CN111413477B - River mouth area water environment quality evaluation method - Google Patents
River mouth area water environment quality evaluation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a water environment quality evaluation method for estuary areas, which comprises the following steps: step one, dynamically judging the range of a estuary area; grading water quality evaluation grades of estuary areas; step three, selecting an evaluation index and a standard limit value calculation mode; and step four, standard evaluation, namely performing evaluation on the standard by using a single factor pollution index evaluation method to compare the calculated water environment quality standard of the estuary area with one to four standard limits. The invention can evaluate the water environment quality of the estuary area more accurately, and provides decision support for the water environment management, water ecological restoration and other works of the estuary area better.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of water environment quality, and particularly relates to a estuary area water environment quality evaluation method.
Background
The estuary is a special area different from river and ocean, and is not applicable to estuary area whether it is "surface water environment quality standard" or "seawater quality standard". In the water environment management system of China, the estuary is not listed as a single evaluation unit, most of estuary areas are evaluated by using seawater quality standards, the water environment quality of the estuary areas cannot be objectively reflected, and the estuary areas are unfavorable in development, construction, management and protection. Therefore, the method of dynamically demarcating the estuary area by using the salinity gradient is used for demarcating the estuary area, and an evaluation system based on the estuary water environmental quality standard of the surface water environment, the seawater quality standard, the salinity gradient, the estuary water environmental quality standard and the evaluation method thereof is constructed, and the like, so that the method has very important significance for water environment management.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for evaluating the water environment quality of a estuary area, which can more accurately evaluate the water environment quality of the estuary area and better provide decision support for the works such as water environment management, water ecological restoration and the like of the estuary area.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the water environment quality evaluation method for the estuary area comprises the following steps:
step one, dynamically judging the range of a estuary area
Defining a estuary area by using a salinity gradient range, setting an upper boundary and a lower boundary of the estuary area, wherein the upper boundary is a boundary between the estuary area and a river, the salinity is 0-1%o as the upper boundary, the lower boundary is a boundary between the estuary area and the ocean, the salinity is 25-30%o as the lower boundary, the regional boundary dynamically changes along with the input water quantity of the estuary river and the tide process, and judging whether a target monitoring station is in the estuary area or not by using a fixed geographic boundary, but whether the measured salinity of the monitoring station is in the salinity range of the estuary area or not;
step two, grading water quality evaluation grades of estuary areas
The water quality classification of the estuary area is established by referring to the seawater quality standard and the surface water environment quality standard, the water quality classification of the estuary area is established by effectively integrating the categories of the application functions and the protection targets, the surface water quality standards I and II have no essential difference in application functions, and the I water quality generally only exists in extremely clean water bodies of river source areas, and the I water quality does not exist in estuary areas near the sea any more, so that two grades can be regarded as one grade, and the surface water quality near the estuary area can be divided into four categories by simplifying treatment, namely, the water quality is the same as the number of the seawater quality categories. The water quality of the surface water I and the water quality of the surface water II are very similar to the water quality of the sea water and the protection targets, and similarly, the water quality of the surface water III and the sea water, the water quality of the surface water IV and the sea water, and the water quality of the surface water V and the sea water are not very different except for drinking and agricultural irrigation. For example, the surface water I and II are suitable for 'source water, national natural protection area, primary protection area of the surface water source of the concentrated living drinking water, rare aquatic living habitat, fish and shrimp spawning ground, rope and bait field of young fish and the like', the sea water I and II are suitable for 'marine fishery water area, offshore natural protection area and rare endangered marine living protection area', and the balance is natural protection area and fishery protection area except for the functions of 'source water and primary protection area of the surface water source of the concentrated living drinking water which are not existed in the sea in relation to drinking functions', so that