CN111355563B - Random access method and device, terminal and storage medium - Google Patents

Random access method and device, terminal and storage medium Download PDF

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CN111355563B
CN111355563B CN201811583591.4A CN201811583591A CN111355563B CN 111355563 B CN111355563 B CN 111355563B CN 201811583591 A CN201811583591 A CN 201811583591A CN 111355563 B CN111355563 B CN 111355563B
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power
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random access
retransmission
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CN111355563A (en
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黄小林
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Sanechips Technology Co Ltd
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Sanechips Technology Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
    • H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
    • H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
    • H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
    • H04L1/1858—Transmission or retransmission of more than one copy of acknowledgement message
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/06—TPC algorithms
    • H04W52/10—Open loop power control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/30—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power
    • H04W52/36—TPC using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power with a discrete range or set of values, e.g. step size, ramping or offsets
    • H04W52/367—Power values between minimum and maximum limits, e.g. dynamic range
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/08—Non-scheduled access, e.g. ALOHA
    • H04W74/0833—Random access procedures, e.g. with 4-step access
    • H04W74/0841—Random access procedures, e.g. with 4-step access with collision treatment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70—Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention discloses a random access method, which comprises the following steps: based on first configuration information sent by a base station, sending a first connection request by adopting first open-loop power; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode; when a first conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection request is not monitored, confirming to enter a retransmission process of the first connection request, and recording the current retransmission times; according to the current retransmission times, the first open-loop power is increased to obtain first accumulated power; when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, sending a first connection retransmission request by adopting the first accumulated power; and when monitoring and receiving a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, sending a connection confirmation message according to the second conflict solution message, and completing a random access process. The embodiment of the invention also discloses a random access device, a terminal and a storage medium.

Description

Random access method and device, terminal and storage medium
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of mobile communications, and in particular, to a random access method and apparatus, a terminal, and a storage medium.
Background
Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a Narrow-Band Internet of Things mobile communication system which is emerging in recent years, and the NB-IoT system is characterized in that: the occupied bandwidth is narrow, the realization complexity is low, the cost is low, the power consumption is ultra-low, the coverage is ultra-strong, and the like; the uplink and downlink of the NB-IoT system adopt a half-duplex FDD mode, so the process of one uplink and downlink service interaction is time-consuming.
However, in the current half-duplex FDD scheme, the power allocation scheme of the traffic channel has a problem of low success rate of terminal random access.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, embodiments of the present invention are intended to provide a random access method and apparatus, a terminal, and a storage medium, which can improve the success rate of terminal random access.
The technical scheme of the embodiment of the invention is realized as follows:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a random access method, which is applied to a terminal, and the method includes:
based on first configuration information sent by a base station, sending a first connection request by adopting first open-loop power; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode;
when a first conflict solution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirming to enter a retransmission process of the first connection request, and recording the current retransmission times;
raising the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power;
when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, sending a first connection retransmission request by adopting the first accumulated power;
and when monitoring and receiving a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, sending a connection confirmation message according to the second conflict solution message, and completing a random access process.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a random access apparatus, where the apparatus includes:
a first sending unit, configured to send a first connection request with a first open-loop power based on first configuration information sent by a base station; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode;
a confirming unit, configured to, when a first conflict resolution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirm that a retransmission process of the first connection request is entered, and record current retransmission times;
the accumulation unit is used for increasing the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain first accumulated power;
the first sending unit is further configured to send a first connection retransmission request by using the first accumulated power when the first accumulated power is smaller than a preset maximum power;
and a second sending unit, configured to send a connection confirmation message according to a second conflict resolution message when monitoring that the second conflict resolution message fed back by the base station for the first connection retransmission request is received, so as to complete a random access process.
In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a terminal, where the terminal at least includes: a processor, a memory, a communication interface, and a bus for connecting the processor, the memory, and the communication interface; the processor is configured to execute a random access procedure stored in the memory to implement the method as in the first aspect.
