CN111387356A - 预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法和用途,该中草药制剂的组分包含:石榴皮、金银花和太子参;其中,所述石榴皮的质量>金银花的质量>太子参的质量。本发明的中草药饲料添加剂能够抗菌,预防腹泻,避免抗生素所带来的药物残留。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种腹泻用中草药,具体涉及一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法和用途。
背景技术
新生反刍动物在生长过程中需要经过复杂的生理过度,从自身免疫系统的建立,母源抗体逐渐消退,到瘤胃功能开始完善,出现反刍,具备消化饲草料的能力等。于此同时,对营养需求高,而且很容易受到细菌和病毒的感染,腹泻发生率高。
幼龄反刍动物腹泻是导致综合生产性能下降的主要原因,甚至导致死亡。国内外学者致力于解决生产中幼龄反刍动物腹泻发生率高的问题,探索通过抗生素、微生物制剂、植物有效成分等手段解决幼龄反刍动物腹泻问题,取得一定的科技成果,但是也存在一些问题,具体如下:
(1)使用抗生素治疗幼龄反刍动物腹泻,在实际生产应用当中效果明显,但长期使用抗生素,抗病性和药物残留问题突出,危害动物自身和人类健康;
(2)利用微生物制剂和植物提取物预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻,存在成本高,推广应用难度大的问题。腹泻病的发生往往不是单一的原因造成的,是许多因素综合产生的幼龄反刍动物的常见疾病,添加微生物制剂主要在增加胃肠道有益菌的数量,而添加植物提取物主要在抑菌方面作用效果较好。
随着人们生活水平的不断提高以及对食品质量安全控制持续关注,开发绿色安全的饲料添加剂具有重要的现实意义。抗生素、激素类饲料添加剂使用对环境和人体的危害,使生产绿色、健康、安全、优质的畜禽产品成为国内外研究开发的热点。中草药作为饲料添加剂具有来源广、价格低、无残留、无耐药性等特点,已有多项研究表明,中草药在反刍动物生产性能、免疫功能、抗菌消炎等方面有较好的效果。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法和用途,解决了抗生素药物残留的问题,能够抗菌,预防腹泻,避免抗生素所带来的药物残留。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供了一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂,该中草药饲料添加剂的组分包含:石榴皮、金银花和太子参;其中,所述石榴皮的质量>金银花的质量>太子参的质量。
其中,石榴皮具有涩肠止泻、止血、驱虫的功效,石榴皮含有鞣质、生物碱、酚类化合物,具有广谱抗菌和抑制病毒的作用;金银花具有清热解毒、抗菌消炎,补虚疗风的功效,金银草含有绿原酸、木犀草素苷等药理活性成分,对多种致病菌和病毒有较强的抑制力,可提高机体免疫力;太子参具有益气健脾、生津润肺的功效,太子参含有多糖和氨基酸可提高机体免疫性能。本发明利用石榴皮、金银花、太子参制成复方中草药饲料添加剂,添加在幼龄反刍动物日粮中能够降低腹泻率。
优选地,所述石榴皮、金银花和太子参的质量比为2:1.5:1。
优选地,该中草药饲料添加剂为粉剂。
优选地,该中草药饲料添加剂是通过将粉碎的石榴皮、金银花和太子参粉碎后混合获得的。
本发明还提供了一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法,该方法包含:将干燥的石榴皮、金银花和太子参粉碎,并混合均匀,得到中草药饲料添加剂;其中,所述石榴皮的质量>金银花的质量>太子参的质量。
优选地,所述石榴皮、金银花和太子参为过40目筛获得的。
优选地,所述石榴皮、金银花和太子参的质量比为2:1.5:1。
本发明还提供了一种所述的预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂的用途,其特征在于,该中草药饲料添加剂用于作为制备预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的饲料添加剂。
本发明的预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法和用途,解决了抗生素药物残留的问题,具有以下优点:
(1)本发明的中草药饲料添加剂,针对幼龄反刍动物腹泻,有效预防反刍幼龄动物腹泻发生,对幼龄反刍动物采食、生长没有负面影响,提高动物综合生产性能;
(2)本发明的中草药饲料添加剂,有效解决抗生素使用带来的抗菌性和药物残留,控制动物产品品质,保护人类健康;
(3)本发明的中草药饲料添加剂,降低饲养和用药成本,便于养殖户在实际生产应用中操作使用,易于推广应用。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