the source water and the primary protection area of the surface water source of the concentrated living drinking water are effectively connected. The result of the integration is: the surface water class I and class II are regarded as the same class, and the joint integration result of the surface water class I and class II and the sea water class is defined as a class of estuary areas; the joint integration result of the surface water III class and the sea water II class is defined as a river mouth area II class; the result of the connection and integration of the IV class surface water and the sea water is defined as three classes of river mouth areas; the result of the connection and integration of the V class surface water and the sea water is defined as four classes of river mouth areas; table 1 is a estuary area water environment quality evaluation standard class model:
TABLE 1
Step three, selecting an evaluation index and a standard limit value calculation mode
The first category is 'floaters', 'colors, smells, tastes' and 'suspended matters', and the indexes directly use the limit value of 'seawater quality standard' as the water quality standard limit value of estuary areas;
the second type is the water quality physicochemical factor five parameters, and the water temperature index uses the limit value of the seawater quality standard as the standard limit value of the estuary area. The pH index adopts C mix Mode calculation standard limit value; dissolved oxygen index using C mix Mode calculation standard limit value;
the third category is nutrient salt index including nitrogen and phosphorus index, introducing conversion coefficient K of inorganic nitrogen/total nitrogen and active phosphate/total phosphorus, after the total nitrogen index is converted into inorganic nitrogen and the total phosphorus index is converted into active phosphate, combining C mix Mode calculation of standard limits for inorganic Nitrogen and active phosphate in estuary area, hereinafter referred to as C mix (K) A mode;
the fourth category is the items with consistent evaluation indexes in seawater quality standard and surface water environment quality standard, comprising 16 items of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, mercury, cadmium, lead, hexavalent chromium, arsenic, copper, zinc, selenium, cyanide, sulfide, volatile powder, petroleum, anionic surfactant and fecal coliform, wherein the chemical oxygen demand in the seawater quality standard is greatly different from the chemical oxygen demand analysis method in the surface water environment quality standard and is similar to the permanganate index analysis method in the surface water environment quality standard, so that the seawater is obtainedThe chemical oxygen demand in the water quality standard and the permanganate index in the surface water environment quality standard are divided into the same group of indexes; in order to effectively distinguish the chemical oxygen demand of the surface water, the index in the estuary area standard is called as permanganate index in the surface water standard, and the indexes have larger standard limit value difference in the surface water and the seawater and have stronger mixing effect in the estuary process, thus C is used mix Calculating a standard limit value of the estuary area in a mode;
the fifth category is indexes contained in only one standard of the seawater quality standard and the surface water environment quality standard, including 9 items of the drip, malathion, parathion, benzo, pathogen, coliform bacteria, radionuclide and fluoride and chemical oxygen demand which are evaluated in the seawater quality standard, wherein the pathogen and coliform bacteria in the seawater quality standard are health indexes of threat population, the other 5 items are toxicity indexes, and the estuary and ocean execute the same standard, and the standard of the seawater quality is selected to be directly used as the estuary standard limit value; two fluorides and chemical oxygen demand in the surface water environment quality standard are selected to directly use the surface water environment quality standard as a estuary area standard limit value;
table Z various index standard value selection mode
After integration and connection, 36 items are included in the water quality standard of the estuary area, wherein 11 items of the seawater standard are directly used, and 2 items of the surface water standard are directly used, so that 13 items of the standard limit are directly defined, and the specific standard limit is shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Water quality Standard Limit value of estuary area for direct target index
In addition to the 13 directly targetable indices described above, there are 23 which require passage through C according to salinity mix Mode or C mix (K) And calculating the standard limit value of the estuary area. Table 4 calculates and lists standard limits for each salinity (with every 2 salinity being an interval) in the estuary area, taking the active phosphate and pH as examples. The standard limit value of the indexes is between the surface water standard and the seawater standard, the standard limit value near the upper boundary of the estuary (low salinity area) is close to the corresponding factor limit value in the surface water environment quality standard, and the standard limit value near the lower boundary of the estuary (high salinity area) is close to the corresponding factor limit value in the seawater quality standard. In actual operation, the standard limit value of the estuary area under the specific salinity can be calculated through station actual measurement salinity, and the standard value corresponding to each salinity of the estuary area can also be calculated as shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 Standard limits for Water quality at different salinity in estuary regions