In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium, having a random access program stored thereon, and being applied in a terminal, where the random access program, when executed by a processor, implements the method as described in the first aspect
The embodiment of the invention provides a random access method and device, a terminal and a storage medium, wherein the method comprises the following steps: based on first configuration information sent by a base station, sending a first connection request by adopting first open-loop power; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode; when a first conflict solution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirming to enter a retransmission process of the first connection request, and recording the current retransmission times; raising the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power; when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, sending a first connection retransmission request by adopting the first accumulated power; and when monitoring and receiving a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, sending a connection confirmation message according to the second conflict solution message, and completing a random access process. That is to say, in the random access method provided in the embodiment of the present invention, when a terminal fails to send a first connection request using open-loop power, retransmission of the first connection request is performed in a manner that the terminal autonomously raises power according to the current retransmission times, so that a success rate of random access of the terminal is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a channel interaction process between a terminal and a base station in a random access process;
fig. 2 is a first flowchart of a random access method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is an exemplary diagram of power configurations for transmitting msg3 initial transmission and several retransmissions in a terminal random access process according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a state transition flow diagram of a random access procedure in an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a second implementation of an access method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a diagram of a random access apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, the described embodiments should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
In a mobile communication system, after finding a cell, a terminal needs to establish a connection with a base station and needs to perform a random access procedure. Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a channel interaction process between a terminal and a base station in a random access process, and as shown in fig. 1, the random access process is as follows: a base station provides a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) of a Synchronization Channel, and a terminal determines to send a Random Access preamble message msg1 according to the received Signal strength of the PSS and the SSS, wherein the msg1 is sent based on a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH); after receiving the random access preamble message msg1, the base station sends a random access response msg2, wherein the msg2 is sent based on a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH); after receiving msg2, the terminal sends msg3 based on a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), wherein msg3 mainly includes a connection request; after receiving the msg3, the base station sends a conflict resolution message msg4 based on the PDCCH and the PDSCH; after receiving msg4, the terminal feeds back an Acknowledgement message (ACK) representing successful access or a Negative Acknowledgement message (NACK) representing failed access based on a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), and completes a random access process. After one random access is finished, the terminal can perform the downloaded or uploaded data service.
In the above one random access process, a channel through which a terminal sends a message to a base station is called an uplink channel, and the uplink channel includes two types: PRACH, and PUSCH.
The implementation manner of power control on the PRACH is: there are (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128) preamble retransmission times on PRACH, if there are multiple levels of retransmission times, the PRACH with the lowest level of retransmission times adopts a power ramp-up mode, and the PRACH with other repetition levels adopts maximum power transmission. And msg1 is also transmitted in a power ramp when only 1 level of retransmission times are configured.
The power control implementation of the PUSCH is as follows: when the resource repetition times on the configured PUSCH are more than 2 times, the PUSCH is transmitted by using the maximum power; and when the configured resource repetition times on the PUSCH is less than or equal to 2 times, the PUSCH transmits msg3 by using an open loop power control mode.
The current power configuration of the PUSCH is implemented as described above, and may satisfy a general application scenario. However, if the terminal is in an extremely weak field or a medium-strong field and there is a scene where multiple terminals are together performing a service, when the number of times of resource repetition configured is less than or equal to 2, the power obtained according to the conventional open-loop power control method will result in a smaller transmission power, and the probability of error in receiving msg4 by the base station is increased, thereby directly affecting the probability of success of random access of the terminal, greatly increasing the time of random access, increasing the power consumption of the system, and invisibly affecting the experience of the terminal user.
In view of the above, an embodiment of the present invention provides a random access method for a terminal to autonomously raise power, and the following will clearly and completely describe a technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention with reference to the drawings in the embodiment of the present invention.
Example one
An embodiment of the present invention provides a random access method, fig. 2 is a first flowchart of a random access method proposed in an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 2, in an embodiment of the present invention, a random access method of a terminal may include the following steps:
s101, based on first configuration information sent by a base station, sending a first connection request by adopting first open-loop power; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode.
In the embodiment of the invention, the terminal sends the first connection request by adopting the first open-loop power based on the first configuration information sent by the base station, wherein the first open-loop power is obtained by calculating in an open-loop power control mode.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the open loop power on PUSCH is calculated as follows:
PN_c(i)＝min{PCMAX_c(i),10log10(MN_c(i))+PO_N_c(j)+α_c(j)*PLc} (1)
wherein, PCMAX _ c (i) is the maximum power 23dbm of the terminal defined by 3GPP protocol 36.101, mn \c (i) represents the number of RBs used for PUSCH transmission in subframe i.
Further, PO _ N _ c (j) = PO _ NOMINAL _ N _ c (j) + PO _ UE _ N _ c (j), which is a semi-statically set power reference value. Wherein, PO _ NOMINAL _ N _ c (j) is a cell-specific parameter, PO _ UE _ N _ c (j) is a terminal-specific parameter, and both parameters are indicated by high layer signaling. In addition, the value of the parameter j is related to the uplink transmitted data packet, and when the semi-persistent allowed data packet is transmitted, j =0; when transmitting a data packet of a dynamic scheduling grant, j =1; when transmitting a packet granted by a random access response, j =2.
Further, α _ c (j) is a cell-specific compensation amount for path loss, the value of α _ c (j) is controlled by a higher layer signaling, and PLc is a downlink path loss estimated by the terminal.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the terminal searches for a cell covered by the base station based on PSS and SSS signal strengths, receives first configuration information of random access sent by the base station, and sends the first connection request with the first open-loop power according to the first configuration information.
Specifically, in the embodiment of the present invention, the sending, by the terminal, the first connection request with the first open-loop power based on the first configuration information sent by the base station includes: a terminal receives first configuration information sent by a base station; sending a first random access preamble message according to the first configuration information; receiving a first random access response sent by the base station based on the first random access preamble message, wherein the first random access response carries a first resource repetition number; the first resource repetition number represents the repetition transmission number of the resource; obtaining a first open-loop power according to the first resource repetition times; it is determined to transmit the first connection request with the first open loop power.
