CN111497398B - Extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111497398B CN111497398B CN202010186235.XA CN202010186235A CN111497398B CN 111497398 B CN111497398 B CN 111497398B CN 202010186235 A CN202010186235 A CN 202010186235A CN 111497398 B CN111497398 B CN 111497398B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/308—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising acrylic (co)polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/16—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers
- B29C48/18—Articles comprising two or more components, e.g. co-extruded layers the components being layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B1/00—Layered products having a general shape other than plane
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/304—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl halide (co)polymers, e.g. PVC, PVDC, PVF, PVDF
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
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- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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- B32B33/00—Layered products characterised by particular properties or particular surface features, e.g. particular surface coatings; Layered products designed for particular purposes not covered by another single class
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F265/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00
- C08F265/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00 on to polymers of esters
- C08F265/06—Polymerisation of acrylate or methacrylate esters on to polymers thereof
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C08L27/18—Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2011/00—Optical elements, e.g. lenses, prisms
- B29L2011/0075—Light guides, optical cables
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- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
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- B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
- B32B2307/418—Refractive
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- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/558—Impact strength, toughness
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
- C08K2003/265—Calcium, strontium or barium carbonate
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Abstract
The invention discloses an extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber and a preparation method thereof, wherein the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber consists of a core layer, a skin layer and an outer skin layer, wherein a base material of the core layer is optical grade acrylic, an acrylic monomer is added as a toughening material, so that the acrylic is changed into modified acrylic from hard to soft, the skin layer is made of fluoroplastic, a light stabilizer, a light dispersing agent and a photoresist, the core layer and the skin layer are bonded and molded through an asynchronous co-extrusion process, and then the outer surface of the skin layer material is wrapped by the core layer, and thermoplastic resin is used for preparing the outer skin layer, so that the automatic extrusion production with infinite length can be realized. The prepared extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber has good flexibility and toughness, can be bent and modeled at will, and has no influence on the toughness and is not easy to break. Meanwhile, the heat resistance is strong, and the heat resistance is also applicable to high-temperature and low-temperature working environments; the light refractive index is high, and the light-emitting diode is particularly suitable for the field of illumination and luminescence, does not yellow, and has stable performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optical fibers, in particular to an extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The end point luminous optical fiber is an optical fiber with one end connected to any optical end, the other end point luminous and the middle not luminous. The existing endpoint luminous optical fiber mainly uses acrylic as a base material, but the acrylic is hard, so that the optical fiber cannot be bent, the product is easy to crack, and the larger the diameter is, the more easily the optical fiber is broken.
The existing endpoint luminescent optical fiber is generally a perfusion type optical fiber, and the output is low.
However, the conventional perfused optical fiber has the following drawbacks:
(1) The structure is layered, the use process is easy to be layered, and the performance and the service life are influenced;
(2) Poor environmental tolerance, easy yellowing and no temperature resistance.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber and the preparation method thereof, wherein the skin layer and the core layer of the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber are integrally formed, the flexibility is good, and the larger the diameter is, the better the flexibility is. Meanwhile, the heat resistance is strong, and the heat resistance is also applicable to high-temperature and low-temperature working environments; the light refractive index is high, and the light-emitting diode is particularly suitable for the field of illumination and luminescence, does not yellow, and has stable performance.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber comprises an outer skin layer, and a core layer and a skin layer which are integrally formed; the skin layer wraps the core layer, and the outer skin layer wraps the skin layer; the cortex is prepared from fluororesin, light stabilizer, light dispersing agent and photoresist; the core layer is prepared from acrylic and acrylic monomers; the material of the outer skin layer is thermoplastic resin.
After acrylic and acrylic monomers are fully sheared and mixed from low to high temperature in a mixing screw so as to be effectively polymerized, the hardness of the acrylic can be effectively reduced, and the acrylic is softened, namely the core layer is a flexible core layer.
