CN111472730B - Large-section multi-cluster fracturing perforation scheme determination method - Google Patents
Large-section multi-cluster fracturing perforation scheme determination method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for determining a perforation scheme of large-section multi-cluster fracturing. The method for determining the perforation scheme of the large-section multi-cluster fracturing comprises the following steps: step S1: establishing a fracturing section model; step S2: determining the liquid distribution and the fracture form of the fracturing section model; step S3: determining the distribution amount of the proppant of the fracturing section model; step S4: determining the erosion efficiency of a perforation blasthole of a fracturing section, the diameter of the blasthole after erosion and a flow coefficient; step S5: a perforation plan for the final fracture is determined. The invention solves the problem that the perforation distribution scheme in the horizontal well staged multi-cluster fracturing process in the prior art cannot meet the requirement of uniform expansion of large-section multi-cluster fractures at the same time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of oil exploitation, in particular to a method for determining a perforation scheme of large-section multi-cluster fracturing.
Background
The horizontal well staged multi-cluster fracturing technology is one of the main technologies for developing the unconventional oil and gas reservoirs at present, realizes synchronous expansion of a plurality of hydraulic fractures through multi-cluster fracturing in a stage, realizes a high-flow-guide fracture channel in the unconventional reservoir, increases the seepage capability of the reservoir and realizes the production increase and modification of the unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. The conventional staged fracturing technology adopts bridge plug perforation fracturing as a main body transformation process, the current domestic oil field transformation scale generally needs 25 transformation sections under the condition of the transformation section length, the distance between the sections is 70-80 meters, the distance between clusters is 30-45 meters, 2-3 clusters are realized in the sections, the horizontal well section length is generally 1500-1800 meters, the number of bridge plugs is about 24, the great increase of the using amount of the bridge plugs can cause the difficulty of producing the drill plugs after fracturing, the drill plugs not only need to consume the construction time, but also can cause formation leakage and the failure of bridge plug fragments to be discharged back, particularly for compact oil reservoirs with low temperature and poor natural crack development, the formation leakage and thick oil adsorption phenomena of the oil reservoirs are more serious, the risk of the drill plugs is greatly improved, therefore, in order to reduce the risk of the reservoir reservoirs and the number of the bridge plugs, a new horizontal well perforation transformation scheme is provided for unconventional oil reservoirs at home and abroad, namely, the large transformation section multi-cluster fracturing is provided, generally, the single-section reconstruction section can reach 150-200 m, and the number of perforation clusters in the section is 5-15 clusters.
The perforation scheme design of large-section multi-cluster fracturing is to increase the section spacing and the number of perforation clusters in a section on the basis of the traditional staged fracturing, and the difficulty is how to effectively realize the uniform and stable expansion of each cluster of cracks in a large-modification section. The common technological techniques for large-stage multi-cluster fracturing mainly include a flow-limiting method and a chemical temporary plugging diversion method. The flow-limiting fracturing process technology is developed in the middle of eighties, and the technical core of the flow-limiting fracturing process technology is reasonable sectional hole distribution and optimized fracturing process design. The current-limiting fracturing is a process of strictly perforating a fractured target layer at low density, increasing construction discharge capacity as high as possible, greatly improving bottom hole pressure by utilizing blast hole abrasion resistance generated when a fracturing fluid is absorbed by a first fracturing layer, forcing the fracturing fluid to be distributed, uniformly transforming each perforating cluster, and finally sequentially adding sand and supporting all cracks. The flow-limiting method has the advantages of clear technical principle, relatively simple design, capability of ensuring that the fixed-point perforation can ensure that the crack is generated at the most favorable position and small damage to the casing and the cement sheath.