In the embodiment of the invention, the first configuration information comprises preamble retransmission times, the preamble retransmission times are used for repeating the PRACH, so that the signal strength on the PRACH is enhanced, and the terminal sends the first random access preamble message based on the PRACH.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, before the terminal sends the first random access preamble message, the terminal randomly selects a preamble in the common resource, and sends the random access preamble message according to the selected preamble. The transmission power of the random access preamble message is determined according to the preamble retransmission times in the first configuration information, specifically: when the number of times of the pilot retransmission is greater than 1, the terminal adopts maximum power to transmit; when the number of retransmission times of the preamble is 1 or only one retransmission grade is configured, the terminal sends the random access preamble message by adopting the following power ramp mode:
Pprach＝min{PCMAX_c(i),P Target +PLc} (2)
wherein, PCMAX _ c (i) is 23dBm of the maximum power of the terminal defined by 3GPP protocol 36.101; PLc is the estimated downlink path loss, P, of the terminal Target For a target transmission power, P Target Is calculated as follows:
Figure BDA0001918530410000061
wherein, Δ powerRampingStep ∈{0,2,4,6}dB，△ powerRampingStep Is a power up factor, P Init_Target Is the initial target power, PREAMBLE _ transition _ COUNTER is the PRACH TRANSMISSION times, corresponding to the fourth random access procedure; numrepetionpermeampletattempt is the number of retransmissions of a preamble in one random access procedure, defined by the higher layers of the LTE access system. Furthermore, the initial target power P Init_Target The preamble initial transmission power is calculated based on the 3GPP protocol and belongs to one of the following preamble initial transmission powers:
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower ENUMERATED{
dBm-120,dBm-118,dBm-116,dBm-114,dBm-112,
dBm-110,dBm-108,dBm-106,dBm-104,dBm-102,
dBm-100,dBm-98,dBm-96,dBm-94,
dBm-92,dBm-90}
furthermore, it should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, since the random access preamble of the terminal is randomly selected from the common resources, there is a possibility that different terminals transmit the same access preamble message on the same time-frequency resources.
Further, after the terminal sends the random preamble message, the terminal receives a first random access response sent by the base station based on the first random access preamble message, where the first random access response carries a first resource repetition number, and the first resource repetition number represents a repetition transmission number of the resource.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the number of times of the first resource repetition determines how many slots the resource occupies for transmission.
Illustratively, when a resource needs to occupy 1 slot for transmission, when the first resource repetition number is 2, the terminal transmits the resource by using 2 slots.
In addition, it should be noted that, if the terminal does not receive the first random access response sent by the base station, the terminal may reselect the preamble and send the random access preamble message until the random access response sent by the base station is correctly received or the time expires. And, different terminals may send the same access preamble message based on the base station, so that different terminals may receive the same random access response message.
Furthermore, in the embodiment of the present invention, after receiving the first random access response sent by the base station and carrying the number of times of repeating the pending first resource, the terminal determines the sending power of the PUSH according to the number of times of repeating the pending first resource.
Specifically, when the repetition number of the first resource is less than or equal to 2 times, the terminal sends the first connection request with the first open-loop power, and the open-loop power is calculated by using the power calculated by the open-loop power control formula (1). And when the first resource repetition times is more than 2, the terminal transmits at a preset maximum power of 23dBm.
S102, when the first conflict solution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirming to enter a retransmission process of the first connection request, and recording the current retransmission times.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after the terminal sends the first connection request, when the terminal does not receive the first conflict resolution message fed back by the base station based on the first connection request, the terminal enters the retransmission flow of the first connection request, and records the current retransmission times.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, since the terminal receives the random access response message of the base station, it cannot be determined that the random access response is sent to itself instead of to another terminal, and therefore, it is necessary to solve the random access collision through the first connection access request of the terminal and the connection setup message of the base station. The connection establishment message sent by the base station is a collision resolution message fed back by the base station. After the terminal sends the first connection request, when the terminal does not receive the first conflict resolution message fed back by the base station, the terminal confirms that the sending of the first connection request fails, the terminal confirms that the terminal enters a retransmission process of the first connection request, and at the moment, the terminal records the current retransmission times.
Further, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal does not monitor the first collision resolution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station, after confirming that the terminal enters the retransmission process of the first connection request and recording the current retransmission times, the method further includes: and when the current retransmission times exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, sending a first connection retransmission request by adopting a preset maximum power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the number of retransmissions is constrained by a preset threshold of the number of retransmissions, the terminal may not perform unlimited retransmissions, and the terminal may try to send the first connection retransmission request with a preset maximum power when determining that the current number of retransmissions exceeds the preset threshold of the number of retransmissions.
Illustratively, when the threshold of the number of retransmissions is preset to be 2, if the terminal transmits at 23dBm when the current number of retransmissions is 3.
S103, the first open-loop power is increased according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power.