The C is mix The pattern calculation process is as follows:
P r ＝1-P s (2)
wherein P is s In the sea water proportion, P r In the proportion of surface water, S i For measuring salinity at site, S b Is lower boundary salinity;
C s ＝C i P s (3)
C r ＝C i P r (4)
wherein C is s C as a source part of pollutant seawater r Is a source part of surface water of pollutantsDivide C i The measured concentration of contaminants for the site;
in the formula, PI s The evaluation result PI value and PI are the seawater source part r The PI value is the ratio of the pollutant concentration to the standard value of the pollutant concentration, C ss C is the concentration limit value of the corresponding water quality index of the seawater quality standard sr The water quality index concentration limit value is corresponding to the surface water environment quality standard, and K is a conversion coefficient;
according to the conceptual model, the water quality index evaluation result of the estuary area is the sum of the seawater source part evaluation result and the surface water source part evaluation result:
PI mix ＝PI s +PI r (7)
PI in mix The water quality index evaluation result PI value and PI of the estuary area are obtained s The evaluation result PI value and PI value are the water quality index evaluation result PI of the seawater source part r The PI value is an evaluation result of the water quality index of the surface water source part;
bringing formulae (1) to (6) into formula (7) to obtain:
and (3) after simplification, obtaining:
obtaining the site pollutant measured concentration C from the (9) i With a calculated ratio, i.e. the evaluation criterion limit (C) mix (K))：
Wherein C is mix (K) Is the evaluation standard limit value of inorganic nitrogen or active phosphate in estuary area, S i For measuring salinity at site, S b For boundary salinity, C ss C is the concentration limit value of the corresponding water quality class of inorganic nitrogen or active phosphate in the seawater standard sr For the concentration limit value of the corresponding water quality class of total nitrogen or total phosphorus in the surface water standard, K is the conversion coefficient of inorganic nitrogen/total nitrogen or active phosphate/total phosphorus of the monitoring station, and the conversion coefficient K calculates the K value of the station through the actual measurement value of the evaluated station;
when the evaluation indexes in the seawater quality standard and the surface water environment quality standard are consistent, the K value is 1 to obtain C mix ：
And step four, standard evaluation, namely performing evaluation on the standard by using a single factor pollution index evaluation method to compare the calculated water environment quality standard of the estuary area with one to four standard limits.
Preferably, each monitoring index refers to the sampling, analyzing and quality control method specified in the seawater quality standard and the corresponding current monitoring standard method, wherein for the parameter affected by salinity, the corresponding analysis method in the surface water environment quality standard is used for the salinity of less than 3.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the estuary water environmental quality standard evaluation system effectively links the saline gradient as a tie by the surface water environmental quality standard and the seawater quality standard, thereby not only maintaining the integral consistency and effective linking, but also more accurately and truly reflecting the actual water quality condition of the estuary area. The evaluation system has strong applicability and operability, and can better serve for water environment management of the near-shore estuary area.
Compared with the existing method for directly adopting the evaluation of the seawater quality standard, the method has the following advantages: the river input is considered to be in a natural state and is not an environmentally harsh representation, so that the environmental quality can be more accurately reflected by introducing the 'surface water environment quality standard' to carry out comprehensive evaluation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a river mouth area water environment quality evaluation criterion C mix A model diagram of a pattern concept.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart for evaluating the water environment quality of estuary areas
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
Taking the monitoring results of the sites of the water areas Q1 and Q2 near the estuary as an example of the evaluation flow, the monitoring results of two example sites are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 example site monitoring results
Step one, judging whether the target site is in the estuary area. The salinity of the upper boundary of the estuary is set to be 0.1 per mill, the salinity of the lower boundary of the estuary is set to be 25 per mill, namely, the area with the salinity of 0.1 per mill to 25 per mill near the estuary is an estuary area, Q1 is in the estuary area, the estuary area is evaluated by using the method, and Q2 is outside the estuary area and is not evaluated by using an estuary area standard.
Step two, referring to a water environment quality evaluation standard class model of the estuary area in Table 1
And thirdly, selecting a mode for calculating the water quality standard limit value of the estuary area according to the monitoring index. Evaluation of active phosphate in nutrient salt index using C mix (K) A mode; evaluation of pH Using C mix A mode; malathion was evaluated using a method that directly mapped the water quality standard limits of the estuary area of table 3. Calculating estuary region evaluation grade grading standard limit value, nutrient salt index (active phosphate) using C mix (K) Mode, pH uses C mix The mode is that one to four types of standards under the salinity conditions measured by the station are calculated, or the results of various standard lists under different salinity are calculated in advance, and are shown in a table 4; malathion index directly used and directly calibratedIn the water quality standards (Table 3), malathion standard limit values are included, wherein one standard limit value (0.0005 mg/L), two standard limit values (0.001 mg/L), three standard limit values (0.001 mg/L) and four standard limit values (0.001 mg/L).
And step four, evaluating the standard. And (3) evaluating the water environment quality standard of the estuary area by using a single factor pollution index evaluation method according to one to four standard limits of the water environment quality standard of the estuary area. The measured salinity of the Q1 site is 14 per mill, the standard limit value corresponding to the salinity of 14 per mill in the table 4 is selected, the concentration of active phosphate is 0.044mg/L, which is more than the first standard limit value 0.023mg/L corresponding to the salinity of 14 per mill in the table 4 and less than the second standard limit value 0.045mg/L, and the evaluation result is the second water quality; the pH value is 7.4, and the standard limit value corresponding to the salinity of 14 per mill in the table 4 is between 6.9 and 8.7, so that the water quality is one type; malathion concentration 0.0004mg/L, according to the criteria in table 3, less than one class of standard limit value 0.0005mg/L, is one class of water quality; and the evaluation results of all three projects are comprehensively regarded as the second-class water quality.
The foregoing describes embodiments of the present invention in detail, but the disclosure is only one specific estuary embodiment of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. All equivalent changes and modifications within the scope of the present invention are intended to be covered by this patent. Table 3 lists only the values of the 2% salinity grid and does not represent all calculations.
Claims (2)
1. A water environment quality evaluation method for estuary areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, dynamically judging the range of a estuary area
Defining a estuary area by using a salinity gradient range, setting an upper boundary and a lower boundary of the estuary area, wherein the upper boundary is a boundary between the estuary area and a river, the salinity is 0-1 per mill as the upper boundary, the lower boundary is a boundary between the estuary area and the ocean, the salinity is 25-30 per mill as the lower boundary, the estuary area boundary dynamically changes along with the input water quantity and the tide process of the river at the upstream of the estuary, and judging whether a target monitoring station is in the estuary area or not by using a fixed geographic boundary, but whether the measured salinity of a monitoring station is in the estuary area salinity range;
step two, grading water quality evaluation grades of estuary areas
Referring to the seawater quality standard and the surface water environment quality standard, effectively integrating the classes with similar using functions and protection targets, establishing the water quality grade classification of the estuary area, and regarding the surface water class I and class II as the same class, wherein the joint integration result of the surface water class I and the sea water class II is defined as the estuary area class; the joint integration result of the surface water III class and the sea water II class is defined as a river mouth area II class; the result of the connection and integration of the IV class surface water and the sea water is defined as three classes of river mouth areas; the result of the connection and integration of the V class surface water and the sea water is defined as four classes of river mouth areas;
step three, selecting an evaluation index and a standard limit value calculation mode
The first category is 'floaters', 'colors, smells, tastes' and 'suspended matters', and the indexes directly use the limit value of 'seawater quality standard' as the water quality standard limit value of estuary areas;
the second type is water quality physicochemical factor five parameters, the water temperature index uses limit value of seawater quality standard as estuary standard limit value, and the pH index adopts C mix Mode calculation standard limit value; dissolved oxygen index using C mix Mode calculation standard limit value;
the third category is nutrient salt index including nitrogen and phosphorus index, introducing conversion coefficient K of inorganic nitrogen/total nitrogen and active phosphate/total phosphorus, after the total nitrogen index is converted into inorganic nitrogen and the total phosphorus index is converted into active phosphate, combining C mix Mode calculation of standard limits for inorganic Nitrogen and active phosphate in estuary area, hereinafter referred to as C mix (K) A mode;
the fourth category is the items with consistent evaluation indexes in seawater quality standard and surface water environment quality standard, comprising 16 items of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, mercury, cadmium, lead, hexavalent chromium, arsenic, copper, zinc, selenium, cyanide, sulfide, volatile powder, petroleum, anionic surfactant and fecal coliform, wherein the chemical oxygen demand in the seawater quality standard is greatly different from the chemical oxygen demand analysis method in the surface water environment quality standard and is similar to the surface water environment quality standardThe permanganate index analysis method of (2) is similar, so that the chemical oxygen demand in the seawater quality standard and the permanganate index in the surface water environment quality standard are divided into the same group of indexes; in order to effectively distinguish the chemical oxygen demand of the surface water, the chemical oxygen demand in the estuary area standard is used along with the name of the surface water standard, namely the permanganate index, and the fourth type of index has larger standard limit value difference in the surface water and the seawater, and C is used mix Calculating a standard limit value of the estuary area in a mode;
the fifth category is indexes contained in only one standard of the seawater quality standard and the surface water environment quality standard, including 9 items of the drip, malathion, parathion, benzo, pathogen, coliform bacteria, radionuclide and fluoride and chemical oxygen demand which are evaluated in the seawater quality standard, wherein the pathogen and coliform bacteria in the seawater quality standard are health indexes of threat population, the other 5 items are toxicity indexes, and the estuary and ocean execute the same standard, and the standard of the seawater quality is selected to be directly used as the estuary standard limit value; two fluorides and chemical oxygen demand in the surface water environment quality standard are selected to directly use the surface water environment quality standard as a estuary area standard limit value;
the C is mix (K) The mode calculation formula is:
wherein C is mix (K) Is the evaluation standard limit value of inorganic nitrogen or active phosphate in estuary area, S i For measuring salinity at site, S b For boundary salinity, C ss Is the concentration limit value of the corresponding water quality class of inorganic nitrogen or active phosphate in seawater quality standard, C sr Is the concentration limit value of the corresponding water quality category of total nitrogen or total phosphorus in the surface water environment quality standard, when C mix (K) K is the conversion coefficient of inorganic nitrogen/total nitrogen of the station when the evaluation standard limit value of inorganic nitrogen in the estuary area is used; when C mix (K) When the K is the standard limit value of the evaluation standard of the active phosphate in the estuary area, the K is the site active phosphate/total phosphorusThe conversion coefficient, the conversion coefficient K adopts the measured value of the estimated site to calculate the K value of the site; when the evaluation indexes in the seawater quality standard and the surface water environment quality standard are consistent, the K value is 1 to obtain C mix ：
Wherein C is mix Is the evaluation standard limit value of the estuary area S i For measuring salinity at site, S b For boundary salinity, C ss Is the concentration limit value of the corresponding water quality index of the seawater quality standard, C sr The water quality index concentration limit value is the corresponding water quality index concentration limit value of the surface water environment quality standard;
and step four, standard evaluation, namely performing evaluation on the standard by using a single factor pollution index evaluation method to compare the calculated water environment quality standard of the estuary area with one to four standard limits.
2. The estuary area water environment quality evaluation method according to claim 1, characterized by: the monitoring indexes refer to the sampling, analyzing and quality control methods specified in the seawater quality standard and the corresponding current monitoring standard methods, wherein for the parameters affected by salinity, the corresponding analysis methods in the surface water environment quality standard are used when the salinity is less than 3 per mill.
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