Because the liquid quantity distribution and the sand quantity distribution are respectively uneven, the erosion phenomenon of each cluster of perforation is extremely uneven in the hydraulic fracturing process, and the uniform development of each cluster of cracks cannot be met under the uniform perforation. An optimization method for a large-section multi-cluster fracturing perforation scheme needs to be designed, flow distribution unevenness under the effect of inter-seam interference and sand distribution unevenness under the effect of shaft flowing can be calculated respectively, and then the phenomenon of erosion unevenness caused by different sand concentrations in sand carrying liquid at each perforation position is considered, so that the fracture morphology under the perforation scheme is obtained. Then, the fracture morphology under the scheme can be obtained by changing the perforation phase angle, the perforation diameter and the perforation density of each cluster of perforation, and the perforation scheme under the large-section multi-cluster is optimized so as to open each cluster of fracture to the maximum extent.
Therefore, the problem that the perforation distribution scheme in the staged multi-cluster fracturing process of the horizontal well in the prior art cannot meet the requirement of simultaneous uniform expansion of large-section multi-cluster fractures exists.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a method for determining a perforation scheme of large-section multi-cluster fracturing, which aims to solve the problem that the perforation distribution scheme in the horizontal well staged multi-cluster fracturing process in the prior art cannot meet the requirement of simultaneous uniform expansion of large-section multi-cluster fractures.
To achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a perforation plan determination method for a large-interval and multi-cluster fracture, comprising: step S1: establishing a fracturing section model; step S2: determining the liquid distribution and the fracture form of the fracturing section model; step S3: determining the distribution amount of the proppant of the fracturing section model; step S4: determining the erosion efficiency of a perforation blasthole of a fracturing section model, the diameter of the blasthole after erosion and a flow coefficient; step S5: a perforation plan for the final fracture is determined.
Further, the fracture zone model includes a geological model and a wellbore model.
Further, the geological model and the well casing model have parameters at least including the length of the reconstruction section, the number of perforation clusters in the reconstruction section, the perforation shape of each perforation cluster, the flow coefficient of the perforations, and the displacement of injected liquid.
Further, the perforation configuration includes the aperture of the perforation and the flow coefficient of the perforation.
Further, in step S3, a distribution amount of proppant for each perforation cluster is determined according to the fluid distribution of each perforation cluster to determine a distribution amount of proppant for the fracture zone model.
Further, in step S4, the fluid flow rate obtained in step S2 and the dispensed amount of proppant obtained in step S3 are respectively substituted into formula (1) and formula (2),
wherein Q isiIs the fluid flow rate, C, of the ith perforation of the perforation cluster obtained in step S2p,iIs the proppant distribution amount, C, of the ith perforation of the perforation cluster obtained in step S3dIs the flow coefficient of the perforation, and the initial flow coefficient is 0.56,
is the flow coefficient of the complete erosion of the perforation, D is the diameter of the perforation, CdAlpha and beta are parameters of a shaft and perforation.
Further, the method for determining the perforation scheme of the large-section multi-cluster fracturing further comprises the following steps: before determining the perforation scheme of the final fracturing segment, repeating the steps S1 to S4 to obtain the fracture morphology of each perforation cluster of the fracturing segment model at the final moment under the dynamic erosion condition.
Further, the fracture morphology at least comprises fracture length, fracture width and fracture liquid inlet amount.
Further, step S5 includes: and after the fracture morphology of each perforation cluster of the fracturing section model at the final moment under the dynamic erosion condition is obtained, determining the perforation scheme of the final fracturing section according to the comparison condition.
Further, the comparison conditions include at least reservoir conditions and field conditions.
By applying the technical scheme of the invention, the method for determining the perforation scheme of the large-section multi-cluster fracturing comprises the following steps: step S1: establishing a fracturing section model; step S2: determining the liquid distribution and the fracture form of the fracturing section model; step S3: determining the distribution amount of the proppant of the fracturing section model; step S4: determining the erosion efficiency of a perforation blasthole of a fracturing section model, the diameter of the blasthole after erosion and a flow coefficient; step S5: a perforation plan for the final fracture is determined.
