CN111525089B - Low-temperature lithium ion battery with energy density and safety - Google Patents
Low-temperature lithium ion battery with energy density and safety Download PDFInfo
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- CN111525089B CN111525089B CN202010639355.0A CN202010639355A CN111525089B CN 111525089 B CN111525089 B CN 111525089B CN 202010639355 A CN202010639355 A CN 202010639355A CN 111525089 B CN111525089 B CN 111525089B
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000009863 impact test Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N adiponitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCC#N BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- VTHRQKSLPFJQHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[2-(2-cyanoethoxy)ethoxy]propanenitrile Chemical compound N#CCCOCCOCCC#N VTHRQKSLPFJQHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910004706 CaSi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910004709 CaSi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010941 LiFSI Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013874 LiPF2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 8
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 4
- HMDDXIMCDZRSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Si] Chemical compound [C].[Si] HMDDXIMCDZRSNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002000 Electrolyte additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- OBNDGIHQAIXEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Si] Chemical compound [O].[Si] OBNDGIHQAIXEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006256 anode slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002055 nanoplate Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000020897 Formins Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012820 LiCoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
The invention discloses a low-temperature lithium ion battery with high energy density and high safety. The invention utilizes the rapid electron conduction and ion conduction characteristics of the two-dimensional silicon nanosheets to fundamentally solve the problem of poor low-temperature performance of the high-capacity lithium ion battery, and further improves the energy density of the battery while ensuring the safety of the low-temperature battery by utilizing the firm crystal structure of the high-voltage 4.45V lithium cobalt oxide. The low-temperature lithium ion battery provided by the invention has the energy density of 257Wh/kg, can release 80% of capacity at the temperature of minus 40 ℃, and can pass severe needling and heavy impact tests under the full-charge state of 4.45V. The low-temperature lithium ion battery has wide application space, and particularly has great application potential in the aspect of special equipment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of low-temperature lithium ion batteries, in particular to a low-temperature lithium ion battery which can achieve both high energy density and high safety.
Background
Lithium ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic products, electric tools, electric vehicles, large-scale energy storage systems, and the like due to their high energy density, good cycle performance, and rate capability. Low temperature batteries that also combine high energy density with high safety have a large market, especially in military applications. Since the lithium ion transfer rate in the lithium ion battery is reduced at low temperature, the discharge performance of the lithium ion battery is sharply deteriorated at low temperature. Therefore, improving the reaction kinetics of the battery material at low temperature and reducing the battery impedance are key to solving the problem of low temperature performance degradation of the battery. However, the silicon-based materials used for the current high energy density battery negative electrodes have poor conductivity, resulting in poor low temperature discharge performance. At present, in the aspect of high-capacity low-temperature lithium ion batteries, the carbon material in a silicon carbon/graphite mixture is modified to increase the rapid ion conduction capability of the carbon material, but the carbon material is not a core material for improving the capacity and has a limited capability of improving the energy density of the battery. Patent CN109509881A discloses a high-capacity low-temperature lithium ion battery, in which the negative active material is a mixture of silicon carbon and graphite, and the surface modification of graphite improves the low-temperature performance of the battery. If the content of the silicon-based material is increased, the low-temperature performance of the battery is deteriorated. Therefore, the improvement of the low-temperature charge and discharge performance of the silicon-based material is the basis of the research and development of the high-capacity low-temperature battery. At present, the patents of low-temperature batteries which simultaneously consider high safety and high energy density are less, and patent CN109742339A discloses an ultralow-temperature high-safety polymer lithium ion battery with high specific energy, wherein a graphitized carbon material is used as a negative electrode, and the improvement of the energy density of the battery is limited. In addition, the low-temperature battery adopts a low-temperature electrolyte system, the low-temperature battery has high activity and low boiling point, and is inflammable and explosive at high temperature, so that the safety performance of the battery is poor, and particularly, the safety performance cannot be guaranteed at high energy density.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at the defects of the prior art; the present invention is proposed.