In the embodiment of the invention, after confirming that the terminal enters the retransmission process of the first connection request, the terminal raises the first open-loop power according to the recorded current retransmission times to obtain the first accumulated power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal initially transmits the first connection request by using the first open-loop power and cannot receive the first collision resolution message fed back by the base station, the first open-loop power is raised according to the current retransmission times, so that a problem that the random access process needs to be initiated again due to a failure in sending the first connection request caused by insufficient sending power on the uplink shared channel is avoided, and time consumption and power consumption of the terminal for random access are prolonged.
Illustratively, when the terminal is a smart meter, and the smart meter is buried underground, the detected field intensity of the base station is very weak, and at this time, when the terminal transmits the first connection request by using the first open-loop power, it is very likely that the transmission of the first connection request fails. After the first connection request is failed to be sent, the smart meter restarts a random access process, may need to be re-accessed for a plurality of times to connect with the base station, and may also have a possibility of being unable to connect with the base station.
Based on this, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal determines that retransmission is required, the terminal raises the first open-loop power according to the recorded current retransmission number to obtain the first accumulated power, including: and when the current retransmission times do not exceed the preset retransmission times threshold value, the terminal accumulates the preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain first accumulated power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the preset retransmission number threshold and the preset power accumulation factor are both preset by a designer according to an actual cell condition.
Exemplarily, in the embodiment of the present invention, the threshold of the preset retransmission times is 2 times, and the preset power accumulation factor is K, when the first open-loop power of the terminal is P and the terminal determines that retransmission is needed, and when the current retransmission times is the first retransmission, the obtained first accumulated power is P + K.
Further, in this embodiment of the present invention, when the current retransmission number does not exceed the preset retransmission number threshold, the terminal accumulates the preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission number to obtain the first accumulated power, and further includes: when the current retransmission times do not exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, determining a preset power accumulation factor according to the corresponding relation between the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times and the current retransmission times; the corresponding relation between the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times represents that the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times are in positive correlation; and accumulating the first open loop power by a preset power accumulation factor to obtain first accumulated power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the corresponding relationship between the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times represents that the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times are in a positive correlation, which means that the preset power accumulation factor increases with the increase of the retransmission times.
Exemplarily, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the current retransmission number is the second retransmission, the obtained first accumulated power is P +2*K, and it can be understood that 2*K is greater than K.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the raised K during the first retransmission and the raised 2*K during the second retransmission are only exemplary, the preset power accumulation factors during the first retransmission, the subsequent second retransmission, and the third retransmission are not limited to the proportional relationship defined in the above example, and the design only needs to ensure that the next retransmission is larger than the preset power accumulation factor set during the previous retransmission, and a certain difference can be made between the preset power accumulation factor and the power of the previous retransmission.
Further, in the embodiment of the present invention, after the terminal raises the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission number to obtain the first accumulated power, the method further includes: and when the first accumulated power is greater than or equal to the preset maximum power, sending a first connection retransmission request at the preset maximum power.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the preset maximum power is 23dBm specified by a protocol, and when the terminal determines that the first accumulated power exceeds the preset maximum power, the terminal sends the first connection retransmission request with the preset maximum power.
For example, in the second retransmission, if the obtained first accumulated power is P +2*K and P +2*K is greater than or equal to 23, the terminal sends the first connection retransmission request at 23dBm.
And S104, when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, adopting the first accumulated power to send a first connection retransmission request.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after obtaining the first accumulated power, when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, the terminal sends the first connection retransmission request by using the first accumulated power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, which means that the first accumulated power is smaller than 23dBm.
Exemplarily, fig. 3 is an exemplary diagram of power configuration for transmitting an initial transmission of msg3 and several retransmissions in a random access process of a terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 3, when the terminal initially transmits msg3, the transmission power P = Pini, where Pini is an open-loop power calculated by using an open-loop power control method, and if the terminal receives msg4 transmitted by a base station, the terminal does not perform a retransmission. The terminal needs to perform the retransmission only after the terminal cannot receive the msg4 transmitted by the base station. Specifically, when msg3 is retransmitted for the first time, the transmission power P = Pini + K of the terminal; when msg3 is retransmitted for the second time, the transmission power P = Pini +2*K of the terminal; and when the msg3 is retransmitted for the third time, the transmission power P = Pmax of the terminal, and the Pmax is the preset maximum power.
Fig. 4 is a state transition flowchart of a random access process in an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 4, after sending msg1, a terminal may determine whether msg2 is successfully received, if the receiving fails, the terminal continues to send msg1 to a base station, if the receiving succeeds, the terminal sends msg3, after sending msg3, the terminal may determine whether msg4 is successfully received, if the receiving fails, the terminal autonomously raises power and continues to send msg3 to the base station, and if the receiving succeeds, the terminal may feed back ACK/NACK to the base station, thereby completing one uplink and downlink service interaction.