In the scheme, by using the method for determining the perforation scheme of the large-section multi-cluster fracturing, the problem that the perforation distribution scheme in the horizontal well staged multi-cluster fracturing process in the prior art cannot meet the requirement of simultaneous uniform expansion of large-section multi-cluster fractures can be effectively solved by considering the erosion influence of the propping agent and the influence of mutual interference during the expansion of multiple perforation clusters.
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The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a flow diagram of a method for determining a perforation plan for a large interval multiple cluster fracture, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that, in the present application, the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
It is noted that, unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
In the present invention, unless specified to the contrary, use of the terms of orientation such as "upper, lower, top, bottom" or the like, generally refer to the orientation as shown in the drawings, or to the component itself in a vertical, perpendicular, or gravitational orientation; likewise, for ease of understanding and description, "inner and outer" refer to the inner and outer relative to the profile of the components themselves, but the above directional words are not intended to limit the invention.
In order to solve the problem that a perforation distribution scheme in the horizontal well staged multi-cluster fracturing process in the prior art cannot meet the requirement of simultaneous uniform expansion of large-section multi-cluster fractures, the application provides a method for determining a large-section multi-cluster fracturing perforation scheme.
As shown in fig. 1, the perforation scheme determination method for large-interval multi-cluster fracturing in the present application includes: step S1: establishing a fracturing section model; step S2: determining the liquid distribution and the fracture form of the fracturing section model; step S3: determining the distribution amount of the proppant of the fracturing section model; step S4: determining the erosion efficiency of a perforation blasthole of a fracturing section, the diameter of the blasthole after erosion and a flow coefficient; step S5: a perforation plan for the final fracture section is determined.
In the scheme, by using the method for determining the perforation scheme of the large-section multi-cluster fracturing, the problem that the perforation distribution scheme in the horizontal well staged multi-cluster fracturing process in the prior art cannot meet the requirement of simultaneous uniform expansion of large-section multi-cluster fractures can be effectively solved by considering the erosion influence of the propping agent and the influence of mutual interference during the expansion of multiple perforation clusters.
Specifically, the fracture zone model includes a geological model and a wellbore model.
In step S2, when determining the fluid distribution and fracture morphology of the fracture zone model, the fluid distribution and fracture morphology of each fracture or perforation cluster in the modified zone need to be calculated.
In one embodiment of the present application, the fluid flow distribution within a multi-cluster fracture or perforation cluster should satisfy the mass conservation equation and the pressure continuity equation, namely:
BHP＝Shmin,i+ΔPs,i+ΔPpf,iformula (4)
Wherein Q isTIs total injection of fracturing fluidAmount, unit m3/min；QiIs the injection flow rate of the ith perforation cluster in m3Min; BHP is bottom hole flow pressure in MPa; delta Ps, i is the shaft friction resistance of the ith crack and the initial point of the injection liquid, and the unit is MPa; delta PpfI is the perforation friction resistance pressure of the ith crack in MPa; the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein N ispf,iIs the number of perforations in the ith cluster; dpf,iIs the ith shower hole diameter in m; cd,iIs the flow coefficient of the ith shower nozzle, and the initial time is 0.56; f. ofrIs the wellbore friction coefficient, available through domestic and foreign literature (Bird et al, 2007); dwIs the wellbore diameter; l iswThe length of the ith cluster of fracture from the length of the well bore at the injection starting point; v. offIs the fluid flow rate in the wellbore.
Formula (3) and formula (4) share unknowns N +1 (Q)1，Q2，Q3……QnBHP), equations N +1 (equation (4) contains N equations), which can be solved iteratively by Newton-Raphson, as follows:
vector of unknowns QTSum function margin fTCan be expressed as:
QT＝[Q1,Q2,…,Qn,BHP]formula (7)
fT＝[f1,f2,…，fn,fn+1]Formula (8)
fi＝BHP-(Shmin,i+Δpf,i+Δppf,i) (i ═ 1,2, …, n) formula (9)
Function margin fTIs a flow vector Q characterizing the current unknownTMargin of error in accuracy if fTIf | is 0, the current solution is an accurate solution of the equation set; if | fT| > 0, new iteration flow QTCan be expressed as:
Qt+1 T＝Qt T-[J]t -1ft Tformula (11)
Wherein [ J ]]Is a Jacobian matrix, Qt+1 TIs the traffic matrix at time t + 1; qTIs the traffic matrix at time t; f. oft TIs the flow error margin at time t.
