CN111460678A - Filling rate optimization method of cement cementing material - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a filling rate optimization method of a cement cementing material in the technical field of underground mining, which considers the influence of temperature on a filling body and the thermal expansion effect of water, can be used for analyzing the influence of the filling rate on the pore water pressure evolution of the filling body under different temperature conditions, and further can be used for calculating the optimal filling rate. The technical scheme has important theoretical and engineering significance for optimizing the tailing filling design process and technology under different mining environmental conditions and further realizing safe and efficient mining of mines.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of underground mining, in particular to a filling rate optimization method of a cement cementing material.
Background
Underground mining inevitably produces a large amount of tailing waste and underground mined-out areas while providing essential mineral resources for socioeconomic development, and seriously threatens the safe production of mines and the natural ecological environment (Wu's auspicious et al, 2016). The conventional surface disposal method of tailings is accompanied with risks of tailings dam collapse, water source pollution caused by acid wastewater discharge and the like, and the existence of a goaf can cause a series of engineering and environmental problems such as underground rock fall and surface collapse (ghianand fall, 2013). The ever-increasing environmental demands and public awareness of environmental protection are forcing the mining industry to seek more efficient and competitive methods for the integrated treatment of tailings and mined-out areas (kemptonetal, 2010).
The tailing cemented filling technology utilizes the tailings to fill the underground goaf remained after the mining of the ore pillars, which not only can avoid the massive exposure and accumulation of solid wastes such as the tailings and the like on the ground surface, but also can improve the stability of surrounding rocks of underground stopes (Falletal, 2008; Wu Aixiang et al, 2018). The tailings-goaf cooperative disposal technology has become one of important technical approaches (Falletal, 2010) for breaking through the restriction bottlenecks of the existing resources, energy and environment and realizing safe, clean and efficient mining of mines.
In order to meet the requirements of transportation efficiency and strength, enough water and cementing agents (such as cement and the like) are added into the tailings before the tailings are backfilled into the goaf. Under the common influence of multiple physical field processes such as heat exchange between a filling body and surrounding rocks, cement hydration reaction accompanied with heat release and water consumption, water evaporation and thermal expansion deformation caused by temperature change, filling body drainage through surrounding rock cracks and stope retaining walls, thermal convection caused by seepage fields, consolidation and settlement of the filling body, and the like, the behavior characteristics of the filling body generate complex space-time evolution (GhirianndFall, 2013).
The filling force applied to the retaining wall during filling is the most important issue in the prior art as the key structure for maintaining the stability of the filling. Generally, the faster the filling rate, the higher the mining efficiency, but the greater the acting force of the filling body on the retaining wall, and the greater the risk of instability of the filling body; conversely, the slower the fill rate, the lower the extraction efficiency, but the less the fill force on the wall, and thus the better the fill stability. According to the effective stress principle, under the action of given total stress, the effective stress of the filler framework is determined by the pore water pressure. Therefore, in order to determine the optimal filling rate to balance the safety and efficiency of filling mining, a great deal of research work is carried out by the predecessors aiming at the evolution law of the pore water pressure of the filling material.
The technology establishes a multi-field coupling model of the filling body by considering the temperature-seepage-mechanics-chemical field coupling effect in the filling body, and can be used for predicting the evolution law of the temperature, the water pressure, the soil pressure and the like of the filling body (CuiandFall, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018). It is well known that the hydration reaction of cement is an exothermic reaction. At the same time, the hydration reaction of the cement will consume free water, thereby reducing the pore water pressure. However, since the coefficient of thermal expansion of water at normal temperature is generally larger than that of solid particles, the increase of the temperature of the filling body caused by the heat release of cement hydration will cause the increase of the pore water pressure of the filling body. The phenomenon of increased water pressure in the pack due to thermal expansion of water has been demonstrated by in situ testing of thompson et al (2012). The study found that even if the filling process was terminated, the fill could still develop an abnormal rise in water pressure due to the temperature increase caused by the exothermic heat of hydration of the cement. However, in the first technical solution, the thermal expansion effect of water is neglected, so that the abnormal change of water pressure caused by the thermal expansion effect cannot be described.