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are as follows:
1. conventional silicon carbon cathodes for enhanced capacity have poor electron and ion conductivity, resulting in poor low temperature performance of high temperature capacity lithium ion batteries. In addition, the high-capacity low-temperature battery with the silicon-containing cathode only modifies the carbon material, and the problem is not solved fundamentally. The first technical problem to be solved by the invention is how to safely improve the electron-conducting and ion-conducting capabilities of the cathode of the low-temperature lithium ion battery material.
2. The low-temperature battery adopts a low-temperature electrolyte system, so that the low-temperature battery has high activity and low boiling point, and is inflammable and explosive at high temperature, so that the safety performance of the battery is poor. The second technical problem to be solved by the invention is how to develop a material system which does not cause thermal runaway of the low-temperature electrolyte in the case of battery abuse.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a low-temperature lithium ion battery with high energy density and high safety.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a low temperature lithium ion battery having both high energy density and high safety, comprising: the battery comprises a positive plate, a negative plate, a diaphragm, electrolyte and a battery packaging material;
positive plateThe aluminum foil comprises aluminum foil with certain thickness and a mixture consisting of a positive active material, a binder and a conductive agent coated on the aluminum foil. Wherein the positive electrode active material is 4.45V high voltage lithium cobaltate, the gram capacity of the positive electrode active material is 180mAh/g, the D50 is 15.5 μm, Dmax is less than or equal to 55 μm, and the compaction density of the positive electrode is 3.8g/cm3-4.3g/cm3. Preferably, the conductive agent used in the positive electrode is selected from one or more of ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The thickness of the aluminum foil is 16-30 μm.
The negative plate comprises a copper foil with a certain thickness and a mixture consisting of a negative active material, a binder and a conductive agent coated on the copper foil. The negative active material is a mixture of two-dimensional silicon-based nanosheets and graphite. Preferably, the conductive agent used for the negative electrode is one or more selected from ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The thickness of the copper foil is 10-25 μm.
The ratio of the capacity of the negative electrode active material to the capacity of the positive electrode active material is 1.08 to 1.1.
The diaphragm uses a wet PE basal membrane and a single-sided ceramic coating. The thickness of the diaphragm is 16 +/-2 mu m, and the ceramic coating is composed of a mixture of aluminum oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride.
The electrolyte is a low-temperature electrolyte and comprises a solvent, lithium salt and an additive. Wherein the solvent comprises EC (ethylene carbonate), PC (propylene carbonate), EA (ethyl acetate), EP (ethyl propionate). Preferably, the lithium salt is selected from LiPF6、LiPF2O2One or more of LiTFSI, LiFSI. The concentration of lithium salt is 14-18%. Additives include PS (1, 3-propane sultone), FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate), ADN (adiponitrile), done (ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether). In order to realize high energy density and high safety at the same time, the low-temperature lithium ion battery needs a high-capacity negative active material capable of rapidly conducting lithium ions and electrons, and simultaneously needs to solve thermal runaway caused by abuse of the low-temperature lithium ion battery.
Preferably, the additive accounts for 3-11% of the total electrolyte by mass; the additive is prepared from 1, 3-propane sultone, fluoroethylene carbonate, adiponitrile and ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether according to the mass ratio; 1, 3-propane sultone: fluoroethylene carbonate: adiponitrile: ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether =2:6:1:1 composition.
The two-dimensional silicon-based nanosheet is at least one selected from two-dimensional silica nanosheets and two-dimensional silicon nanosheets.
In the invention, the average thickness of the two-dimensional silicon-based nanosheet is less than 50nm, and the plane size is 8-25 μm.
In the invention, the two-dimensional silica nanosheet is prepared by the following method: using CaSi2The powder is used as a silicon source, hydrochloric acid is used as a stripping agent, and CaSi is ultrasonically stripped at room temperature2Obtaining the two-dimensional siloxene nano-sheet, and finally annealing for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 300-900 ℃ in vacuum or protective atmosphere to obtain the two-dimensional siloxene nano-sheet.
In the invention, the two-dimensional silicon nanosheet is prepared by the following method: mixing CaSi2MCl of powder under vacuumxAnd (3) stripping in an environment of molten salt (M = Cu, Zn and Al), and pickling to obtain the two-dimensional silicon nanosheet.