And solving the equation set to obtain the liquid inlet flow distribution of each cluster of cracks at the moment. Obtaining the liquid inlet flow distribution quantity Q of each cluster of cracks1，Q2，Q3……QnThe expansion form of each crack can be obtained by a PKN method, including the half length L of the expansion crack and the net pressure P of the fluid in the cracknetAnd the crack width w and other crack parameters are calculated according to the following formula:
Vi(t+1)＝Vi(t)+Qi(t +1) dt formula (16)
Wherein w is the crack width; pnetObtaining the net pressure in the crack in the initial calculation step and the net pressure in the crack after the crack starts to expand by respectively using formulas (14) and (15) according to the calculation step; qiIs the fracture flux; l is the fracture length; viIs the ith fracture inflow volume; epIs the young's modulus of the rock.
Specifically, the geological model and the well casing model have parameters at least including the length of the reconstruction segment, the number of perforation clusters in the reconstruction segment, the perforation shape of each perforation cluster, the flow coefficient of the perforations, and the displacement of injected liquid.
In particular, the perforation configuration includes the aperture of the perforation and the flow coefficient of the perforation.
It should be further noted that, in step S3, the fracture zone model obtained in step S1 may be subjected to volume discretization, each proppant distribution condition is in accordance with computational fluid dynamics — discrete element (CFD-DEM) coupled solution, and each volume discrete grid satisfies the mass conservation law and the Navier-Stokes equation of finite volume:
wherein alpha isfIs the fluid phase volume fraction of the CFD mesh; rhofIs fluid phase fluid density, kg/m3；vfIs the flow velocity of the fluid, m/s;
is the stress tensor of the fluid phase; rRfIs the momentum exchange term of the proppant with the fluid, calculated by the drag force of the proppant particles of the discrete grid, through the particle velocity v within the discrete gridpAnd calculating according to the following formula:
Rpf＝Kpf(νf-νp) Formula (19)
Wherein, Fd,iIs a drag force acting on the proppant particles i, and the detailed calculation formula can be found in the domestic literature of the prior scholars due to more space of the calculation formula (Zhou et al 2010); vcellIs the volume of the discrete mesh.
The relation F between the fluid distribution and the proppant distribution of each perforation cluster in the shaft model can be calculated through the formula, and the proppant flow C of the ith fracture cluster at the momentp,iComprises the following steps:
Cp,i＝F·Qiformula (21)
Specifically, in step S3, the distribution amount of proppant of each perforation cluster is determined according to the fluid distribution of each perforation cluster to determine the distribution amount of proppant of the fracture zone model.
Specifically, in step S4, the fluid flow rate obtained in step S2 and the dispensed amount of proppant obtained in step S3 are substituted into formula (1) and formula (2), respectively,
wherein Q isiIs the fluid flow rate of the ith perforation of the perforation cluster obtained in step S2, in m3/min；Cp,iIs the proppant distribution amount, C, of the ith perforation of the perforation cluster obtained in step S3dIs the flow coefficient of the perforation, and the initial flow coefficient is 0.56,
is punched outAll are flow coefficients, D is the perforation diameter, in m; cdAlpha and beta are parameters of a shaft and a perforation, and specific parameters are shown in literature (Long et al. paper, SPE-174959-PA).
Specifically, the method for determining the perforation scheme of the large-section multi-cluster fracturing further comprises the following steps: before determining the perforation scheme of the final fracturing segment, repeating the steps S1 to S4 to obtain the fracture morphology of each perforation cluster of the fracturing segment model at the final moment under the dynamic erosion condition.