将干燥的石榴皮、金银花、太子参按照质量比2:1.5:1称取,粉碎,过40目筛,充分混合。
上述中草药饲料添加剂中,石榴皮作为君药,金银花作为臣药,太子参作为佐药。
对实施例1制备的中草药饲料添加剂进行评价,具体如下:
1、急性毒性试验
将200g实施例1得到的饲料添加剂加2000mL蒸馏水熬制1h,过滤,离心,上清液浓缩,采用该浓缩液进行急性毒性试验评价。
取20只健康小白鼠(20±2g)随机分为2组,每组10只,雌雄各半,饲料添加剂浓缩液为试验组,对照组为生理盐水,编号并称重。采用灌胃法,灌服剂量为5000mg/kg,每天灌服一次,连续7天。试验期间,观察小鼠的精神状况、食欲、行为、体温、发病和死亡情况以及粪便是否成形情况。
试验结果:灌服饲料添加剂浓缩液和生理盐水的试验小鼠全部存活,未出现任何中毒迹象和死亡现象。所有试验小鼠精神状态较好,精力充沛,活泼好动,肌肉运动正常,反应敏捷,未出现精神萎靡、反应迟钝的现象;小鼠背毛光滑富有光泽,皮肤紧实紧贴体表;小鼠呼吸、采食、饮水正常有规律,未出现异常现象;小鼠粪便干硬呈黑色颗粒状,未有异物排除,尿液颜色正常无异味。说明灌服饲料添加剂浓缩液在5000mg/kg的情况下,小鼠无明显不良反映。
2、最大耐受量试验
将200g实施例1得到的饲料添加剂加2000mL蒸馏水熬制1h,过滤,离心,上清液浓缩,采用该浓缩液进行最大耐受量试验评价。
将20只健康小白鼠(20±2g)随机分为2组,每组10只,雌雄各半,饲料添加剂浓缩液为试验组,对照组为生理盐水,编号并称重。采用灌胃法,灌服剂量为30g/kg,剂量相当于靶动物摄入量的100倍,每天灌胃一次,连续灌胃7d。观察小鼠的食欲、饮水、精神、活动及有无中毒情况。
试验结果:小鼠给药后一周内,其行为、活动、呼吸、饮水、采食、精神状态、大小便及对外刺激反应均正常,且无一死亡。第8天对小鼠的各个器官组织检查,心、肝、脾、肾、胃和肠也均无异常变化。
最大耐受量试验中饲料添加剂浓缩液对小鼠体重的影响见表1。由表可知,试验组和对照组无明显差异,最大耐受试验饲料添加剂浓缩液对小鼠体重没有影响。
表1最大耐受量试验中饲料添加剂浓缩液对小鼠体重的影响
3、对幼龄反刍动物体重能影响试验
将15g实施例1得到的饲料添加剂加入1000g幼龄反刍动物日粮中,充分混合后饲喂动物,进行对幼龄反刍动物体重能影响试验。
选择贵州黑山羊(7-14日龄)、贵州白山羊(7-14日龄)、思南牛犊牛(14-21日龄)为试验对象,体重相近的贵州黑山羊、贵州白山羊、思南牛犊牛各20头,随机分为2组,每组10头,每头为一个重复,其中不添加复方中草药的动物日粮为对照组,添加1.5%复方中草药饲料添加剂的动物日粮为试验组,分为三个试验进行。贵州黑山羊开食料配方为:60%玉米,6%小麦麸,30%豆粕,4%羔羊专用预混料;贵州白山羊开食料配方为:60%玉米,6%小麦麸,30%豆粕,4%羔羊专用预混料;思南牛犊牛补饲日粮配方为:48%玉米,8%麸皮,26%豆粕,2%石粉,1%食盐,1%预混料,14%玉米秸秆。预饲期10天,正饲期60天,评估复方中草药饲料添加剂对三种试验动物生长性能的影响,结果见表2。
表2复方中药对幼龄反刍动物体重影响
从表2中可以看出,与对照组相比,添加复方中草药饲料添加剂组三种幼龄反刍动物的总增重和平均日增重均有所增加,其中以思南牛犊牛增重最为明显,贵州白山羊和黑山羊的增重鲜果不显著。平均日增重是评价动物生长性能的重要指标。结果说明添加复方中草药饲料添加剂对三种幼龄反刍动物生长性能有不同程度的促进作用,对幼龄反刍动物生长没有不良影响。
4、对幼龄反刍动物腹泻影响试验
对实验例3中三种试验动物,在试验期间每日详细记录三种试验动物的腹泻发生情况,并计算腹泻率,计算公式按:腹泻率=腹泻只日数/(试验只数×试验期)×100%。评估复方中草药饲料添加剂对幼龄反刍动物腹泻的影响,见表4。
表3复方中草药饲料添加剂对幼龄反刍动物腹泻影响
从表4中可以看出,食用本发明的中草药饲料添加剂贵州黑山羊、贵州白山羊和思南牛犊牛的腹泻率显著降低,思南牛犊牛尤为显著,其腹泻率为0。
腹泻是新生反刍动物的多发疾病,其不仅代表着幼龄反刍动物当前的健康状况,也影响着日后成年动物的生产和繁殖性能,同时对养殖户的经济效益产生重要影响。本实施例结果表明,饲喂复方中草药饲料添加剂,可不同程度降低幼龄反刍动物的腹泻发生率。
5、对幼龄反刍动物免疫性能影响试验
对实验例3中三种试验动物试验后期进行采血,用于测定血清免疫指标免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM,白细胞介素IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10,评估中药复方添加剂对三种试验动物免疫性能的影响,结果见表3。
表4复方中草药饲料添加剂对幼龄反刍动物免疫性能影响
