrid circuit 2, active feed network 3 that connect in order, wherein: the active feed network 3 is connected with an artificial neural network 9 which is connected with a wave controller 10 and an artificial intelligence library 11, and is also connected with a transmitting source 5 which passes through an N-time frequency multiplier 4, a mixer 6 which is connected with a user receiving terminal and a local vibration source 8 which is connected with the mixer 6 through an M-time frequency multiplier 7. The method is characterized in that: in a receiving/transmitting state, a radio frequency signal transmitted by a transmitting source 5 is frequency-multiplied to a terahertz frequency band through an N-time frequency multiplier 4, and an active feed network 3 acquires a transmitting signal of the terahertz frequency band and distributes the transmitting signal to a terahertz array antenna 1 through a wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 for beam synthesis and beam scanning; and then, after a terahertz echo signal returned from the target direction is received by the terahertz array antenna 1, the terahertz echo signal enters the active feed network 3 through the wafer-level mixing circuit 2, a terahertz receiving signal is sent to the frequency mixer 6, meanwhile, a local oscillation signal obtained by the local oscillation source 8 through the M-time frequency multiplier 7 enters the frequency mixer 6 to perform difference frequency mixing with the terahertz receiving signal, an obtained difference frequency signal changing along with the frequency is sent to a user receiving terminal, and the spectrum type ellipsometry and high-precision imaging are completed.
In the whole receiving/transmitting state, the wave beam synthesis and the wave beam scanning of the terahertz active phased array antenna are both started and connected with an artificial intelligence library 11 of an artificial neural network 9 under the control of a wave controller 10, the artificial neural network 9 compares the obtained accumulation of hardware circuit errors of a transmitting link or the receiving link of the terahertz active phased array antenna with the correlation of a priori knowledge data sample according to the input priori knowledge data sample of the artificial intelligence library 11, if the correlation is greater than 0.999, the artificial neural network 9 directly calls an amplitude control code matrix and a phase control code matrix in the priori knowledge data sample and outputs the amplitude control code matrix and the phase control code matrix to a wafer-level hybrid circuit 2, and the wave beam synthesis and the wave beam scanning of the terahertz active phased array antenna under the error correction condition are completed; if the correlation is not larger than 0.999, the artificial neural network 9 starts an automatic quantization algorithm to correct the amplification, phase shift and real-time dynamic errors of the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2, correct the real-time dynamic errors of the N-time frequency multiplier 4, the active feed network 3, the M-time frequency multiplier 7 and the mixer 6, finally output a new set of amplitude control code matrix and phase control code matrix to meet the beam synthesis and beam scanning of the terahertz active phased array antenna, store the obtained new data sample into the artificial intelligence library 11, and continuously update the artificial intelligence library 11, so that the artificial neural network 9 has the autonomous sensing, coping and evolution capabilities, and the artificial intelligence of the artificial neural network 9 is enhanced.
In an optional embodiment, taking an 8 × 8 active phased array antenna working at 336GHz to 384GHz as an example, when the terahertz active phased array antenna works in a transmitting state, a radio frequency signal with a working frequency band of 28GHz to 32GHz, which is sent by a transmitting source 5, is frequency-multiplied (x 12) to 336GHz to 384GHz by an N-fold frequency multiplier 4, and then is distributed to a wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 by an active feed network 3, and under the control of a wave controller 10, the terahertz active phased array antenna starts an artificial intelligence library 11, inputs a priori knowledge data sample to an artificial neural network 9, so that amplification, phase shifting and real-time dynamic error correction of the transmitting signal are realized, and finally, beam synthesis and beam scanning are realized by the terahertz array antenna 1.