An electron scanning micrograph of the obtained two-dimensional silica nanosheet is shown in fig. 1, and the problems of poor conductivity of a silicon cathode and slow lithium ion alloying and dealloying reaction kinetics at low temperature are solved by utilizing the characteristics of fast electron conduction and ions of a two-dimensional structure. The graphite mixed in the negative electrode is mainly used for improving the first coulomb efficiency of the negative electrode. It is considered that the first coulombic efficiency of the negative active material is too low to greatly consume active lithium ions in the positive electrode material. And the volume change of the pole piece caused by the silicon in the charging and discharging process. Therefore, the mass fraction of the two-dimensional silica nanosheets in the negative electrode active material is 18% or less, preferably 8.5 to 9.5%, and more preferably 9%, and the mass fraction of the two-dimensional silica nanosheets in the negative electrode active material is 10% or less, preferably 3 to 5%, and more preferably 5%.
Preventing thermal runaway of low-temperature lithium ion batteries under abuse conditions: (1) the high-voltage lithium cobalt oxide material is used as the positive electrode, so that the battery has a higher voltage platform, and meanwhile, under extreme use scenes such as needling and the like, the positive electrode material does not generate oxygen, the battery is ensured not to generate thermal runaway, and meanwhile, the safety and the energy density of the battery are improved. (2) The diaphragm is coated by ceramic, the coating is a mixture of aluminum oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride, and the ceramic coating is used for the anode, so that the oxidation resistance of the anode material and the heat resistance and strength of the diaphragm are further improved. (3) The electrolyte uses EC (ethylene carbonate), PC (propylene carbonate), EA (ethyl acetate) and EP (ethyl propionate) as solvents, wherein EA has a low melting point (minus 70 ℃) and can form a compact SEI film, and the decomposition of the negative electrode SEI film can be prevented while the low-temperature performance of the battery is improved. And the electrolyte additive is PS (1, 3-propane sultone), FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate), ADN (adiponitrile) and DENE (ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether). Wherein, FEC forms the compact SEI membrane and does not increase the impedance, and produce gas and decompose LiF (lithium fluoride) and connect silicon and SEI membrane, promote the adhesion effect between silicon and SEI membrane, and moreover, its fluorine-containing structure is high pressure resistant. The AND AND DENE are positive electrode film forming agents which improve the structural stability of the positive electrode material in a high voltage state AND improve the oxidation resistance of the electrolyte.
The energy density of the low-temperature lithium ion battery is more than or equal to 250Wh/kg, and the discharge capacity retention rate of 0.5C at-40 ℃ is more than or equal to 79 percent; after optimization, the energy density of the low-temperature lithium ion battery can reach above 257Wh/kg, the discharge capacity retention rate at 0.5C at-40 ℃ can reach above 80%, and the low-temperature lithium ion battery passes a needling and weight impact test in a full-charge state of 4.45V. After further optimization, the energy density of the low-temperature lithium ion battery can reach 270Wh/kg, the 0.5C discharge capacity retention rate at-40 ℃ can reach 82%, and the low-temperature lithium ion battery passes a needling and weight impact test in a 4.45V full-charge state.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of two-dimensional silica nanoplates of example 1.
FIG. 2 is a normal temperature discharge curve of example 1.
FIG. 3 is a 0.5C discharge curve at-40 ℃ for example 1.
Fig. 4 shows the cycle performance of example 1 in the 1C constant current charge-discharge regime.
FIG. 5 is a photograph of example 1 before and after the needle punching test and the weight impact test.
Fig. 6 is a graph of voltage versus cell surface temperature during the needle test of example 1.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The embodiment provides a soft package lithium ion battery, and a preparation method thereof is as follows:
(1) preparing a positive plate: the preparation of the positive plate is obtained through two steps of pulping and coating. The pulping process comprises the following steps of uniformly mixing PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) to prepare a glue solution, adding ECP (Ketjen black) and SP (carbon black), and uniformly mixing to prepare a conductive glue solution. Adding high-voltage 4.45V lithium cobaltate (LiCoO) as positive electrode active material into the prepared conductive glue solution in two times in equal amount2) (purchased from fir new energy), and uniformly mixing the materials after each addition to prepare the anode slurry. Finally, the viscosity of the positive electrode slurry was adjusted to 8000 ± 2000cp with NMP to obtain a positive electrode slurry with good fluidity. Wherein the mass ratio of lithium cobaltate to ECP to PVDF is as follows: 95.4: 0.6: 2: 2. and the subsequent coating step, namely, uniformly coating the prepared anode slurry on two sides of the aluminum foil, rolling, slitting and die cutting to obtain an anode plate, and finally placing the anode plate into an oven for vacuum drying for later use.