The technology establishes a multi-field coupling model of the filling body by considering the seepage-mechanical-chemical field coupling effect in the filling body, and can be used for predicting the evolution law of the water pressure, the soil pressure and the like of the filling body (Helinskietal, 2007, 2011; MuirWoodetal, 2016; L u, 2017). besides the water pressure rise of the filling body caused by the hydration heat release, the heat released by cement hydration can accelerate the hydration reaction and the strength increase of the filling body and simultaneously cause the water evaporation, so that the pore water pressure is reduced.
Based on the above, the invention designs a filling rate optimization method of cement cementing materials to solve the above-mentioned problems.
Disclosure of Invention
On the basis of considering the influence of temperature on a filling body and the thermal expansion effect of water, a mathematical model of behavior characteristic evolution of a cement cementing material is provided, the influence of filling rate on the water pressure of the filling body under different temperature conditions is analyzed, the optimal filling rate is further determined, and guidance is provided for realizing safe and efficient mining.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a method for optimizing the filling rate of a cement cementing material comprises the following steps:
s1: according to the geometrical characteristics of the underground goaf, assuming that the filling process is a one-dimensional problem, the energy conservation equation of the cement cementing material can be expressed as follows:
where n is the porosity of the porous medium, psAnd ρwDensity of solid particles and water, CsAnd CwIs the specific heat capacity of the solid particles and water, respectively, T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin), vrwIs the darcy flow rate of the fluid,
release or consumption of heat by chemical reactions;
s2: the thermal consolidation control equation of the porous medium under the one-dimensional condition is as follows:
wherein α is 1- (K)d/Ks) Is the Biao coefficient, Kd、Ks、KwThe bulk moduli, p, of the solid skeleton, of the solid particles and of the water, respectivelywIs the water pressure, βsAnd βwAre the thermal expansion coefficients of the solid and water respectively,zis the vertical strain, K is the water conductivity coefficient,
is the rate of change of volume of water due to a chemical reaction in which the coefficient of thermal expansion of water is βwChanges with temperature; and the water guiding coefficient K is K rhowg/uwWhere k is the permeability coefficient of the solid skeleton, uwThe coefficient of viscosity of the fluid is changed along with the change of the temperature, so the coefficient of water conductivity K is also changed along with the change of the temperature;
s3: according to the continuous medium mechanics convention, the pressure acting on the solid is negative, while the pressure acting on the fluid is positive, the total stress of the packing element at depth z is:
-γ(mt-z)＝σ′-αpw(3)
wherein γ ═ [ (1-n) ρs+nρw]g is the weight of the filling body, m is the filling rate, and sigma' is the effective stress;
meanwhile, the total hydraulic pressure of the filling body can be decomposed into two parts, namely, ultra-pore water pressure u and hydrostatic pressure, according to the following formula:
pw＝u+γw(mt-z) (4)
in the formula of gammaw＝ρwg is the weight of the water and is,
s4: the formula (4) is substituted by the formula (3):
σ′＝αu+(α-1)γw(mt-z)-γ′(mt-z) (5)
according to the elastic thermodynamic principle, the effective stress of the filling body can be expressed as
In the formula E0＝3Kd(1-v)/(1 + v) is the limiting modulus (bulk modulus at 1 dimension), v is the Poisson's ratio;
s5: the strain rate in the vertical direction can be solved by bringing formula (5) into formula (6):
s6: the control equation of the super-pore water pressure evolution of the filling body can be obtained by bringing the formula (4) and the formula (7) into the formula (2):
s7: as the cement hydration reaction proceeds, the physical and mechanical parameters of the filling body change along with the increase of the hydration reaction time T, meanwhile, the hydration reaction rate is accelerated along with the rise of the temperature, and the equivalent hydration reaction time T at different temperatures TeCan be based on the reference temperature TrIs calculated from the following formula:
in the formula EaIs the activation energy of a chemical reaction, RaIs the universal gas constant (8.314J/mol/K);