It can be understood that, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the current retransmission number is within the preset retransmission number threshold range, the first accumulated power is power accumulated on the basis of the open-loop power, and the terminal sends the first connection retransmission request with the first accumulated power; when the first accumulated power is increased to exceed the preset maximum power along with the increase of the retransmission times, the terminal sends a first connection retransmission request at the preset maximum power; and when the current retransmission times recorded by the terminal exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, the terminal sends a first connection retransmission request with preset maximum power. According to the retransmission strategy, the terminal autonomously and gradually raises the first power, the most appropriate first accumulated power on the current channel is searched, and the terminal adopts the preset maximum power to transmit until the appropriate first accumulated power cannot be found, so that on one hand, the normal access of the terminal is ensured, and on the other hand, because the bandwidth of the channel of the base station is limited, the terminal does not adopt the preset maximum power to transmit every time during retransmission, and the influence on the access of other terminals is also ensured to be reduced.
Further, in this embodiment of the present invention, when the current retransmission time recorded by the terminal does not exceed the preset retransmission time threshold, the terminal accumulates the preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission time to obtain the first accumulated power, which includes: a terminal acquires a current channel environment; when the current retransmission times do not exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, setting a preset power accumulation factor according to a channel environment; the channel environment comprises an indoor environment or an outdoor environment, and the preset power accumulation factor corresponding to the outdoor environment is set to be larger than the preset power accumulation factor corresponding to the indoor environment; and accumulating the preset power accumulation factor on the basis of the first open loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, a manner of acquiring the current channel environment by the terminal may be that the terminal monitors that the terminal is in an outdoor environment or an indoor environment through a sensor.
Illustratively, the terminal sets the preset power accumulation factor to 3dBm when monitoring that the terminal is in an outdoor environment through a built-in sensor, and sets the preset power accumulation factor to 2dBm when monitoring that the terminal is in an indoor environment.
And S105, when monitoring and receiving a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, sending a connection confirmation message according to the second conflict solution message, and completing a random access process.
In the embodiment of the invention, after the terminal sends the first connection retransmission request according to the first accumulated power, when receiving the second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, the terminal sends the connection confirmation message to the base station according to the second conflict solution message, and completes a random access process.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, after the terminal sends the first connection retransmission request according to the first accumulated power, if the terminal can receive the second collision resolution message fed back by the base station for the first connection retransmission request, the terminal sends the connection confirmation message according to the second collision resolution message to feed back that the terminal has normally accessed, and after the terminal has normally accessed, the terminal can perform subsequent service data transmission.
It can be understood that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the terminal adopts an autonomous power raising mode, which saves the time consumed by the terminal random access, and on this basis, saves the power consumption of the terminal during the random access, improves the success rate of the terminal random access, and improves the satisfaction degree of the customer.
And when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, the terminal adopts the first accumulated power, after the first connection retransmission request is sent, if the terminal monitors that a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request is not received and the current retransmission time is larger than the preset retransmission time threshold, the terminal receives second configuration information of random access and starts the next random access process. As described above, in the embodiment of the present invention, the number of retransmissions is limited by the threshold, and the terminal may not perform unlimited retransmissions. After the first connection retransmission request is sent with the first accumulated power, the terminal still does not receive the second conflict resolution message fed back by the base station, and when the current retransmission number exceeds the retransmission number threshold, a new random access process needs to be started.
And when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, the terminal adopts the first accumulated power, and after the terminal monitors a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request after the first connection retransmission request is sent, the terminal can also start a new random access process.
Further, fig. 5 is a flowchart of a second implementation of the access method according to the embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 5, after step S105, the method for a random access of a terminal may further include the following steps:
s106, obtaining second open-loop power based on third configuration information sent by the base station; and the second open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after completing one random access procedure, the terminal may execute the next random access procedure, and the terminal may obtain the second open-loop power based on the third configuration information sent by the base station.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, when a new round of random access procedure is performed, the configuration information received by the terminal may be changed, and the second open-loop power obtained based on the third configuration information may also be different from the first open-loop power due to different channel loss.
For example, as mentioned above, the first open loop power of the terminal is P in the previous random access procedure, and the second open loop power of the terminal may be P1 in the new random access procedure.
And S107, accumulating the preset power accumulation factor for the second open loop power to obtain second accumulated power.
In the embodiment of the invention, after the terminal acquires the second open-loop power, the terminal accumulates the preset power accumulation factor to obtain the second accumulated power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the terminal completes a random access process by using the first accumulated power in the previous random access process, which indicates that the preset power accumulation factor may be a relatively suitable power to be lifted on a channel, so that when performing the next random access process, the terminal initially uses the preset power accumulation factor in the previous random access process to ensure a success rate of the next access of the terminal.
Illustratively, when the preset power accumulation factor is K and the terminal successfully completes a random access process after retransmitting the first connection retransmission request with the first accumulated power P + K, the initial power transmitted by the terminal is a second accumulated power obtained by accumulating the preset power accumulation factor on the second open-loop power based on the third configuration information when the terminal re-accesses. That is, when the second open-loop power of the terminal is P1, the second accumulated power is P1+ K.