When the terahertz active phased-array antenna works in a receiving state, a terahertz array antenna 1 receives an echo signal in a 336 GHz-384 GHz frequency band and transmits the echo signal to a wafer-level hybrid circuit 2, under the control of a wave controller 10, the terahertz active phased-array antenna starts an artificial intelligence library 11, a priori knowledge data sample is input to an artificial neural network 9, amplification, phase shifting and real-time dynamic error correction of a received terahertz signal are achieved, and the received terahertz signal is combined by an active feed network 3 and then transmitted to a mixer 6; meanwhile, the local oscillation signal with the working frequency band of 27.9 GHz-31.9 GHz sent by the local oscillation source 8 is subjected to frequency multiplication (multiplied by 6) by an M-time frequency multiplier 7, then the local oscillation signal with the working frequency band of 167.4 GHz-191.4 GHz is output, enters a second harmonic mixing mixer 6, is converged to receive the signal with the working frequency band of 336 GHz-384 GHz which is subjected to down-conversion to 1.2GHz and is sent to a user receiving terminal, and under the control of a wave controller 10, the terahertz active phased array antenna starts an artificial intelligence library 11, inputs a priori knowledge data sample to an artificial neural network 9, corrects the dynamic phase error which is introduced under the conditions of the local oscillation source and the non-coherent emission source and changes along with the frequency, and finally completes the target detection and imaging of the user receiving terminal.
1) When the terahertz active phased-array antenna works in a transmitting state:
in the first step, the artificial neural network 9 autonomously senses and acquires the accumulation of hardware circuit errors of the terahertz active phased array antenna transmission link.
After the frequency of the radio frequency signal with the working frequency band of 28 GHz-32 GHz sent by the emission source 5 is multiplied by the N-time frequency multiplier 4 to 336 GHz-384 GHz, the introduced signal amplitude error is α1(t) phase error β1(t) and changes in value with changes in the operating temperature t.
After the terahertz signal enters the active feed network 3 through the N-time frequency multiplier 4, the introduced amplitude error α of the active feed network 32(t) and phase error β2And (t) the amplitude/phase error of the channel consistency of the 1-to-64 power division network and the amplitude/phase error of the driving stage power amplifier integrated in the network are contained, and the value of the amplitude/phase error changes along with the change of the working temperature t.
The terahertz signal enters the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 through the active feed network 3 to finish the amplification and phase shift of the transmitted signal, and the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 integrates a final-stage power amplifier and a phase shifter and can introduce a wafer64-channel signal amplitude error α of stage hybrid circuit 23(t) and phase error β3(t) and changes in value with changes in the operating temperature t.
Therefore, when the terahertz active phased-array antenna works in a transmitting state, the accumulation of hardware circuit errors of a transmitting link is autonomously sensed by the artificial neural network 9, and the total amplitude error of the hardware circuit is
Phase error of
The unit of the signal amplitude error is 'w' and the unit of the phase error is 'rad'.
And secondly, the artificial neural network 9 corrects real-time dynamic amplitude/phase errors of the terahertz active phased array antenna to realize transmitting beam synthesis and beam scanning. Under the instruction control of the wave controller 10, the artificial intelligence library 11 outputs a priori knowledge data sample
And carrying out correlation comparison on the artificial neural network 9. If the correlation R isiA＝|α(t)/σi0.999 and Riφ＝|β(t)/iIf the condition is satisfied when the value is greater than 0.999, the artificial neural network 9 directly calls the ith priori knowledge data sample
Amplitude control code matrix of terahertz active phased-array antenna
And phase control code matrix
And the output is transmitted to a wafer level hybrid circuit 2, and the transmission beam synthesis and beam scanning of the terahertz phased array antenna under the condition of error correction are realized. If the correlation R isiA＝|α(t)/σi0.999 and Riφ＝|β(t)/iIf the condition of | is greater than 0.999 cannot be met at the same time, the artificial neural network 9 starts an automatic quantification algorithm and outputs a group of new amplitude control code matrixes meeting the requirements of terahertz phased-array antenna transmission beam synthesis and beam scanning
And phase control code matrix
And (3) the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 is provided, the obtained group of samples are stored in the artificial intelligence library 11, and the artificial intelligence library 11 is continuously updated, so that the artificial neural network 9 has autonomous perception, response and evolution capabilities, and the artificial intelligence of the artificial neural network 9 is enhanced.
The prior knowledge data sample
Wherein, i is 1,2, …,50000 is the number of samples, the maximum amount is 50000, and can be updated in real time; sigmaiFor the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Pre-storing an amplitude error value;ifor the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Pre-storing a phase error value;
for the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Amplitude error ofiThe amplitude control code matrix of the corresponding terahertz active phased array antenna,
for the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Phase error ofiThe corresponding phase control code matrix of the terahertz active phased array antenna, in this embodiment
And
the matrix size was 8 × 8.