The light stabilizer is used for shielding or absorbing ultraviolet energy, so that the high molecular polymer can eliminate or slow down the possibility of photochemical reaction under the irradiation of light, and prevent or delay the photo-aging process, thereby achieving the purpose of prolonging the service life of the high molecular polymer product. The light diffusing agent can increase the scattering and transmission of light, shield the light source and the dazzling light source, and make the whole end point light-emitting optical fiber emit softer and more beautiful light, thereby achieving the comfortable effect of light transmission and opacity. Photoresist, also known as photoresist and photoresist (photoresist), refers to a corrosion-resistant thin film material whose solubility is changed by light irradiation or radiation such as ultraviolet light, deep ultraviolet light, electron beam, ion beam, X-ray, etc., is a key material in the photolithography process, and realizes the visual effect that when a light source irradiates into an endpoint light-emitting optical fiber from one end, the middle part is ensured to be not bright, and the other end is bright.
Further, the thermoplastic resin is polyvinyl chloride and/or polyethylene.
Still further, the core layer also comprises ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, the transparency of the core layer can be changed after the addition, and the weight ratio of the ethyl acetate to the butyl acetate accounting for the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber is 2-4wt%.
Further, the fluororesin is the poly perfluoroethylene propylene, and the weight ratio of the fluororesin to the extrusion type flexible body end point luminous optical fiber is 9-15 wt%.
Still further, the acrylic accounts for 60 to 80 weight percent of the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber, and the mass ratio of the acrylic to the acrylic monomer is 100:5 to 7.
Further, the light stabilizer is a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, and the mixing ratio of the copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether is 1:2; the light stabilizer accounts for 2-4wt% of the extrusion type flexible body end point luminous optical fiber.
Still further, the light dispersing agent is barium sulfate, calcium carbonate and organosilicon modified acrylic resin, and the mixing ratio of the three is 1.5-2: 2 to 2.5:1.3 to 3.3; the light diffusion agent accounts for 1-2 wt% of the extrusion type flexible body end point luminous optical fiber.
Further, the photoresist is phenol-benzene resin, diazonaphthoquinone, organic silicon resin and acrylic, and the mixing ratio of the phenol-benzene resin, the diazonaphthoquinone, the organic silicon resin and the acrylic is 3-5: 1:4: 90-92 parts; the weight ratio of the photoresist to the light-emitting optical fiber at the end point of the extrusion type flexible body is 1-2 wt%.
The preparation method of the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber comprises the following steps:
1) Fusing acrylic and acrylic monomers at high temperature in a multi-screw exhaust type extruder to obtain a modified acrylic core layer material; the acrylic monomer and the acrylic monomer are fully fused in a multi-section mixing screw and an exhaust type charging barrel in a multi-screw exhaust type extruder, so that the hardness of the acrylic is reduced.
2) Polymerizing fluororesin, light stabilizer, light dispersing agent and photoresist at high temperature, then sending the polymer into another extruder, and then sending the polymer into a split die head in the multi-screw exhaust type extruder in the step 1) to be synchronously attached and molded with the core layer material of the modified acrylic obtained in the step 1) to obtain a material of a skin layer wrapping core layer;
3) And 2) wrapping an outer skin layer on the outer surface of the material of the skin layer wrapping core layer obtained in the step 2) to obtain the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber. In particular, the skin layers can be individually processed to different colors and sizes, and the processed size can range from 1.0mm to 20mm.
Further, in step 1), the polymerization temperature is 200-400 ℃, preferably 300 ℃, and the fusion time is 2-5 min, preferably 3min; in step 2), the polymerization temperature is 400-500 ℃, preferably 420 ℃, and the fusion time is 1-3 min.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber consists of a core layer, a skin layer and an outer skin layer, wherein the base material of the core layer is optical acrylic, acrylic monomers are added to serve as toughening materials, so that acrylic is changed from hard to soft to modified acrylic, the skin layer is formed by combining fluoroplastic with light stabilizer, light dispersing agent and photoresist, the core layer and the skin layer are attached and molded through an asynchronous co-extrusion process, and then the outer surface of the skin layer material is wrapped by the core layer to be made into the outer skin layer by using thermoplastic resin, so that automatic extrusion production with infinite length can be realized. The prepared extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber has good flexibility and toughness, can be bent and modeled at will, and has no influence on the toughness and is not easy to break. Meanwhile, the heat resistance is strong, and the heat resistance is also applicable to high-temperature and low-temperature working environments; the light refractive index is high, and the light-emitting diode is particularly suitable for the field of illumination and luminescence, does not yellow, and has stable performance.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following specific embodiments, and it should be noted that, on the premise of no conflict, new embodiments may be formed by any combination of the embodiments or technical features described below.