And S108, sending a second connection request by adopting the second accumulated power.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after obtaining the second accumulated power, the terminal may send the second connection request according to the second accumulated power.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal executes a new random access procedure, the terminal sends the second connection request with the second accumulated power during initial transmission, so as to ensure a success rate of the new random access procedure.
And S109, completing the current random access process according to the second connection request.
In the embodiment of the present invention, after sending the second connection request, the terminal receives the third conflict resolution message fed back by the base station, and feeds back the connection confirmation message, that is, the current random access process is completed.
Further, in this embodiment of the present invention, when monitoring that a second collision resolution message fed back to the first connection retransmission request by the base station is received, the terminal sends a connection acknowledgement message according to the second collision resolution message, and after completing a random access procedure, the method further includes: when a preset condition is reached, in each random access process, reducing the previous preset power accumulation factor to obtain a current preset power accumulation sub; the method comprises the steps that a preset condition represents that the random access process can be completed once by adopting a preset power accumulation factor to raise the open-loop power of the random access device each time within a preset random access time threshold; the lower limit value of the current preset power accumulation sub is 0; and accumulating the current preset power accumulation sub on the basis of the self open loop power to complete the current random access process.
It should be noted that, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the preset condition is satisfied, the terminal decrements the preset power accumulation factor to execute a new random access process, that is, the terminal monitors each random access process within the preset random access frequency threshold range, and after the preset power accumulation factor is accumulated on the basis of the current self open loop power to send a connection request, the terminal can receive a collision resolution message fed back by the base station, that is, no retransmission occurs within the continuous preset random access frequency threshold range, which indicates that the power of the uplink transmission channel is sufficiently high, at this time, in order to avoid that the terminal occupies too much channel resources and affects the access of other terminals, it is necessary to gradually try to reduce the transmission power of the terminal in the subsequent random access process, that is, the previous preset power accumulation factor is gradually reduced, the current preset power accumulation factor is obtained, and in each random access process, the terminal accumulates the current preset power accumulation factor on the basis of the self open loop power, and completes the current random access process.
Illustratively, when the threshold of the preset random access times is 3 times, the preset power accumulation factor is K, if the random access process can be successfully completed in one time after the accumulation of K on the basis of the open loop power for 3 consecutive times, in each subsequent random access process, the current preset power accumulation factor accumulated by the terminal on the basis of the open loop power of the current random process is decreased on the basis of the previous preset power accumulation factor, and is K-1 in the first random access process after 3 consecutive times, the terminal accumulates the current preset power accumulation factor K-1 on the basis of the open loop power of the terminal in the current random access process, and completes the current random access process, and accumulates the current preset power accumulation factor K-2 on the basis of the open loop power of the terminal in the next random access process, thereby completing the current random access process until K is 0.
It can be understood that, in the embodiment of the present invention, when the terminal continuously does not generate retransmission under the preset threshold of the random access times, it indicates that the power of the current uplink transmission channel is sufficiently high, and at this time, the terminal may automatically control to gradually recover to use open-loop power for transmission, so as to further save power consumption during random access.
Example two
Based on the same inventive concept of the first embodiment, an embodiment of the present invention provides a random access apparatus 600, fig. 6 is a diagram of a random access apparatus proposed by the embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 6, in the embodiment of the present invention, the random access apparatus 600 includes:
a first sending unit 601, configured to send a first connection request with a first open-loop power based on first configuration information sent by a base station; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode;
a confirming unit 602, configured to, when a first collision resolution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirm that a retransmission process of the first connection request is entered, and record current retransmission times;
an accumulation unit 603, configured to raise the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission number, to obtain a first accumulated power;
the first sending unit 601 is further configured to send a first connection retransmission request by using the first accumulated power when the first accumulated power is smaller than a preset maximum power;
a second sending unit 604, configured to send a connection confirmation message according to a second conflict resolution message when monitoring that the second conflict resolution message fed back by the base station for the first connection retransmission request is received, so as to complete a random access procedure.
In other embodiments, the first sending unit 601 is configured to receive the first configuration information sent by the base station; sending a first random access preamble message according to the first configuration information; receiving a first random access response sent by the base station based on the first random access preamble message, wherein the first random access response carries a first resource repetition number; the first resource repetition number represents the repetition transmission number of the resource; obtaining a first open-loop power according to the first resource repetition times; and sending the first connection request by adopting the first open loop power.
In other embodiments, the accumulating unit 603 is configured to accumulate a preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission time when the current retransmission time does not exceed a preset retransmission time threshold, so as to obtain the first accumulated power.
In other embodiments, the accumulating unit 603 is configured to determine the preset power accumulation factor according to a corresponding relationship between a preset power accumulation factor and a retransmission time and the current retransmission time when the current retransmission time does not exceed a preset retransmission time threshold; the corresponding relation between the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times represents that the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times are in positive correlation; and accumulating the preset power accumulation factor for the first open loop power to obtain the first accumulated power.
In other embodiments, when the first collision resolution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, after confirming that the retransmission flow of the first connection request is entered and recording the current retransmission times, the first sending unit 601 is further configured to send the first connection retransmission request by using the preset maximum power when the current retransmission times exceeds a preset retransmission times threshold.