Fig. 2 and 3 show that when the terahertz active phased-array antenna of the present invention operates at 360GHz, the cell spacing is 0.4mm, and the transmission beam scans 30 degrees, the artificial neural network 9 respectively obtains an amplitude error correction diagram and a phase error correction diagram by using an automatic quantization algorithm, and it can be seen from fig. 2 and 3 that the result output by the artificial neural network 9 is consistent with a target value, so as to achieve a good effect.
2) When the terahertz active phased array works in a receiving state:
in the first step, the artificial neural network 9 autonomously senses and acquires the accumulation of hardware circuit errors of the terahertz active phased array antenna receiving link. The terahertz antenna array 1 receives a terahertz signal with a frequency range of 336 GHz-384 GHz and then enters the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2, and after amplification and phase shifting of the received signal are completed, the amplitude error of the introduced signal is1(t) phase error η1(t) of (d). The wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 integrates the final-stage low-noise amplifier and the phase shifter, which may cause signal amplitude errors of 64 channels of the wafer-level hybrid circuit 21(t) and phase error η1(t) will vary in value with changes in the operating temperature t.
After 64 terahertz signals received by the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 enter the active feed network 3, the signal amplitude error of an 8 × 8 channel introduced into the active feed network 3 is2(t) phase error η2(t) of (d). The active feed network 3 integrates the driving stage low noise amplifier, which may cause signal amplitude errors of 64 channels of the active feed network 32(t) and phase error η2(t) changes in value with changes in operating temperature t. Meanwhile, the local oscillator signal with the working frequency band of 27.9 GHz-31.9 GHz sent by the local oscillator source 8 is multiplied by the M-times frequency multiplier 7 and then outputs the local oscillator signal with the working frequency band of 167.4 GHz-191.4 GHz, and the amplitude error of the introduced local oscillator signal is3(t) phase error η3(t) of (d). The amplitude error of the local oscillator signal3(t) and phase error η3(t) will vary in value with changes in the operating temperature t.
Finally, after the local oscillation signal output from the M-time frequency multiplier 7 enters the mixer 6 of second harmonic frequency mixing, the local oscillation signal is combined with the received signal of which the working frequency band is 336 GHz-384 GHz and the terahertz signal is down-converted to 1.2GHz to be sent to the user receiving terminal. In the process, the local vibration source 8 and the emission source 5 respectively adopt different working frequencies, so that dynamic amplitude errors changing along with the working frequency f are introduced into the down-conversion signals4(f) And dynamic phase error η4(f) In that respect Signal amplitude error4(f) And phase error η4(f) The value of the frequency mixer 6 changes with the change of the working frequency f of the emission source 5 and the local oscillator 8, and the frequency mixer is a dynamic quantity which changes with the working frequency f. Therefore, when the terahertz active phased array antenna works in a receiving state, the accumulation of hardware circuit errors of a receiving link is autonomously sensed through the artificial neural network 9, and the total amplitude error of the hardware circuit is
Phase error of
And secondly, the artificial neural network 9 corrects real-time dynamic amplitude/phase errors of the terahertz active phased array antenna to realize receiving beam synthesis and beam scanning. Under the instruction control of the wave controller 10, the artificial intelligence library 11 outputs a priori knowledge data sample
And carrying out correlation comparison on the artificial neural network 9. If the correlation R isiA＝|(t,f)/σi0.999 and Riφ＝|η(t,f)/i|＞0.999 simultaneously meets the condition, the artificial neural network 9 directly calls the ith priori knowledge data sample
Amplitude control code matrix of terahertz active phased-array antenna
And phase control code matrix
And for the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2, the receiving beam synthesis and the beam scanning of the terahertz active phased-array antenna under the condition of error correction are realized. If the correlation R isiA＝|(t,f)/σi0.999 and Riφ＝|η(t,f)|iIf the condition of | is greater than 0.999 cannot be met at the same time, the artificial neural network 9 starts an automatic quantization algorithm and outputs a group of new amplitude control code matrixes meeting the requirements of terahertz active phased-array antenna receiving beam synthesis and beam scanning
And phase control code matrix
To the wafer level hybrid 2. And the obtained group of samples are stored in the artificial intelligence library 11, and the artificial intelligence library 11 is continuously updated, so that the artificial neural network 9 has the capabilities of autonomous perception, response and evolution, and the artificial intelligence of the artificial neural network 9 is enhanced.