从表3中可以看出,与对照组相比,添加复方中草药饲料添加剂组的3种幼龄反刍动物的免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM和白细胞介素IL-2、IL-10的含量均不同程度提高,其中以思南黄牛犊牛提高的幅度最大;IL-4、IL-6、IL-8的含量降低。
免疫球蛋白是反映机体免疫功能的重要指标,主要包括IgM、IgA、IgG这3种蛋白。IgM是免疫和感染中最先出现的抗体,是抗原刺激诱导体液免疫应答中最先产生的免疫球蛋白,其杀菌和溶菌等功能在机体早期防御中起着重要的作用;IgA是外分泌体液中的主要抗体,是机体黏膜防御系统的重要成分,可抑制微生物的呼吸道上皮附着,减缓病毒繁殖,对细菌、病毒具有抗体活性,是防止病原体入侵机体的第一道防线;IgG在血清中含量最多,是体液免疫的主要抗体,能够中和细菌毒素的毒性,促进单核巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,与病毒结合后使其失去感染宿主细胞的能力,本实施例研究结果表明,与对照组相比,3种幼龄反刍动物饲粮中添加复方中草药饲料添加剂饲喂后,提高血清IgM、IgA、IgG的含量,提示添加复方中草药饲料添加剂通过提高机体免疫应答,从而有利于抵抗应激,这可能是饲喂复方中草药饲料添加剂幼龄反刍动物腹泻率降低的原因之一。
白细胞介素是由多种细胞产生并作用于多种细胞的一类细胞因子,其在传递信息,介导T、B细胞活化,激活与调节免疫细胞剂炎症反应中其着重要作用。IL-2是T淋巴细胞和NK细胞活化过程中由细胞膜分泌的一种糖蛋白,其不仅是刺激T细胞生长的重要因子,而且是重要的免疫增强因子,被作为重要的免疫指标来研究机体所处的免疫状态。IL-4是主要由活化的T细胞、单核细胞分泌,具有多种生物学功能的细胞因子,在很多炎症反应中有促进作用。IL-6是由纤维母细胞、单核细胞、上皮细胞、T淋巴细胞等分泌产生的,能够刺激参与免疫反应的细胞增值、分化,是促进炎症因子。IL-8是由单核细胞、巨噬细胞和内皮细胞分泌一种促炎症细胞因子,可使趋化中性粒细胞到达炎性部位,导致中性粒细胞脱颗粒和炎性细胞激活,进而诱导细胞增殖,释放炎性物质。IL-4、IL-6、IL-8均属于肠道促炎因子。IL-10是重要的负向调节细胞因子,对免疫炎性反应过程中的多个环节具有阻断作用,因此具有广泛的免疫抑制活性。
本试验结果表明,与对照组相比,3种幼龄反刍动物饲喂复方中草药饲料添加剂后均不同程度提高IL-2和IL-10的含量,降低IL-4、IL-6、IL-8的含量,提示添加复方中草药饲料添加剂通过降低幼龄反刍动物肠道炎症,提高肠道屏障功能,这可能是饲喂复方中草药饲料添加剂幼龄反刍动物腹泻率降低的又一原因。
尽管本发明的内容已经通过上述优选实施例作了详细介绍,但应当认识到上述的描述不应被认为是对本发明的限制。在本领域技术人员阅读了上述内容后,对于本发明的多种修改和替代都将是显而易见的。因此,本发明的保护范围应由所附的权利要求来限定。
Claims (8)
1.一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂,其特征在于,该中草药饲料添加剂的组分包含:石榴皮、金银花和太子参;其中,所述石榴皮的质量>金银花的质量>太子参的质量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂,其特征在于,所述石榴皮、金银花和太子参的质量比为2:1.5:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂,其特征在于,该中草药饲料添加剂为粉剂。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任意一所述的预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂,其特征在于,该中草药饲料添加剂是通过将粉碎的石榴皮、金银花和太子参粉碎后混合获得的。
5.一种预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,该方法包含:
将干燥的石榴皮、金银花和太子参粉碎,并混合均匀,得到中草药饲料添加剂;
其中,所述石榴皮的质量>金银花的质量>太子参的质量。
6.根据权利要求5所述的预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述石榴皮、金银花和太子参为过40目筛获得的。
7.根据权利要求5所述的预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述石榴皮、金银花和太子参的质量比为2:1.5:1。
8.一种如权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的中草药饲料添加剂的用途,其特征在于,该中草药饲料添加剂用于作为预防幼龄反刍动物腹泻的饲料添加剂。
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