Specifically, the fracture morphology includes at least fracture length, fracture width, and fracture feed volume.
Specifically, step S5 includes: and after the fracture morphology of each perforation cluster of the fracturing section model at the final moment under the dynamic erosion condition is obtained, determining the perforation scheme of the final fracturing section according to the comparison condition.
Specifically, the comparison conditions include at least reservoir conditions and field conditions.
From the above description, it can be seen that the above-described embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:
1. compared with a natural fracture fractal theory, the conglomerate fractal factor is introduced, so that the simulation result is more accurate;
2. the defect that only simple double-wing gaps are generated by a conventional simulation method is overcome.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are only a few, and not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular is intended to include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, and it should be further understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification, specify the presence of features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of this application and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used is interchangeable under appropriate circumstances such that the embodiments of the application described herein are capable of operation in sequences other than those illustrated or described herein.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for determining a perforation scheme of large-section multi-cluster fracturing is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1: establishing a fracturing section model;
step S2: determining the liquid distribution and the fracture morphology of the fracturing section model;
step S3: determining a distribution amount of proppant of the fracture section model;
step S4: determining the erosion efficiency of the perforation blastholes of the fracturing section model, the diameter of the blastholes after erosion and a flow coefficient;
step S5: determining a perforation scheme of a final fracturing section;
in the step S4, the fluid flow rate obtained in the step S2 and the distribution amount of the proppant obtained in the step S3 are respectively substituted into the formula (1) and the formula (2),
wherein Q isiIs the fluid flow rate, C, of the ith perforation of the perforation cluster obtained in the step S2p,iIs the dispensed amount of proppant of the ith perforation of said perforation cluster obtained in said step S3, CdIs the flow coefficient of the perforation, and the initial flow coefficient is 0.56,
is the flow coefficient of the complete erosion of the perforation, D is the diameter of the perforation, CdAlpha and beta are parameters of a shaft and perforation.
2. The method for perforating pattern determination for a large interval multiple cluster fracture of claim 1 wherein the fracture interval model comprises a geological model and a wellbore model.
3. The method for perforating pattern determination for large scale multi-cluster fracturing of claim 2 wherein the geological model and the wellbore model have parameters that include at least the length of the modified interval, the number of perforation clusters in the modified interval, the perforation configuration of each of the perforation clusters, the flow coefficient of the perforations, and the displacement of injected fluid.
4. The method for perforating pattern determination for large scale multiple cluster fracturing of claim 3 wherein the perforation configuration comprises the aperture of the perforations and the flow coefficient of the perforations.
5. The perforating pattern determination method for a large interval multiple cluster fracture as claimed in claim 3, wherein in step S3, the distribution amount of proppant of each said perforation cluster is determined according to the fluid distribution of each said perforation cluster to determine the distribution amount of proppant of said fracture interval model.
6. The method for determining a perforation plan for a large interval multiple cluster fracturing as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising: before determining the perforation scheme of the final fracturing section, repeating the steps S1 to S4 to obtain the fracture morphology of each perforation cluster of the fracturing section model at the final moment under the dynamic erosion condition.
7. The method for perforating pattern determination for large scale multiple cluster fracturing of claim 6 wherein the fracture morphology comprises at least fracture length, fracture width and fracture influx.
8. The method for determining a perforation plan for a large interval multiple cluster fracturing of claim 6, wherein said step S5 comprises: and after the fracture morphology of each perforation cluster of the fracturing section model at the final moment under the dynamic erosion condition is obtained, determining the perforation scheme of the final fracturing section according to the comparison condition.
9. The method for perforating pattern determination for a large interval multiple cluster fracture as claimed in claim 8 wherein said contrasting conditions comprise at least reservoir conditions and field conditions.
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| CN112945703B (en) * | 2021-02-04 | 2022-03-11 | 西南石油大学 | Liquid-solid two-phase flow visual erosion simulation device |
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