Fig. 4 and 5 show that when the terahertz active phased array antenna of the present invention operates at 360GHz, the unit spacing is 0.4mm, the received beam scans at 45 degrees, and the taylor weight is 20dB, the artificial neural network 9 respectively obtains an amplitude error correction diagram and a phase error correction diagram by using an automatic quantization algorithm, and it can be seen from fig. 4 and 5 that the result output by the artificial neural network 9 is consistent with a target value, so as to achieve a good effect.
In the scheme, the wafer-level hybrid circuit 2 is a hybrid analog and digital circuit, integrates elements such as a final-stage power amplifier, a final-stage low-noise amplifier, a switch, a power compensation circuit, an attenuator, a phase shifter, a serial port circuit, digital control, a capacitor and a resistor, and mainly has the function of amplifying and shifting terahertz signals of the terahertz active phased-array antenna.
In the above scheme, the artificial neural network 9 is a deep neural network, and may also be a BP neural network, a knowledge artificial neural network, a radial basis function neural network, a self-organizing competition artificial neural network, or a recurrent neural network.
In the scheme, the artificial neural network algorithm is an automatic quantification algorithm, and can also be a Fletcher-Reeves algorithm, a Polak-Ribier algorithm, a Powell-Belle algorithm, a Quasi-Newton algorithm and a Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
In the scheme, the active feed network 3 integrates the driving-stage power amplifier and the driving-stage low-noise amplifier, so that the final-stage power amplifier can work in saturation when the terahertz active phased-array antenna transmits, and the gain of a receiving link can meet the requirement of a user receiving terminal when receiving.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A terahertz active phased array antenna, comprising: terahertz antenna array (1) wafer level hybrid circuit (2), active feed network (3) that connect in order, its characterized in that: active feed network (3) are connected with artificial neural network (9) of continuous ripples accuse ware (10) and artificial intelligence storehouse (11), still are connected with emission source (5) through N times frequency multiplier (4) simultaneously to and connect user receiving terminal's mixer (6) and through M times local vibration source (8) that frequency multiplier (7) link to each other, its characterized in that: in a receiving/transmitting state, a radio frequency signal transmitted by a transmitting source (5) is frequency-multiplied to a terahertz frequency band through an N-time frequency multiplier (4), an active feed network (3) acquires a transmission signal of the terahertz frequency band, and the transmission signal is distributed to a terahertz array antenna (1) through a wafer-level hybrid circuit (2) to perform beam synthesis and beam scanning; and then, after a terahertz echo signal returned from the target direction is received by the terahertz array antenna (1), the terahertz echo signal enters the active feed network (3) through the wafer-level hybrid circuit (2), a terahertz received signal is sent to the mixer (6), meanwhile, a local oscillation signal obtained by the local oscillation source (8) through the M-time frequency multiplier (7) enters the mixer (6) to be subjected to difference frequency mixing with the terahertz received signal, an obtained difference frequency signal changing along with the frequency is sent to a user receiving terminal, and spectrum type ellipsometry and high-precision imaging are completed.
2. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 1, wherein: in the whole receiving/transmitting state, the wave beam synthesis and the wave beam scanning of the terahertz active phased array antenna are both controlled by a wave controller (10), an artificial intelligence library (11) connected with an artificial neural network (9) is started, the artificial neural network (9) compares the obtained accumulation of hardware circuit errors of a transmitting link or the receiving link of the terahertz active phased array antenna with the correlation of a priori knowledge data sample according to the input priori knowledge data sample of the artificial intelligence library (11), if the correlation is larger than 0.999, the artificial neural network (9) directly calls an amplitude control code matrix and a phase control code matrix in the priori knowledge data sample and outputs the amplitude control code matrix and the phase control code matrix to a wafer-level hybrid circuit (2), and the wave beam synthesis and the wave beam scanning of the terahertz active phased array antenna under the condition of error correction are completed.
3. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 2, wherein: if the correlation is not larger than 0.999, the artificial neural network (9) starts an automatic quantization algorithm to correct the amplification, phase shift and real-time dynamic errors of the wafer-level hybrid circuit (2), correct the real-time dynamic errors of the N-time frequency multiplier (4), the active feed network (3), the M-time frequency multiplier (7) and the mixer (6), finally output a new set of amplitude control code matrix and phase control code matrix to meet the beam synthesis and beam scanning of the terahertz active phased array antenna, store the obtained new data sample into the artificial intelligence library (11), and continuously update the artificial intelligence library (11) so as to accelerate the artificial neural network (9) to have the capabilities of autonomous perception, response and evolution and enhance the artificial intelligence of the artificial neural network (9).
4. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 1, wherein: in a transmitting state, a radio frequency signal with a working frequency band of 28 GHz-32 GHz, which is transmitted by a transmitting source (5), is subjected to frequency multiplication of multiplied frequency multiplied by 12 through an N-time frequency multiplier (4) to a frequency band of 336 GHz-384 GHz, and then is distributed to a wafer-level hybrid circuit (2) through an active feed network (3), under the control of a wave controller (10), a terahertz active phased array antenna starts an artificial intelligence library (11), inputs a priori knowledge data sample to an artificial neural network (9), so that amplification, phase shifting and real-time dynamic error correction of the transmitted signal are realized, and finally beam synthesis and beam scanning are realized through the terahertz array antenna (1).
5. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 1, wherein: in a receiving state, after receiving a 336 GHz-384 GHz frequency band echo signal, the terahertz array antenna (1) transmits the signal to a wafer-level hybrid circuit (2), and under the control of a wave controller (10), the terahertz active phased array antenna starts an artificial intelligence library (11), inputs a priori knowledge data sample to an artificial neural network (9), realizes the amplification, phase shift and real-time dynamic error correction of the received terahertz signal, and then transmits the signal to a mixer (6) after being combined by an active feed network (3); meanwhile, a local oscillation signal with the working frequency band of 27.9 GHz-31.9 GHz sent by the local oscillation source (8) is multiplied by 6 through the M-time frequency multiplier (7), then the local oscillation signal with the working frequency band of 167.4 GHz-191.4 GHz is output, the local oscillation signal enters the mixer (6) of second harmonic mixing, the local oscillation signal is converged to receive a signal with the working frequency band of 336 GHz-384 GHz, the signal is down converted to 1.2GHz, the signal is sent to a user receiving terminal, the terahertz active phased array antenna starts an artificial intelligence library (11) under the control of the wave controller (10), a priori knowledge data sample is input to an artificial neural network (9), a dynamic phase error which changes along with the frequency and is introduced under the condition that the local oscillation source and the emission source are not coherent is corrected, and the target detection and imaging of the user receiving terminal are finally completed.
6. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 1, wherein: the wafer-level hybrid circuit (2) is a hybrid analog and digital circuit, and integrates a final power amplifier, a final low-noise amplifier, a switch, a power compensation circuit, an attenuator, a phase shifter, a serial port circuit, digital control, a capacitor and a resistor element; the active feed network (3) integrates a driver-level power amplifier and a driver-level low noise amplifier.
7. The THz active phased-array antenna according to claim 6, characterized in that when the THz active phased-array antenna is in a transmitting state, the introduced signal amplitude error is α after the frequency of the radio frequency signal with the working frequency band of 28 GHz-32 GHz sent by the transmitting source (5) is multiplied to the frequency band of 336 GHz-384 GHz by the N-time frequency multiplier (4)1(t) phase error β1(t) amplitude error α of the active feed network (3)2(t) and phase error β2(t) comprises the channel consistency amplitude/phase error of the 1-to-64 power division network and the amplitude/phase error of the drive-stage power amplifier integrated therein, and the signal amplitude errors α of 64 channels are introduced when the amplification and phase shifting of the transmission signals are completed in the wafer-level hybrid circuit (2)3(t), phase error β3And (t) comprises amplitude/phase errors of the final power amplifier and amplitude/phase errors of the phase shifter which are integrated in the power amplifier.
8. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 7, wherein: the accumulation of hardware circuit errors of the transmitting link is autonomously sensed by an artificial neural network (9), and the total amplitude error of the hardware circuit is
Phase error of
9. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 1, wherein: under the instruction control of the wave controller (10), the artificial intelligence library (11) outputs a priori knowledge data sample
And (5) carrying out correlation comparison on the artificial neural network (9). If the correlation R isiA＝|α(t)/σi0.999 and Riφ＝|β(t)/iIf the condition is satisfied when the value is greater than 0.999, the artificial neural network (9) directly calls the ith priori knowledge data sample
Amplitude control code matrix of terahertz active phased-array antenna
And phase control code matrix
And the output is transmitted to a wafer-level hybrid circuit (2), and the transmission beam synthesis and beam scanning of the terahertz phased array antenna under the condition of error correction are realized. If the correlation R isiA＝|α(t)/σi0.999 and Riφ＝|β(t)/iIf the condition that the condition is greater than 0.999 cannot be met at the same time, the artificial neural network (9) starts an automatic quantization algorithm and outputs a group of new amplitude control code matrixes meeting the requirements of terahertz phased-array antenna emission beam synthesis and beam scanning
And phase control code matrix
To a wafer level hybrid circuit (2), where i is the number of samples, σiFor the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Pre-storing an amplitude error value;ifor the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Pre-storing a phase error value;
for the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Amplitude error ofiThe amplitude control code matrix of the corresponding terahertz active phased array antenna,
for the ith a priori knowledge data sample
Phase error ofiAnd the phase control code matrix of the corresponding terahertz active phased array antenna.
10. The terahertz active phased array antenna of claim 1, wherein: after the local oscillation signal output from the M-time frequency multiplier (7) enters a mixer (6) for second harmonic mixing, the local oscillation signal is converged to receive an incoming signal of which the working frequency band is 336 GHz-384 GHz and the terahertz signal is down-converted to 1.2GHz, and the incoming signal is sent to a user receiving terminal. In the process, the local vibration source (8) and the emission source (5) respectively adopt different working frequencies, so that dynamic amplitude errors changing along with the working frequency f are introduced into down-conversion signals4(f) And dynamic phase error η4(f) In that respect Signal amplitude error4(f) And phase error η4(f) The value of the frequency mixer (6) is changed along with the change of the working frequency f of the emission source (5) and the local vibration source (8), and the frequency mixer is a dynamic quantity which is changed along with the working frequency f. When the terahertz active phased array antenna works in a receiving state, the accumulation of hardware circuit errors of a receiving link is autonomously sensed by an artificial neural network (9), and the total amplitude error of the hardware circuit is
Phase error of
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,1(t) and η1(t) the signal amplitude error and phase error of 64 channels of the wafer-level hybrid circuit (2) introduced by the wafer-level hybrid circuit (2) due to the integration of the final-stage low-noise amplifier and the phase shifter, respectively,2(t) and η2(t) signal amplitude error and phase error of 64 channels of the active feed network (3) introduced by the active feed network (3) integrating the driver level low noise amplifier,3(t) and η3(t) amplitude error and phase error of local oscillation signal introduced when the local oscillation signal is output after frequency multiplication by the M-time frequency multiplier (7) respectively,4(f) and η4(f) Respectively, a dynamic amplitude error and a phase error which are introduced by the down-converted signal of the mixer (6) and vary with the operating frequency f.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010355056.4A CN111541048B (en) | 2020-04-29 | 2020-04-29 | Terahertz active phased array antenna |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010355056.4A CN111541048B (en) | 2020-04-29 | 2020-04-29 | Terahertz active phased array antenna |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN111541048A true CN111541048A (en) | 2020-08-14 |
| CN111541048B CN111541048B (en) | 2021-06-15 |
Family
ID=71979010
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010355056.4A Active CN111541048B (en) | 2020-04-29 | 2020-04-29 | Terahertz active phased array antenna |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN111541048B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112865849A (en) * | 2021-04-13 | 2021-05-28 | 浙江集速合芯科技有限公司 | Network for simulating phased array beam forming |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6369545B1 (en) * | 1999-08-17 | 2002-04-09 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Neural network controlled power distribution element |
| US20030103218A1 (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2003-06-05 | Xinhui Niu | Optical profilometry of additional-material deviations in a periodic grating |
| CN107340269A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-11-10 | 吉林大学 | The closely ultra wide band Terahertz 3-D imaging system and method for lossless detection |