(2) Preparing a negative plate: the preparation of the negative plate is obtained through two steps of pulping and coating. The pulping process includes mixing CMC and SBR with deionized water successively to form glue solution, adding SP and mixing to form conductive glue solution. And adding the negative active material into the prepared conductive glue solution, and uniformly mixing the materials after each addition to prepare negative slurry. The negative active material is a mixture of 9wt% of two-dimensional silica nanosheets and 91wt% of graphite, and the gram capacity exertion is 400 mAh/g. The two-dimensional silica nanosheet is prepared by the following method: using CaSi2The powder is used as a silicon source, hydrochloric acid is used as a stripping agent, and CaSi is ultrasonically stripped at room temperature2Obtaining two-dimensional siloxene nano-sheet, and finally, vacuum or vacuum preserving at 500 deg.CAnd annealing for 2 hours in a protective atmosphere to obtain the two-dimensional silica nanosheet. The scanning electron micrograph is shown in figure one. And finally, adjusting the viscosity of the negative electrode slurry to 2000 +/-500 cp by using deionized water to obtain the negative electrode slurry with good fluidity. Wherein the mass ratio of the negative active material to the SP to the CMC to the SBR is as follows: 93.3: 3: 2.2: 1.5. and then, a coating step, namely uniformly coating the prepared negative electrode slurry on two sides of the copper foil, rolling, slitting and die cutting to obtain a negative electrode sheet, and finally, putting the negative electrode sheet into an oven for vacuum drying for later use.
(3) The lithium salt in the electrolyte is LiPF6The concentration of lithium salt was 1.2 mol/L. The electrolyte solvent components were, by mass, EC (ethylene carbonate): PC (propylene carbonate): EA (ethyl acetate): EP (ethyl propionate) = 10: 35: 30: 25. the electrolyte additive accounts for 2% of the total electrolyte, PS (1, 3-propane sultone), FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate) 6%, ADN (adiponitrile) 1% and DENE (ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether) 1%.
(4) The diaphragm adopts a wet-process PE base film and a single-sided ceramic coating, wherein the thickness of the base film is 12 mu m, the ceramic coating is composed of a mixture of aluminum oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride, the thickness of the coating is 4 mu m, the porosity is 43%, the air permeability is 248s/100ml, the needling strength is 5.8N, and the pore closing temperature is 135 ℃. Wherein the ceramic coating of the diaphragm is aligned with the anode side.
(5) Assembling the lithium ion battery: and (3) placing the positive plate, the diaphragm and the negative plate into a laminating machine for lamination to obtain a bare cell, and carrying out aluminum plastic film packaging, vacuum baking, liquid injection, standing, clamp pressure formation, high-temperature aging at 45 ℃, secondary sealing, capacity grading and weighing to finish the preparation of the soft package lithium ion battery.
The soft package lithium ion battery of the first embodiment is subjected to performance test:
(1) and (3) energy density testing: charging the battery to 4.45V at constant current and constant voltage of 0.5C, stopping current at 0.02C, and discharging the battery to 2.0V at constant current of 0.5C after standing for 5 minutes. The test results are shown in fig. 2.
(2) -40 ℃ discharge test: firstly, obtaining normal-temperature capacity grading, charging a battery to 4.45V at a constant current and a constant voltage of 0.5C and stopping current at 0.02C, standing for 5 minutes, and then discharging to 2.0V at a constant current of 0.5C to obtain normal-temperature capacity. Then, the cell was transferred to a low temperature chamber and left at-40 ℃ for 4 hours, and then discharged at a constant current of 0.5C to 2.0V to obtain a discharge capacity at-40 ℃. The test results are shown in FIG. 3.