Example 1
The preparation method of the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber comprises the following steps:
1) 100g of acrylic, 9g of acrylic monomer, 6.5g of butyl acetate and 6.4g of ethyl acetate are jointly sent into a multi-screw exhaust type extruder, and the two are fully fused for 3min at 300 ℃ in a multi-section mixing screw and an exhaust type charging barrel in the multi-screw exhaust type extruder to obtain a core layer material of modified acrylic;
2) Polymerizing 24.4g of fluororesin, 9.8g of light stabilizer, 3.2g of light dispersing agent and 3.2g of photoresist at 420 ℃ for 3min, then conveying the polymer into another extruder, and then conveying the polymer into a split die head in the multi-screw exhaust type extruder in the step 1) to be synchronously attached and molded with the core layer material of the modified acrylic obtained in the step 1) to obtain a material of a skin layer for wrapping the core layer;
3) And 2) wrapping an outer skin layer on the outer surface of the material of the skin layer wrapping core layer obtained in the step 2) to obtain the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber.
Specifically, the light stabilizer is polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and the mixing ratio of the polyvinylidene fluoride to the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer is 1:2; the light dispersing agent is barium sulfate, calcium carbonate and organosilicon modified acrylic resin, and the mixing ratio of the three is 2:2.5:3.3; the photoresist is phenol-benzene resin, diazonaphthoquinone, organic silicon resin and acrylic, and the mixing ratio of the phenol-benzene resin, the diazonaphthoquinone, the organic silicon resin and the acrylic is 5:1:4:90;
the diameter of the extruded flexible body end point luminescent fiber obtained in example 1 was 5mm.
Example 2
The preparation method of the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber comprises the following steps:
1) 100g of acrylic, 3.7g of acrylic monomer, 2.5g of butyl acetate and 2.5g of ethyl acetate are jointly sent into a multi-screw exhaust type extruder, and the two are fully fused for 3min at 300 ℃ in a multi-section mixing screw and an exhaust type charging barrel in the multi-screw exhaust type extruder to obtain a core layer material of modified acrylic;
2) Polymerizing 11.25g of fluororesin, 2.5g of light stabilizer, 1.2g of light dispersing agent and 1.3g of photoresist at 360 ℃ for 3min, then conveying the polymer into another extruder, and then conveying the polymer into a split die head in the multi-screw exhaust type extruder of the step 1) to be synchronously attached and molded with the core layer material of the modified acrylic obtained in the step 1) to obtain a material of a skin layer for wrapping the core layer;
3) And 2) wrapping an outer skin layer on the outer surface of the material of the skin layer wrapping core layer obtained in the step 2) to obtain the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber.
Specifically, the light stabilizer is polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and the mixing ratio of the polyvinylidene fluoride to the tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer is 1:2; the light dispersing agent is barium sulfate, calcium carbonate and organosilicon modified acrylic resin, and the mixing ratio of the three is 1.5:2:1.3; the photoresist is phenol-benzene resin, diazonaphthoquinone, organic silicon resin and acrylic, and the mixing ratio of the phenol-benzene resin, the diazonaphthoquinone, the organic silicon resin and the acrylic is 3:1:4:92;
the diameter of the extruded flexible body end point luminescent fiber obtained in example 2 was 2mm.
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 has no step 1), and the other steps are the same as in example 1. The finished product obtained in comparative example 1 was 5mm in diameter.