and S8, partial differential equations (1), (8) and (9) are control equations of the temperature and the water pressure evolution of the filling body in the continuous deposition process, and the evolution rules of the temperature and the water pressure of the filling body under different temperature and filling rate conditions can be obtained by simultaneously solving the equations (1), (8) and (9) by using tools such as Matlab, FlexPDE or COMSO L Multiphysics and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the method provides a mathematical model according to the behavior characteristic evolution of the cement cementing material, the model considers the influence of temperature on the filling body and the thermal expansion effect of water, and the method can be used for analyzing the influence of filling rate on the pore water pressure evolution of the filling body under different temperature conditions, and further can be used for calculating the optimal filling rate. The technical scheme has important theoretical and engineering significance for optimizing the tailing filling design process and technology under different mining environmental conditions and further realizing safe and efficient mining of mines.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the influence of filling rate on the water pressure of the super-pore at the bottom of a filling body under different temperature conditions according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention provides a technical scheme that: a method for optimizing the filling rate of a cement cementing material comprises the following steps:
s1: according to the geometrical characteristics of the underground goaf, assuming that the filling process is a one-dimensional problem, the energy conservation equation of the cement cementing material can be expressed as follows:
where n is the porosity of the porous medium, psAnd ρwDensity of solid particles and water, CsAnd CwIs the specific heat capacity of the solid particles and water, respectively, T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin), vrwIs the darcy flow rate of the fluid,
release or consumption of heat by chemical reactions;
s2: the thermal consolidation control equation of the porous medium under the one-dimensional condition is as follows:
wherein α is 1- (K)d/Ks) Is the Biao coefficient, Kd、Ks、KwThe bulk moduli, p, of the solid skeleton, of the solid particles and of the water, respectivelywIs the water pressure, βsAnd βwAre the thermal expansion coefficients of the solid and water respectively,zis the vertical strain, K is the water conductivity coefficient,
is the rate of change of volume of water due to a chemical reaction in which the coefficient of thermal expansion of water is βwChanges with temperature; and the water guiding coefficient K is K rhowg/uwWhere k is the permeability coefficient of the solid skeleton, uwThe coefficient of viscosity of the fluid is changed along with the change of the temperature, so the coefficient of water conductivity K is also changed along with the change of the temperature;
s3: according to the continuous medium mechanics convention, the pressure acting on the solid is negative, while the pressure acting on the fluid is positive, the total stress of the packing element at depth z is:
-γ(mt-z)＝σ′-αpw(3)
wherein γ ═ [ (1-n) ρs+nρw]g is the weight of the filling body, m is the filling rate, and sigma' is the effective stress;
meanwhile, the total hydraulic pressure of the filling body can be decomposed into two parts, namely, ultra-pore water pressure u and hydrostatic pressure, according to the following formula:
pw＝u+γw(mt-z) (4)
in the formula of gammaw＝ρwg is the weight of the water and is,
s4: the formula (4) is substituted by the formula (3):
σ′＝αu+(α-1)γw(mt-z)-γ′(mt-z) (5)
according to the elastic thermodynamic principle, the effective stress of the filling body can be expressed as
In the formula E0＝3Kd(1-v)/(1 + v) is the limiting modulus (bulk modulus at 1 dimension), v is the Poisson's ratio;
s5: the strain rate in the vertical direction can be solved by bringing formula (5) into formula (6):
s6: the control equation of the super-pore water pressure evolution of the filling body can be obtained by bringing the formula (4) and the formula (7) into the formula (2):
s7: as the cement hydration reaction proceeds, the physical and mechanical parameters of the filling body change along with the increase of the hydration reaction time T, meanwhile, the hydration reaction rate is accelerated along with the rise of the temperature, and the equivalent hydration reaction time T at different temperatures TeCan be based on the reference temperature TrIs calculated from the following formula:
in the formula EaIs the activation energy of a chemical reaction, RaIs the universal gas constant (8.314J/mol/K);
and S8, partial differential equations (1), (8) and (9) are control equations of the temperature and the water pressure evolution of the filling body in the continuous deposition process, and the evolution rules of the temperature and the water pressure of the filling body under different temperature and filling rate conditions can be obtained by simultaneously solving the equations (1), (8) and (9) by using tools such as Matlab, FlexPDE or COMSO L Multiphysics and the like.
Examples
Bonding tailings used in gold mine in AustraliaThe filler materials are exemplified by the physical and mechanical parameters shown in table 1. In table TCCoefficient of thermal expansion of water β in degrees CelsiuswAnd coefficient of dynamic viscosity muwThe bulk modulus and permeability coefficient of the filling body, and the water consumption and heat release rate of the hydration reaction are changed along with the temperature (t)e) But may vary.