(3) And (3) testing the cycle performance: charging the 1C to 4.45V at constant current and constant voltage, stopping current at 0.02C, standing for 5 minutes, discharging the 1C to 3.0V at constant current, and completing one charge-discharge cycle. The charge-discharge cycle performance of 400 cycles is shown in FIG. 4. (4) And (3) needle punching test: a battery to be tested in a full-charge state (the voltage of the battery is 4.45V) is placed on a test plane, a non-corrosive steel needle with the diameter of 3mm is used for puncturing the center position of the maximum surface of the battery at the speed of 20 mm/s-40 mm/s, and the time is kept for min. The passing conditions are that the battery does not explode and ignite. The battery morphology after the needling test and the temperature rise curve during the needling process are shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6. The results of the performance tests are shown in Table 1.
(5) And (3) weight impact test: the battery to be tested in a full-charge state (the battery voltage is 4.45V) is placed on an impact plane, a metal rod with the diameter of 15.8mm is transversely placed on the upper surface of the geometric center of the battery cell, a 9.1kg heavy hammer is freely dropped from the height of 0.61m, the surface of the battery on which the metal rod is placed is impacted, and the observation is carried out for 6 h. The passing conditions are that the battery does not explode and ignite. The morphology of the cell after the weight impact is shown in fig. 5. The results of the performance tests are shown in Table 1.
Example 2
Example 3
Embodiment 3 provides a soft-pack lithium ion battery, wherein the negative active material is a mixture of 16wt% of two-dimensional silica nanosheets and 84wt% of graphite having a specific capacity of 450 mAh/g. The rest is the same as in example 1. The properties of the product obtained are shown in Table 1.
Example 4
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 provides a soft-pack lithium ion battery in which the negative active material is graphite. The rest is the same as in example 1. The properties of the product obtained are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
| Examples of the invention | Energy density | Discharge capacity at-40 deg.C | Needle stick test | Weight impact test |
| Example 1 | 257 Wh/ |
80% | By passing | By passing |
| Example 2 | 260 Wh/Kg | 82% | By passing | By passing |
| Example 3 | 250 Wh/Kg | 79% | By passing | By passing |
| Example 4 | 270 Wh/Kg | 82% | By passing | By passing |
| Comparative example 1 | 238 Wh/Kg | 75% | By passing | By passing |
In the embodiment 1-2, the graphite-mixed two-dimensional silicon-based nanosheet is adopted as the negative electrode, so that high safety is ensured, and the energy density and the discharge performance at minus 40 ℃ of the comparative example 1 are improved. Compared with a two-dimensional silicon nanosheet, the two-dimensional silicon oxygen nanosheet is doped with more oxygen atoms, which results in low coulombic efficiency and poor electrical conductivity for the first time, so in example 3, when the two-dimensional silicon oxygen nanosheet in the negative electrode active material is increased to 16%, the energy density is reduced instead. The energy density and the-40 c low-temperature discharge performance of the batteries of examples 2 and 4 were superior to those of the batteries of examples 1 and 3. The inventor tries to manufacture a soft package battery by using a pure two-dimensional silica nanosheet or a two-dimensional silicon nanosheet as a negative electrode, but the battery loses a large amount of active lithium ions during first charging due to extremely low first coulomb efficiency, so that the battery cannot be practically applied.
Claims (4)
1. A low temperature lithium ion battery having both energy density and safety, comprising: the battery comprises a positive plate, a negative plate, a diaphragm, electrolyte and a battery packaging material; the method is characterized in that:
the positive plate comprises an aluminum foil with a certain thickness and a mixture consisting of a positive active material, a binder and a conductive agent coated on the aluminum foil; wherein the positive electrode active material is 4.45V high voltage lithium cobaltate, and the compaction density of the positive electrode is 3.8g/cm3-4.3g/cm3(ii) a The thickness of the aluminum foil is 16-30 μm;
the negative plate comprises a copper foil with a certain thickness and a mixture consisting of a negative active material, a binder and a conductive agent coated on the copper foil; wherein the negative active material is a mixture of two-dimensional silicon-based nanosheets and graphite; the thickness of the copper foil is 10-25 μm;
the ratio of the capacity of the negative electrode active material to the capacity of the positive electrode active material is 1.08-1.1; the two-dimensional silicon-based nanosheet is at least one of a two-dimensional silica nanosheet and a two-dimensional silicon nanosheet; the mass fraction of the two-dimensional silica nanosheets in the negative active material is 8.5-9.5%, and the mass fraction of the two-dimensional silica nanosheets in the negative active material is 3-5%; the average thickness of the two-dimensional silicon-based nanosheets is less than 50nm, and the plane size is 8-25 mu m;
the two-dimensional silica nanosheet is prepared by the following method: using CaSi2The powder is used as a silicon source, hydrochloric acid is used as a stripping agent, and CaSi is ultrasonically stripped at room temperature2Obtaining a two-dimensional siloxene nano sheet, and finally, annealing for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 300-900 ℃ in vacuum or protective atmosphere to obtain a two-dimensional siloxene nano sheet;
the two-dimensional silicon nanosheet is prepared by the following method: mixing CaSi2MCl of powder under vacuumxStripping in a molten salt environment, and pickling to obtain a two-dimensional silicon nanosheet; m is at least one element selected from Cu, Zn and Al;
the diaphragm uses a wet PE basal membrane and a single-sided ceramic coating; the thickness of the diaphragm is 16 +/-2 mu m, and the ceramic coating is composed of a mixture of aluminum oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride;
the electrolyte is low-temperature electrolyte and comprises a solvent, lithium salt and an additive; it is composed ofThe medium solvent consists of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl acetate and ethyl propionate; the lithium salt is selected from LiPF6、LiPF2O2One or more of LiTFSI, LiFSI; the concentration of lithium salt is 14-18 wt%; the additives comprise 1, 3-propane sultone, FEC fluoroethylene carbonate, adiponitrile and ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether; the additive accounts for 3-11% of the whole electrolyte by mass; the additive is prepared from 1, 3-propane sultone, fluoroethylene carbonate, adiponitrile and ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether according to the mass ratio of 1, 3-propane sultone: fluoroethylene carbonate: adiponitrile: ethylene glycol bis (propionitrile) ether =2:6:1: 1;
the energy density of the obtained low-temperature lithium ion battery is more than or equal to 250Wh/kg, and the discharge capacity retention rate of 0.5C at-40 ℃ is more than or equal to 79 percent;
the obtained low-temperature lithium ion battery can pass a needling and heavy impact test under a full-charge state of 4.45V.
2. A low temperature lithium ion battery of claim 1 that is both energy density and safe; the method is characterized in that: the gram capacity of the positive electrode active material is 180mAh/g, the D50 is 15.5 mu m, and Dmax is less than or equal to 55 mu m.
3. A low temperature lithium ion battery of claim 1 that is both energy density and safe; the method is characterized in that: the conductive agent used in the positive electrode is selected from one or more of carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
4. A low temperature lithium ion battery of claim 1 that is both energy density and safe; the method is characterized in that: the conductive agent used by the negative electrode is selected from one or more of carbon black, carbon nanotubes and graphene.
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| CN113451556B (en) * | 2021-05-18 | 2024-06-04 | 天津空间电源科技有限公司 | Low-temperature lithium ion battery |
| CN113353939B (en) * | 2021-05-25 | 2023-09-08 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | Band gap adjustable and degradability controllable two-dimensional hydrosilylene nano material and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN113161616A (en) * | 2021-06-07 | 2021-07-23 | 珠海冠宇电池股份有限公司 | Lithium ion battery |
| CN113964375A (en) * | 2021-10-25 | 2022-01-21 | 东莞新能源科技有限公司 | Electrochemical device and electronic device |
| CN114530603A (en) * | 2022-02-21 | 2022-05-24 | 远景动力技术(江苏)有限公司 | Negative electrode, electrochemical device, and electronic apparatus |
| CN114684824B (en) * | 2022-03-14 | 2022-11-11 | 浙江大学温州研究院 | Sulfonic acid group functionalized silicon oxyalkylene for zinc-based flow battery and preparation method thereof |
| CN115241428B (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2024-05-10 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 2D lamellar SiOx material performance regulation and control method and application thereof |
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