In other embodiments, after the first open-loop power is increased according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power, the first sending unit 601 is further configured to send the first connection retransmission request with the preset maximum power when the first accumulated power is greater than or equal to the preset maximum power.
In other embodiments, the accumulating unit 603 is configured to obtain a current channel environment; when the current retransmission times do not exceed the preset retransmission times threshold value, setting the preset power accumulation factor according to the channel environment; the channel environment comprises an indoor environment or an outdoor environment, and a preset power accumulation factor corresponding to the outdoor environment is set to be larger than a preset power accumulation factor corresponding to the indoor environment;
and accumulating the preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain the first accumulated power.
In other embodiments, after the first connection retransmission request is sent by using the first accumulated power when the first accumulated power is smaller than a preset maximum power, the first sending unit 601 is further configured to receive second configuration information of random access and start a next random access process if the terminal monitors that the second collision resolution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request is not received and the current retransmission time is greater than a preset retransmission time threshold.
In other embodiments, when it is monitored that a second collision resolution message fed back to the first connection retransmission request by the base station is received, the first sending unit 601 is further configured to, after a random access procedure is completed for one time, reduce a previous preset power accumulation factor in each random access procedure when a preset condition is met, and obtain a current preset power accumulation sub; the preset condition represents that the random access process can be completed once by adopting the preset power accumulation factor to raise the open loop power per se within a preset random access time threshold value; the lower limit value of the current preset power accumulator is 0; and accumulating the current preset power accumulation sub on the basis of the self open loop power to complete the current random access process.
The description of the embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is similar to the description of the method embodiment in the first embodiment, and has similar advantages to the method embodiment. For technical details not disclosed in the embodiments of the apparatus according to the invention, reference is made to the description of the embodiments of the method according to the invention for understanding.
EXAMPLE III
Based on the same inventive concept of the first embodiment, fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a terminal according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 7, the terminal according to the present invention may include a processor 01, a memory 02 storing executable instructions of the processor 01, a communication interface 03, and a bus 04 for connecting the processor 01, the memory 02, and the communication interface 03. Wherein, the processor 01 is configured to execute a random access program stored in the memory to implement the following steps:
based on first configuration information sent by a base station, sending a first connection request by adopting first open-loop power; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode;
when a first conflict solution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirming to enter a retransmission process of the first connection request, and recording the current retransmission times;
raising the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power;
when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, sending a first connection retransmission request by adopting the first accumulated power;
and when monitoring and receiving a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, sending a connection confirmation message according to the second conflict solution message, and completing a random access process.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the Processor 01 may be at least one of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Digital Signal Processing Device (DSPD), a ProgRAMmable Logic Device (PLD), a Field ProgRAMmable Gate Array (FPGA), a CPU, a controller, a microcontroller, and a microprocessor. It will be appreciated that the electronic components used to implement the processor functions described above may be other devices, and embodiments of the present invention are not limited in particular. The terminal may further comprise a memory 02, which memory 02 may be connected to the processor 01, wherein the memory 02 is adapted to store random access program code comprising computer operating instructions, and the memory 02 may comprise a high speed RAM memory and may further comprise a non-volatile memory, such as at least two disk memories.
In practical applications, the Memory 02 may be a volatile Memory (volatile Memory), such as a Random-Access Memory (RAM); or a non-volatile Memory (non-volatile Memory), such as a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a flash Memory (flash Memory), a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or a Solid-State Drive (SSD); or a combination of the above types of memories and provides instructions and data to the processor 01.
In addition, each functional module in this embodiment may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may exist alone physically, or two or more units are integrated into one unit. The integrated unit can be realized in a form of hardware or a form of a software functional module.
Based on the understanding that the technical solution of the present embodiment essentially or a part contributing to the prior art, or all or part of the technical solution, may be embodied in the form of a software product stored in a storage medium, and include several instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) or a processor (processor) to execute all or part of the steps of the method of the present embodiment. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: a U-disk, a removable hard disk, a Read Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, an optical disk, or other various media capable of storing program codes.
It can be understood that, in the embodiment of the present invention, the terminal adopts an autonomous power raising mode, which saves the time consumed by the terminal random access, and on this basis, saves the power consumption of the terminal during the random access, improves the success rate of the terminal random access, and improves the satisfaction degree of the customer.