Now assume the initial temperature (T) of the fill respectively0) 10 ℃ and 50 ℃, and the environment temperature (T) of the underground goafb) Varying between 10 c and 50 c and setting the fill rate between 0.01 and 0.75 meters per hour (m/h) the effect of fill rate on excess pore water pressure at the bottom wall of the pack at different temperature conditions was obtained by simultaneous solution of equations (1), (8), (9) using COMSO L Multiphysics as shown in figure 1.
TABLE 1 physical and mechanical parameters of Australia tailings cemented filling material
As can be seen from fig. 1:
1) when the low-temperature filling body is filled to the low-temperature mining empty area (T)0＝Tb＝10℃)
As the fill rate decreases, sufficient drainage time and hydration reactions that occur at low temperatures reduce the excess pore water pressure at the bottom of the pack. However, when the filling rate is reduced to below 0.05m/h, the lower part of the filling body has more hydration reaction (more water consumption), so the water pressure at the lower part of the filling body is lower than that at the upper part, and the generated hydraulic gradient causes pore water to be transported from top to bottom, thereby causing the water pressure at the bottom to rise. Therefore, when the underground shallow goaf is filled in the low-temperature season (the low-temperature filling body is filled into the low-temperature goaf), the filling rate cannot be too high or too low, and 0.05m/h is the optimal filling rate under the working condition.
2) When the high-temperature filling body is filled to the low-temperature mining empty area (T)0＝50℃，Tb＝10℃)
As the fill rate decreases, the sufficient drainage time and the cooling contraction effect of the low temperature boundary reduce the excess pore water pressure of the fill; however, the exothermic heat of hydration at high temperature will cause thermal expansion of the pack, and since the coefficient of thermal expansion of water is greater than that of the solid particles, the hydration will increase the pore water pressure of the pack, thus causing only a slow decrease in the pack water pressure as the fill rate decreases. When the filling rate is reduced to be below 0.05m/h, the lower part of the filling body is hydrated at low temperature, so that the water pressure is lower, the upper part of the filling body is hydrated at high temperature, so that the water pressure is higher, the generated hydraulic gradient enables pore water to move from top to bottom, and the bottom water pressure is increased. Therefore, when the underground shallow goaf is filled in high-temperature seasons (high-temperature filling bodies are filled into the low-temperature goaf), the filling rate cannot be too high or too low, and 0.05m/h is the optimal filling rate under the working condition.
3) When the low-temperature filling body is filled to the high-temperature mining area (T)0＝10℃，Tb＝50℃)
As the fill rate decreases, sufficient drainage time and hydration reactions that occur at low temperatures reduce the excess pore water pressure at the bottom of the pack. However, as the fill rate continues to decrease, thermal expansion caused by the high temperature boundary at the bottom and hydration reactions near the high temperature boundary at the bottom will increase the pore water pressure of the pack, thereby causing the pack water pressure to increase as the fill rate decreases. Therefore, when filling operation is carried out on the underground deep goaf in the low-temperature season (the low-temperature filling body is filled into the high-temperature goaf), the filling rate cannot be too fast or too slow, and 0.05m/h is the optimal filling rate under the working condition.
4) When the high-temperature filling body is filled into a high-temperature mining empty area (T0 Tb 50℃)
As the fill rate decreases, adequate drainage at low fill rates ultimately results in a slow decrease in water pressure, although hydration at high temperatures will increase the pore water pressure of the pack. This dominance of sufficient drainage is such that only a slight rise in water pressure occurs when the fill rate is reduced below 0.02m/h, and the change in water pressure is not significant when the fill rate is below 0.05 m/h. Therefore, when filling operation is carried out on the underground deep goaf in a high-temperature season (high-temperature filling bodies are filled into the high-temperature goaf), 0.05m/h is the optimal filling rate for balancing the filling safety and efficiency under the working condition.
In the description herein, references to the description of "one embodiment," "an example," "a specific example" or the like are intended to mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
The preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed above are intended to be illustrative only. The preferred embodiments are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise embodiments disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.