Effect evaluation and Performance detection
Experiment 1 the finished products of examples 1-2 and comparative example 1 were subjected to high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, number of wobbles, light refractive index and yellowing test, and the obtained data are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, number of wobbles, light refractive index and yellowing test data for the finished products of examples 1-2 and comparative example 1
| High temperature resistance | Low temperature resistance | Number of swaying times | Refractive index of light | Yellowing of | |
| Example 1 | 120℃ | -30℃ | 100 | 97.5％ | Over 48 months |
| Example 2 | 100℃ | 20℃ | 80 | 96.8％ | For more than 36 months |
| Comparative example 1 | 80℃ | 10℃ | 30 | 95％ | For 28 months |
As can be seen from the data in Table 1, examples 1-2 are superior to comparative example 1 in both high temperature and low temperature resistance, demonstrating that examples 1-2 are strong in temperature resistance and are also applicable in high and low temperature operating environments. Whereas example 1 is more capable of operating at-30 ℃. Examples 1-2 compared with comparative example 1, the core layer, the skin layer and the skin layer are not easy to separate, the swing service life is long, and the swing times of example 1 are 3.3 times of those of comparative example 1; meanwhile, the light refractive indexes of the embodiments 1-2 are higher than those of the comparative examples, and reach more than 96%, so that the method is particularly suitable for the field of illumination and luminescence. The yellowing time of the examples 1-2 is far longer than that of the comparative examples at normal temperature, which shows that the examples 1-2 are not easy to yellow and have stable performance.
Experiment 2 the finished products of examples 1-2 and comparative example 1 were subjected to a flexibility test
TABLE 2 flexibility data for the finished products of examples 1-2 and comparative example 1
As is clear from the above table, the tensile strength, elongation at break, bending strength, impact strength and hardness of examples 1-2 are all superior to those of comparative example 1, and in examples 1-2, the larger the diameter 5mm of example 1 is than the 2mm of example 2, indicating that the larger the diameter is, the better the flexibility is.
The above embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, but any insubstantial changes and substitutions made by those skilled in the art on the basis of the present invention are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as claimed.
Claims (10)
1. The extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber is characterized by comprising an outer skin layer, and a core layer and a skin layer which are integrally formed; the skin layer wraps the core layer, and the outer skin layer wraps the skin layer; the cortex is prepared from fluororesin, light stabilizer, light dispersing agent and photoresist; the core layer is prepared from acrylic and acrylic monomers; the material of the outer skin layer is thermoplastic resin;
the mass ratio of the acrylic monomer to the acrylic monomer is 100: 5-7;
the light stabilizer is a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, and the mixing ratio of the copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether is 1:2;
the light dispersing agent is barium sulfate, calcium carbonate and organosilicon modified acrylic resin, and the mixing ratio of the three is 1.5-2: 2-2.5: 1.3-3.3;
the photoresist is prepared from phenolic resin, diazonaphthoquinone, organic silicon resin and acrylic, wherein the mixing ratio of the phenolic resin, the diazonaphthoquinone, the organic silicon resin and the acrylic is 3-5: 1:4: 90-92.
2. The extruded flexible body end point light emitting optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic resin is polyvinyl chloride and/or polyethylene.
3. The extruded flexible body endpoint luminescent fiber of claim 1, wherein the core layer is prepared from ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, the ethyl acetate and butyl acetate comprising 2-4wt% of the extruded flexible body endpoint luminescent fiber.
4. The extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the fluororesin is poly perfluoroethylene propylene, and the weight ratio of the fluororesin to the extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber is 9-15 wt%.
5. The extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the acrylic accounts for 60-80wt% of the extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber.
6. The extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the light stabilizer accounts for 2-4wt% of the extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber.
7. The extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the light diffusing agent accounts for 1-2wt% of the extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber.
8. The extruded flexible body end point optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the photoresist comprises 1 to 2wt% of the extruded flexible body end point optical fiber.
9. A method of preparing an extruded flexible body end point optical fiber as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of:
1) Fusing acrylic and acrylic monomers at high temperature in a multi-screw exhaust type extruder to obtain a modified acrylic core layer material;
2) Polymerizing fluororesin, light stabilizer, light dispersing agent and photoresist at high temperature, then sending the polymer into another extruder, and then sending the polymer into a split die head in the multi-screw exhaust type extruder in the step 1) to be synchronously attached and molded with the core layer material of the modified acrylic obtained in the step 1) to obtain a material of a skin layer wrapping core layer;
3) And 2) wrapping an outer skin layer on the outer surface of the material of the skin layer wrapping core layer obtained in the step 2) to obtain the extrusion type flexible body endpoint luminous optical fiber.
10. The method for preparing an extruded flexible body end point light-emitting optical fiber according to claim 9, wherein in the step 1), the polymerization temperature is 200-400 ℃ and the fusion time is 2-5 min; in the step 2), the polymerization temperature is 400-500 ℃ and the fusion time is 1-3 min.
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