| CN207352187U (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2018-05-11 | 深圳市无牙太赫兹科技有限公司 | Millimeter wave real time imagery safety detecting system |
| CN108051791A (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2018-05-18 | 中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所 | A kind of phased-array radar universal calibration device |
| CN108919214A (en) * | 2018-08-08 | 2018-11-30 | 航天南湖电子信息技术股份有限公司 | A kind of phased-array radar number T/R component amplitude and phase correction device and its bearing calibration |
| CN110806260A (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2020-02-18 | 天津大学 | Ultrasonic levitation three-dimensional manipulation control method and system based on neural network |
| CN110988809A (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2020-04-10 | 中国电子科技集团公司第二十研究所 | Phased array front end based on nonlinear active antenna |
| CN111025407A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-17 | 北京遥测技术研究所 | Non-sensing high-flux millimeter wave radar security inspection device and method |
-
2020
- 2020-04-29 CN CN202010355056.4A patent/CN111541048B/en active Active
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6369545B1 (en) * | 1999-08-17 | 2002-04-09 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Neural network controlled power distribution element |
| US20030103218A1 (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2003-06-05 | Xinhui Niu | Optical profilometry of additional-material deviations in a periodic grating |
| CN107340269A (en) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-11-10 | 吉林大学 | The closely ultra wide band Terahertz 3-D imaging system and method for lossless detection |
| CN207352187U (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2018-05-11 | 深圳市无牙太赫兹科技有限公司 | Millimeter wave real time imagery safety detecting system |
| CN108051791A (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2018-05-18 | 中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所 | A kind of phased-array radar universal calibration device |
| CN108919214A (en) * | 2018-08-08 | 2018-11-30 | 航天南湖电子信息技术股份有限公司 | A kind of phased-array radar number T/R component amplitude and phase correction device and its bearing calibration |
| CN110806260A (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2020-02-18 | 天津大学 | Ultrasonic levitation three-dimensional manipulation control method and system based on neural network |
| CN110988809A (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2020-04-10 | 中国电子科技集团公司第二十研究所 | Phased array front end based on nonlinear active antenna |
| CN111025407A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-04-17 | 北京遥测技术研究所 | Non-sensing high-flux millimeter wave radar security inspection device and method |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112865849A (en) * | 2021-04-13 | 2021-05-28 | 浙江集速合芯科技有限公司 | Network for simulating phased array beam forming |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN111541048B (en) | 2021-06-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN110739527B (en) | Beam reconstruction method, antenna, microwave equipment and network system | |
| CN108627827B (en) | Device and method for realizing millimeter wave radar wide-area long-distance target detection | |
| US10340602B2 (en) | Retro-directive quasi-optical system | |
| Chen et al. | Virtual phase shifter array and its application on Ku band mobile satellite reception | |
| US20050190104A1 (en) | Phased array antenna including a distributed phase calibrator and associated method | |
| CN104038706A (en) | Terahertz passive type color focal plane-based camera | |
| US4766437A (en) | Antenna apparatus having means for changing the antenna radiation pattern | |
| CN111541048B (en) | Terahertz active phased array antenna | |
| Nissanov et al. | High gain terahertz microstrip array antenna for future generation cellular communication | |
| CN114002665B (en) | Equivalent far field RCS (radar cross section) testing method applying terahertz scaling measurement | |
| US4654666A (en) | Passive frequency scanning radiometer | |
| Hay et al. | A beam-scanning dual-polarized fan-beam antenna suitable for millimeter wavelengths | |
| CN112485764B (en) | Retro-reflector with echo enhancement and phase shift modulation functions | |
| EP0358342A1 (en) | A microwave radiometer | |
| Coulombe et al. | Submillimeter-wave polarimetric compact ranges for scale-model radar measurements | |
| Marzall et al. | Active and passive components for broadband transmit phased arrays: Broadband transmit front-end components | |
| CN110471059A (en) | A kind of miniaturization mm-wave imaging radar installations | |
| US6861971B2 (en) | Transponder having high phase stability, particularly for synthetic aperture radar, or sar, systems | |
| EP4231024A1 (en) | Apparatus and method for measuring strength of signal | |
| García-Pino et al. | Bifocal reflector antenna system for radar imaging at 300 GHz | |
| Wang et al. | A low cost 24-GHz FMCW radar for automobile application | |
| Sun et al. | Terahertz imaging based on sparse MIMO array | |
| CN112305515A (en) | Signal processing method, signal processing system and millimeter wave sensor chip | |
| Hannachi et al. | Gain Enhancement of a Conical Horn Antenna using Converging Lenses in Line-of-sight Millimeter-wave Links | |
| Basbug | Design of circular array with yagi-uda corner reflector antenna elements and camera trap image collector application |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |