CN111410382A - Efficient treatment method for waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater - Google Patents
Efficient treatment method for waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of environmental protection, particularly relates to the technical field of production wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to a high-efficiency treatment method of waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater. The processing method comprises the following steps: evaporation concentration, RO membrane concentration treatment of the evaporated liquid, ozone catalytic oxidation of RO membrane effluent, multi-section AO + MBR treatment of oxidized effluent, incineration treatment of the evaporation concentrated liquid and RO concentrated liquid, and heat energy recycling; adopt the concentrated mode of evaporation to carry out the first separation with water and organic matter in the waste water, carry out the concentrated separation of second time with the RO membrane for the distillate that contains organic pollutant concentration lower relatively, the remaining volatile organic pollutant that RO membrane goes out the aquatic carries out ozone catalytic oxidation and handles, then carry out multistage AO + MBR and handle, make super high COD in the waste water effectively get rid of, the heat recovery who burns the dense solution in the incinerator and produce simultaneously, whole waste water treatment process can not produce secondary pollution, the method is simple, high efficiency, low cost, the effect is stable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of environmental protection, particularly relates to the technical field of production wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to a high-efficiency treatment method of waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater.
Background
With the continuous development of national economy, vehicles such as factory machinery, vehicles and ships and the like are increased, and the usage amount of lubricating oil in related aspects is continuously increased. At present, the annual consumption of lubricating oil in China reaches about 1600 million tons. After long-time use, the lubricating oil can deteriorate in the mechanical transmission and engine lubrication processes, for example, after the lubricating oil on cooling, transmission, heat treatment and other devices is used for a period of time, the lubricating performance index is reduced, and the oil needs to be changed to a certain degree to ensure the normal operation of the equipment. The replacement of the lubricating oil generates a large amount of waste hydraulic oil, gear oil, dirty oil of washing parts, and the like. These used lubricating oils have been conventionally dumped as wastes directly or burned as fuels, which is highly undesirable in the present days of energy shortage and increasing environmental pollution, not only resulting in great waste of available resources but also aggravating environmental pollution. The waste lubricating oil also contains a large amount of valuable base oil components, so the waste lubricating oil has high recycling value. Therefore, the method saves resources, changes waste into valuable, makes full use of petroleum resources, can prevent environmental pollution, and has considerable economic benefit and environmental benefit.
At present, the regeneration process of domestic waste lubricating oil mainly comprises a distillation-acid washing-clay refining process, a distillation-furfural refining-clay refining process, a sedimentation-distillation-acid washing-calcium soil refining process and the like, and a novel process is developed towards a hydrofining technology.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a high-efficiency treatment method of waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater, which comprises the following steps:
s1, evaporation: evaporating the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater after primary oil removal by using a triple-effect evaporator with the industrial steam pressure of 1-2kg, wherein the hydraulic retention time is 1-2h, the evaporation rate is 50-60%, and respectively collecting an evaporation liquid and a concentrated solution;
RO membrane treatment, i.e., reverse osmosis membrane treatment: performing RO membrane treatment on the distillate under transmembrane pressure difference of 70-100bar, respectively collecting RO membrane effluent and concentrated solution, adjusting the pH of the RO membrane effluent to 6-8, and mixing the RO membrane concentrated solution with the concentrated solution generated in the step S1;
s2, catalytic oxidation by ozone: carrying out ozone catalytic oxidation treatment on the RO membrane effluent for 1-2 h;
multi-section AO + MBR, namely anaerobic-aerobic process + membrane bioreactor: carrying out multi-section AO + MBR combined treatment on the effluent of ozone catalytic oxidation, wherein the hydraulic retention time is 36-48h, and the transmembrane pressure difference of the MBR is 0.5-1 bar;
s3, burning the concentrated solution: burning the evaporation concentrated solution and the RO membrane concentrated solution by using a waste liquid incinerator, wherein the burning temperature is higher than 1100 ℃, the retention time of flue gas is 2-4 seconds, and the flue gas generated by burning is discharged after reaching the standard after being treated;
wherein, the steps S2 and S3 are not in sequence.
The method for efficiently treating the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater is further improved as follows:
preferably, the COD concentration of the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater is 60-80 ten thousand mg/L, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen is lower than 2000 mg/L, the concentration of total nitrogen is lower than 7000 mg/L, and the concentration of total phosphorus is lower than 3000 mg/L.
Preferably, the concentration ratio of the triple effect evaporation to the wastewater in the step S1 is 1-1.5 times.
Preferably, the RO membrane treatment in step S2 is a three-stage RO membrane treatment, the total water yield of the three-stage RO membrane treatment is greater than 80%, and the COD of the RO membrane concentrate is higher than 12 ten thousand mg/L and the COD of the membrane effluent is lower than 3 ten thousand mg/L.
The three-stage RO membrane treatment is further preferably carried out in such a manner that the transmembrane pressure difference in the three-stage RO membrane treatment is 70bar in the first stage, 80bar in the second stage and 100bar in the third stage.
Preferably, in the ozone catalytic oxidation described in step S2, ozone is used as an oxidant, a metal oxide having a selective effect on volatile organic pollutants in the RO effluent is used as an ozone catalyst, the amount of ozone added is 2-4 times of the COD concentration in the RO effluent, the hydraulic retention time of the RO effluent in the catalyst bed is 1-2 hours, and the COD of the RO effluent after the ozone catalytic oxidation treatment is reduced to 5000 mg/L or less.
Preferably, when the volatile organic pollutant in the RO effluent is p-cresol, the metal oxide used as the ozone catalyst is copper oxide, and when the volatile organic pollutant in the RO effluent is triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, the metal oxide used as the ozone catalyst is copper oxide + iron oxide.
Preferably, the ozone tail gas of the ozone catalytic oxidation in the step S2 is used as an oxidant for treating NOx generated by the combustion of the waste liquid incinerator.
Preferably, the concentrated solution in the step S3 is directly incinerated without adding any additional fuel after ignition, and the heat energy generated by incineration is used for heating the inlet water of the evaporator in the step S1.
Preferably, the concentrated solution incineration tail gas obtained in the step S3 is subjected to flue gas dust removal, wet desulfurization, ozone tail gas oxidation and wet denitration processes in sequence, and then is discharged after reaching the standard.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the invention adopts a mode of combining triple effect evaporation, RO membrane treatment, ozone catalytic oxidation, multi-section AO + MBR, evaporation and RO concentrated solution incineration to treat the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater.
Organic matters and water in the lubricating oil wastewater are separated for the first time through triple effect evaporation, the evaporation rate is about 50-60%, and then the evaporated water and the concentrated solution are respectively treated, so that a better treatment effect and higher energy utilization efficiency can be obtained;
the RO membrane treatment is to further separate volatile and soluble ether and alkoxy organic matters in the distilled water, the first stage RO separates the water into RO membrane effluent and RO membrane concentrated solution, the RO membrane concentrated solution is further concentrated by two stages of RO, the volume of the concentrated water is reduced as much as possible, the COD concentration of the concentrated water is improved, and finally the RO membrane concentrated solution is mixed with the evaporated concentrated solution so as to be beneficial to subsequent direct incineration;
the ozone catalytic oxidation plays roles of decomposing pollutants and improving biodegradability through selective adsorption and activation of the surface of an ozone molecular oxidation catalyst, and can realize partial mineralization through selective oxidation of oxygen-containing functional groups of the organic matters;
the multi-section AO + MBR has the function of further reducing the COD content in water after catalytic oxidation by ozone, and the COD of effluent subjected to biochemical treatment by the multi-section AO + MBR combined process is below 500 mg/L;
the purpose of the waste liquid incinerator is to thoroughly incinerate high-content and complex organic matters in the triple-effect evaporation concentrated solution and the RO membrane concentrated solution, a small amount of oxysulfide and nitric oxide components are possibly accompanied in tail gas, and the desulfurization and denitrification device is equipped to operate together for ensuring the standard-reaching emission of the tail gas of the incinerator.
2) The invention provides a method for treating waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater, which separates water phase and organic phase in the wastewater by adopting an evaporation concentration mode to make the concentrated more concentrated and dilute more dilute, thereby carrying out targeted distinguishing treatment: burning the high-concentration organic concentrated solution to be clean and thorough; the low-concentration distillate has relatively low pollution concentration and can be treated to reach the standard by adopting RO filtration, ozone catalytic oxidation and biochemical treatment. The ultrahigh COD in the waste lubricating oil regeneration waste water can be effectively removed, so that the treated waste water reaches the sewage nano-tube discharge standard of an industrial park; moreover, the heat generated when the concentrated solution is burnt in the incinerator is recycled and used for heating the inlet water of the evaporator; the ozone tail gas generated by catalytic oxidation of ozone is used as an oxidant for burning NOx in the tail gas of the concentrated solution, so that the purpose of treating wastes with processes of wastes against one another is realized.
3) The detection of the waste water before and after being treated by the method disclosed by the invention shows that after the treatment by the process, the removal rate of COD is up to more than 99%, and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and volatile organic pollutants (p-cresol and triethylene glycol monobutyl ether) is more than 95%, so that ethers, alkanes, organic ammonium salts and organic sulfides in the waste water are efficiently and economically removed, the environmental pollution is reduced, and meanwhile, the recycling of partial energy is realized; the ozone tail gas generated by catalytic oxidation of ozone is used as an oxidant for treating NOx generated by combustion of the waste liquid incinerator; the whole wastewater treatment process does not produce secondary pollution, and the method is simple, efficient, low in cost and stable in effect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method for treating waste water from the regeneration of used lubricating oil according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a structural view of AO + MBR combined treatment in the method for treating waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a general configuration diagram of a method for treating waste water from the regeneration of used lubricating oil according to the present invention;
FIGS. 4 (a) and (b) are graphs showing the comparison between before and after the spent lubricating oil regeneration wastewater of example 1 was treated by the treatment method of the present invention, respectively.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
In the following examples, ammonia nitrogen was measured by the naesli reagent spectrophotometry method HJ536-2009, COD was measured by the national standard GB11914-89, total nitrogen was measured by the national standard GB11894-89, and total phosphorus was measured by the national standard GB 11893-89.
The regeneration waste water of the used lubricating oil in the following examples has been subjected to oil removal treatment according to a conventional gravity separation method, and has a pH value of 6-8, a temperature of about 5-25 ℃ at normal temperature, wherein the COD concentration is 60-80 mg/L, wherein the ammonia nitrogen concentration is <2000 mg/L, wherein the total nitrogen concentration is <7000 mg/L, and wherein the total phosphorus concentration is <3000 mg/L.
The equipment manufacturer of the triple-effect evaporator is a combined-fertilizer calf light industry machinery limited company, the equipment model is XN-QXZ3/2000, and the processing specification is 1500L/h.
The equipment manufacturer of the three-stage reverse osmosis treatment system, namely the three-stage RO treatment system, is Beijing Heyuanshen Feng film technology development Co., Ltd, and adopts the equipment model of NF8040, and the treatment specifications are three specifications of 5 tons/h, 2 tons/h and 1 ton/h.
The ozone catalytic oxidation equipment is manufactured by Shandonghua Lin ozone equipment Co., Ltd, and the ozone catalytic oxidation equipment is adopted with the model of OZOH L-60 kg and the specification of 60 kg/h.
The manufacturer of the waste liquid incinerator equipment is environment-friendly equipment limited company Dahong in Jiangsu, and the adopted equipment type is the waste liquid incinerator with the specification of 15 tons/h.
Example 1
The water quality of the waste regeneration wastewater of the deoiled waste lubricating oil is that the pH is 6.8, the water temperature is 21 ℃, the COD concentration is 80 ten thousand mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen concentration is 260 mg/L, the total nitrogen concentration is 1240 mg/L, the total phosphorus concentration is 300 mg/L, and the concentration of volatile organic pollutant paracresol is 10000 mg/L.
S1, performing gravity degreasing on 1 ton of waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater, then performing stable evaporation by using a triple-effect evaporator with industrial steam pressure of 2kg, performing hydraulic retention for 1 hour, and collecting a distillate and a concentrated solution;
carrying out three-stage RO treatment system on the distillate under 70bar transmembrane pressure difference, wherein the transmembrane pressure difference is 70bar in the first stage, 80bar in the second stage and 100bar in the third stage, respectively collecting RO membrane effluent and concentrated solution, adding acid and alkali into the RO membrane effluent to adjust the pH to be 6-8, and mixing the RO membrane concentrated solution and the concentrated solution;
s2, carrying out ozone catalytic oxidation treatment on the effluent of the third-stage RO membrane for 2 hours, and selecting metal oxide copper oxide as an ozone catalyst with the addition amount of 2 g/L;
carrying out multi-section AO + MBR combined treatment on the effluent of ozone catalytic oxidation, wherein the hydraulic retention time is 48h, and the transmembrane pressure difference of the MBR is 0.5-1 bar;
s3, burning the concentrated solution: treating the concentrated solution of the triple-effect evaporator and the concentrated solution of the RO membrane by using a waste liquid incinerator, wherein the incinerator temperature is 1100 ℃, the smoke retention time is 4 seconds, and the generated smoke is discharged after sequentially passing through smoke dust removal, wet desulphurization, ozone oxidation and wet denitration processes;
the photographs before and after the treatment of the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater in example 1 are shown in fig. 1, and the wastewater treated in example 1 is detected, and the results show that after the treatment by the method of the present invention, the COD concentration in the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater is 90 mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen concentration is 10 mg/L, the total nitrogen concentration is 25 mg/L, the total phosphorus concentration is 1 mg/L, and the concentration of volatile organic pollutants is 0.5 mg/L, the water quality reaches the standard of direct discharge, the removal rate of COD reaches 99.98%, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen reaches 96.15%, the removal rate of total nitrogen reaches 97.98%, the removal rate of total phosphorus reaches 99.67%, and the removal rate of volatile organic pollutants reaches 99.99%.
Example 2
The water quality of the waste regeneration wastewater of the deoiled waste lubricating oil is that the pH value is 7.1, the water temperature is 22 ℃, the COD concentration is 64 ten thousand mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen concentration is 450 mg/L, the total nitrogen concentration is 2200 mg/L, the total phosphorus concentration is 800 mg/L, and the volatile organic pollutant is 8000 mg/L of paracresol.
S1, carrying out primary oil removal on 1 ton of waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater, then adopting a triple-effect evaporator with industrial steam pressure of 2kg for stable evaporation, and collecting an evaporation liquid and a concentrated solution after hydraulic retention time of 1 h;
carrying out three-stage RO treatment system on the distillate under 70bar transmembrane pressure difference, wherein the transmembrane pressure difference is 70bar in the first stage, 80bar in the second stage and 100bar in the third stage, respectively collecting RO membrane effluent and RO membrane concentrated solution, adding a regulator into the RO membrane effluent to adjust the pH value to 6-8, and mixing the RO membrane concentrated solution and the concentrated solution;
s2, carrying out ozone catalytic oxidation treatment on the effluent of the third-stage RO membrane for 1.5h, and selecting metal oxide copper oxide as an ozone catalyst with the dosage of 1.5 g/L;
carrying out multi-section AO + MBR combined treatment on the effluent of ozone catalytic oxidation, wherein the hydraulic retention time is 48h, and the transmembrane pressure difference of the MBR is 0.5-1 bar;
s3, burning the concentrated solution: treating the concentrated solution of the triple-effect evaporator and the concentrated solution of the RO membrane by using a waste liquid incinerator, wherein the incinerator temperature is 1100 ℃, the smoke retention time is 4 seconds, and the generated smoke is discharged after sequentially passing through smoke dust removal, wet desulphurization, ozone oxidation and wet denitration processes to finish the treatment of the second part of wastewater;
the wastewater treated in the example 2 is detected, and the water quality of the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater treated by the method provided by the invention reaches the standard of direct discharge, wherein the COD concentration is 70 mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen concentration is 15 mg/L, the total nitrogen concentration is 30 mg/L, the total phosphorus concentration is 2 mg/L and the volatile organic pollutant concentration is 0.5 mg/L, the removal rate of the COD reaches 99.99%, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen reaches 96.67%, the removal rate of the total nitrogen reaches 98.64%, the removal rate of the total phosphorus reaches 99.75% and the removal rate of the volatile organic pollutant reaches 99.99%.
Example 3
The water quality of the waste regeneration wastewater of the deoiled waste lubricating oil is that the pH value is 7.1, the water temperature is 22 ℃, the COD concentration is 60 ten thousand mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen concentration is 500 mg/L, the total nitrogen concentration is 2600 mg/L, the total phosphorus concentration is 820 mg/L, and the volatile organic pollutant is triethylene glycol monobutyl ether 5000 mg/L.
S1, carrying out primary oil removal on 1 ton of waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater, then adopting a triple-effect evaporator with industrial steam pressure of 2kg for stable evaporation, and collecting an evaporation liquid and a concentrated solution after hydraulic retention time of 1 h;
carrying out three-stage RO treatment system on the distillate under 70bar transmembrane pressure difference, wherein the transmembrane pressure difference is 70bar in the first stage, 80bar in the second stage and 100bar in the third stage, respectively collecting RO membrane effluent and concentrated solution, adding a regulator into the RO membrane effluent to adjust the pH to 6-8, and mixing the RO membrane concentrated solution and the concentrated solution;
s2, carrying out ozone catalytic oxidation treatment on the three-stage RO effluent for 2 hours, and selecting metal oxide copper oxide and ferric oxide as ozone catalysts, wherein the adding amount is 1 g/L and 0.5 g/L respectively;
carrying out multi-section AO + MBR combined treatment on the effluent of ozone catalytic oxidation, wherein the hydraulic retention time is 48h, and the transmembrane pressure difference of the MBR is 0.5-1 bar;
s3, concentrated oil liquid incineration: treating the concentrated solution of the triple-effect evaporator and the concentrated solution of the RO membrane by using a waste liquid incinerator, wherein the incinerator temperature is 1100 ℃, the smoke retention time is 4 seconds, and the generated smoke is discharged after sequentially passing through smoke dust removal, wet desulphurization, ozone oxidation and wet denitration processes to finish the treatment of the second part of wastewater;
the wastewater treated in the embodiment 3 is detected, and the method disclosed by the invention is used for treating the wastewater, wherein the COD concentration in the regenerated wastewater of the waste lubricating oil is 100 mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen concentration is 13 mg/L, the total nitrogen concentration is 20 mg/L, the total phosphorus concentration is 1 mg/L, and the volatile organic pollutant concentration is 5 mg/L, so that the water quality reaches the standard of direct discharge, the removal rate of the COD reaches 99.98%, the removal rate of the ammonia nitrogen reaches 97.4%, the removal rate of the total nitrogen reaches 99.23%, the removal rate of the total phosphorus reaches 99.87%, and the removal rate of the volatile organic pollutant reaches 99.90%.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above description is only a few specific embodiments of the invention, and that the invention is not limited thereto. It should be noted that many variations and modifications are possible to those skilled in the art, and all variations and modifications that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A high-efficiency treatment method for waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, evaporation: evaporating the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater after primary oil removal by using a triple-effect evaporator with the industrial steam pressure of 1-2kg, wherein the hydraulic retention time is 1-2h, the evaporation rate is 50-60%, and respectively collecting an evaporation liquid and a concentrated solution;
RO membrane treatment, i.e., reverse osmosis membrane treatment: performing RO membrane treatment on the distillate under transmembrane pressure difference of 70-100bar, respectively collecting RO membrane effluent and concentrated solution, adjusting the pH of the RO membrane effluent to 6-8, and mixing the RO membrane concentrated solution with the concentrated solution generated in the step S1;
s2, catalytic oxidation by ozone: carrying out ozone catalytic oxidation treatment on the RO membrane effluent for 1-2 h;
multi-section AO + MBR, namely anaerobic-aerobic process + membrane bioreactor: carrying out multi-section AO + MBR combined treatment on the effluent of ozone catalytic oxidation, wherein the hydraulic retention time is 36-48h, and the transmembrane pressure difference of the MBR is 0.5-1 bar;
s3, burning the concentrated solution: burning the evaporation concentrated solution and the RO membrane concentrated solution by using a waste liquid incinerator, wherein the burning temperature is higher than 1100 ℃, the retention time of flue gas is 2-4 seconds, and the flue gas generated by burning is discharged after reaching the standard after being treated;
wherein, the steps S2 and S3 are not in sequence.
2. The method for efficiently treating waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater according to claim 1, wherein the waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater has a COD concentration of 60-80 ten thousand mg/L, an ammonia nitrogen concentration of less than 2000 mg/L, a total nitrogen concentration of less than 7000 mg/L, and a total phosphorus concentration of less than 3000 mg/L.
3. The method for efficiently treating waste water from regeneration of used lubricating oil according to claim 1, wherein the concentration ratio of the triple-effect evaporator to the waste water in step S1 is 1 to 1.5 times.
4. The method for efficiently treating waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater according to claim 1, wherein the RO membrane treatment in step S1 is a three-stage RO membrane treatment, the total water yield of the three-stage RO membrane treatment is greater than 80%, and the COD of the RO membrane concentrate is higher than 12 ten thousand mg/L, and the COD of the membrane effluent is lower than 3 ten thousand mg/L.
5. The method for efficiently treating waste water from the regeneration of waste lubricating oil according to claim 4, wherein the transmembrane pressure difference in the three-stage RO membrane treatment is 70bar in the first stage, 80bar in the second stage and 100bar in the third stage.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the ozone catalytic oxidation of step S2 is performed by using ozone as an oxidant, and a metal oxide having a selective effect on volatile organic pollutants in the RO effluent is used as an ozone catalyst, wherein the amount of ozone added is 2-4 times of the COD concentration in the RO effluent, the hydraulic retention time of the RO effluent in the catalyst bed is 1-2 hours, and the COD of the RO effluent after the ozone catalytic oxidation treatment is reduced to 5000 mg/L or less.
7. The method for efficiently treating waste water from the regeneration of waste lubricating oil according to claim 6, wherein when the volatile organic contaminant in the RO effluent is p-cresol, the metal oxide as the ozone catalyst is copper oxide, and when the volatile organic contaminant in the RO effluent is triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, the metal oxide as the ozone catalyst is copper oxide and iron oxide.
8. The method for efficiently treating waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater according to claim 1 or 6, wherein the ozone off-gas from the ozone catalytic oxidation in step S2 is used as an oxidant for treating NOx generated by combustion in the waste liquid incinerator.
9. The method for efficiently treating waste water from regeneration of used lubricating oil according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate incineration of step S3 is performed without adding any additional fuel after ignition, and is performed directly, and the heat energy generated by incineration is used to heat the inlet water of the triple-effect evaporator in step S1.
10. The efficient treatment method for waste lubricating oil regeneration wastewater according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated solution incineration tail gas obtained in the step S3 is subjected to flue gas dust removal, wet desulfurization, ozone tail gas oxidation and wet denitration in sequence and then discharged after reaching the standard.
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