The embodiment of the invention provides a computer readable storage medium, which stores a random access program, is applied to a terminal, and when the program is executed by a processor, the method as in the first embodiment is realized.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of a hardware embodiment, a software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The present invention has been described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of implementations of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks and/or flowchart block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart block or blocks.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A random access method is applied to a terminal, and the method comprises the following steps:
based on first configuration information sent by a base station, sending a first connection request by adopting first open-loop power; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode;
when a first conflict solution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirming to enter a retransmission process of the first connection request, and recording the current retransmission times;
raising the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power;
when the first accumulated power is smaller than the preset maximum power, sending a first connection retransmission request by adopting the first accumulated power;
when monitoring and receiving a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, sending a connection confirmation message according to the second conflict solution message, and completing a random access process;
the increasing the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power includes: when the current retransmission times do not exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, accumulating a preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain a first accumulated power;
when monitoring that a second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request is received, sending a connection confirmation message according to the second conflict solution message, and after completing a random access process, the method further comprises:
when a preset condition is reached, in each random access process, reducing the previous preset power accumulation factor to obtain the current preset power accumulation factor; the preset condition represents that the random access process can be completed once by adopting the previous preset power accumulation factor to raise the open loop power per se within a preset random access time threshold value; the lower limit value of the current preset power accumulation factor is 0;
and accumulating the current preset power accumulation factor on the basis of the self open loop power to complete the current random access process.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting the first connection request with the first open-loop power based on the first configuration information transmitted by the base station comprises:
receiving the first configuration information sent by the base station;
sending a first random access preamble message according to the first configuration information;
receiving a first random access response sent by the base station based on the first random access preamble message, wherein the first random access response carries a first resource repetition number; the first resource repetition number represents the repetition transmission number of the resource;
obtaining a first open-loop power according to the first resource repetition times;
and sending the first connection request by adopting the first open loop power.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein accumulating the first open-loop power by a predetermined power accumulation factor according to the current retransmission number when the current retransmission number does not exceed a predetermined retransmission number threshold to obtain the first accumulated power comprises:
when the current retransmission times do not exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, determining a preset power accumulation factor according to the corresponding relation between the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times and the current retransmission times; the corresponding relation between the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times represents that the preset power accumulation factor and the retransmission times are in positive correlation;
and accumulating the preset power accumulation factor for the first open loop power to obtain the first accumulated power.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein when the first collision resolution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, the method confirms entering a retransmission process of the first connection request, and records a current number of retransmissions, and further comprising:
and when the current retransmission times exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, the first connection retransmission request is sent by adopting the preset maximum power.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein after the step of raising the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission number to obtain a first accumulated power, the method further comprises:
and when the first accumulated power is larger than or equal to the preset maximum power, the first connection retransmission request is sent by adopting the preset maximum power.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein accumulating the first open-loop power by a predetermined power accumulation factor according to the current retransmission number when the current retransmission number does not exceed a predetermined retransmission number threshold to obtain the first accumulated power comprises:
acquiring a current channel environment;
when the current retransmission times do not exceed the preset retransmission times threshold value, setting the preset power accumulation factor according to the channel environment; the channel environment comprises an indoor environment or an outdoor environment, and a preset power accumulation factor corresponding to the outdoor environment is set to be larger than a preset power accumulation factor corresponding to the indoor environment;
and accumulating the preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain the first accumulated power.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein after sending a first connection retransmission request with the first accumulated power when the first accumulated power is smaller than a preset maximum power, the method further comprises:
and if the terminal monitors that the second conflict solution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request is not received and the current retransmission times is greater than a preset retransmission times threshold value, receiving second configuration information of random access and starting the next random access process.
8. A random access apparatus, the apparatus comprising:
a first sending unit, configured to send a first connection request with a first open-loop power based on first configuration information sent by a base station; the first open-loop power is calculated by adopting an open-loop power control mode;
a confirming unit, configured to, when a first collision resolution message fed back to the first connection request by the base station is not monitored, confirm that a retransmission process of the first connection request is entered, and record current retransmission times;
the accumulation unit is used for increasing the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain first accumulated power; when the current retransmission times do not exceed a preset retransmission times threshold value, accumulating a preset power accumulation factor for the first open-loop power according to the current retransmission times to obtain first accumulated power;
the first sending unit is further configured to send a first connection retransmission request by using the first accumulated power when the first accumulated power is smaller than a preset maximum power;
a second sending unit, configured to send a connection confirmation message according to a second conflict resolution message when monitoring that the second conflict resolution message fed back by the base station for the first connection retransmission request is received, so as to complete a random access process;
the accumulation unit is further configured to, when the second sending unit monitors and receives a second collision resolution message fed back by the base station to the first connection retransmission request, send a connection confirmation message according to the second collision resolution message, and after a random access process is completed, reduce a previous preset power accumulation factor in each random access process when a preset condition is reached, so as to obtain a current preset power accumulation factor; the preset condition represents that the random access process can be completed once by adopting the previous preset power accumulation factor to raise the open loop power per se within a preset random access time threshold value; the lower limit value of the current preset power accumulation factor is 0; and accumulating the current preset power accumulation factor on the basis of the self open loop power to complete the current random access process.
9. A terminal, characterized in that the terminal comprises at least: a processor, a memory, a communication interface, and a bus for connecting the processor, the memory, and the communication interface; the processor is configured to execute a random access program stored in the memory to implement the method of any one of claims 1-7.
10. A computer-readable storage medium having a random access program stored thereon, for use in a terminal, the random access program, when executed by a processor, implementing the method according to any one of claims 1-7.
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