Claims (1)
1. A method for optimizing the filling rate of a cement cementing material is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
s1: according to the geometrical characteristics of the underground goaf, assuming that the filling process is a one-dimensional problem, the energy conservation equation of the cement cementing material can be expressed as follows:
wherein n is the porosity of the porous medium，ρsAnd ρwDensity of solid particles and water, CsAnd CwIs the specific heat capacity of the solid particles and water, respectively, T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin), vrwIs the darcy flow rate of the fluid,
release or consumption of heat by chemical reactions;
s2: the thermal consolidation control equation of the porous medium under the one-dimensional condition is as follows:
wherein α is 1- (K)d/Ks) Is the Biao coefficient, Kd、Ks、KwThe bulk moduli, p, of the solid skeleton, of the solid particles and of the water, respectivelywIs the water pressure, βsAnd βwAre the thermal expansion coefficients of the solid and water respectively,zis the vertical strain, K is the water conductivity coefficient,
is the rate of change of volume of water due to a chemical reaction in which the coefficient of thermal expansion of water is βwChanges with temperature; and the water guiding coefficient K is K rhowg/uwWhere k is the permeability coefficient of the solid skeleton, μwThe coefficient of viscosity of the fluid is changed along with the change of the temperature, so the coefficient of water conductivity K is also changed along with the change of the temperature;
s3: according to the continuous medium mechanics convention, the pressure acting on the solid is negative, while the pressure acting on the fluid is positive, the total stress of the packing element at depth z is:
-γ(mt-z)＝σ′-αpw(3)
wherein γ ═ [ (1-n) ρs+nρw]g is the weight of the filling body, m is the filling rate, and sigma' is the effective stress;
meanwhile, the total hydraulic pressure of the filling body can be decomposed into two parts, namely, ultra-pore water pressure u and hydrostatic pressure, according to the following formula:
pw＝u+γw(mt-z) (4)
in the formula of gammaw＝ρwg is the weight of the water and is,
s4: the formula (4) is substituted by the formula (3):
σ′＝αu+(α-1)γw(mt-z)-γ′(mt-z) (5)
according to the elastic thermodynamic principle, the effective stress of the filling body can be expressed as
In the formula E0＝3Kd(1-v)/(1 + v) is the limiting modulus (bulk modulus at 1 dimension), v is the Poisson's ratio;
s5: the strain rate in the vertical direction can be solved by bringing formula (5) into formula (6):
s6: the control equation of the super-pore water pressure evolution of the filling body can be obtained by bringing the formula (4) and the formula (7) into the formula (2):
s7: as the cement hydration reaction proceeds, the physical and mechanical parameters of the filling body change along with the increase of the hydration reaction time T, meanwhile, the hydration reaction rate is accelerated along with the rise of the temperature, and the equivalent hydration reaction time T at different temperatures TeCan be calculated from the reference temperature Tr by the following formula:
where Ea is the activation energy of the chemical reaction and Ra is the universal gas constant (8.314J/mol/K);
and S8, partial differential equations (1), (8) and (9) are control equations of the temperature and the water pressure evolution of the filling body in the continuous deposition process, and the evolution rules of the temperature and the water pressure of the filling body under different temperature and filling rate conditions can be obtained by simultaneously solving the equations (1), (8) and (9) by using tools such as Matlab, FlexPDE or COMSO L Multiphysics and the like.
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| CN111983196A (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2020-11-24 | 四川大学 | Underground filling method based on multi-field coupling model and application thereof |
| CN114923826A (en) * | 2022-05-07 | 2022-08-19 | 四川大学 | Deep high-temperature rheological deposit tailing filling body pore water pressure simulation method and application thereof |
| CN114923945B (en) * | 2022-05-07 | 2023-04-25 | 四川大学 | Tailing filling body pore water pressure simulation method in high-temperature stope and application thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111983196A (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2020-11-24 | 四川大学 | Underground filling method based on multi-field coupling model and application thereof |
| CN111983196B (en) * | 2020-09-02 | 2021-06-18 | 四川大学 | Underground filling method based on multi-field coupling model and application thereof |
| CN114923826A (en) * | 2022-05-07 | 2022-08-19 | 四川大学 | Deep high-temperature rheological deposit tailing filling body pore water pressure simulation method and application thereof |
| CN114923826B (en) * | 2022-05-07 | 2023-04-18 | 四川大学 | Deep high-temperature rheological deposit tailing filling body pore water pressure simulation method and application thereof |
| CN114923945B (en) * | 2022-05-07 | 2023-04-25 | 四川大学 | Tailing filling body pore water pressure simulation method in high-temperature stope and application thereof |
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