CN111342134B - Wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111342134B CN111342134B CN202010176565.0A CN202010176565A CN111342134B CN 111342134 B CN111342134 B CN 111342134B CN 202010176565 A CN202010176565 A CN 202010176565A CN 111342134 B CN111342134 B CN 111342134B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
- H01M2300/004—Three solvents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and a preparation method thereof, wherein the wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, the non-aqueous organic solvent is a mixed solvent of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, the additive comprises a phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive and a film forming additive, and the phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive is a single compound with the following structural general formula or a mixture consisting of a plurality of single compounds with the following structural general formula:
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery electrolyte, and particularly relates to a wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Although rechargeable lithium ion batteries are one of the most successful power sources in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage systems, their operation has long been limited to room temperature. In addition, there is an urgent need for lithium ion batteries with a wide temperature range in applications such as electric vehicles, space, polar regions, and military missions. Under low-temperature and high-temperature conditions, the electrochemical performance and safety performance of the lithium ion battery are seriously affected, and how to balance the low-temperature performance and the high-temperature performance is a challenging task.
The wide temperature range electrolyte plays a leading role in the wide temperature operation of lithium ion batteries because below zero degrees centigrade, the lithium ion conductivity of the electrolyte is significantly reduced, the viscosity is increased, and at the same time, the charge transfer resistance is increased, so that lithium dendrites grow seriously and are more difficult to control. Under high temperature conditions, the lithium ion battery is mainly characterized by thermal instability of conventional lithium salt, severe solid electrolyte interphase layer destruction and remodeling accompanied with gas escape and accelerated dissolution, migration and deposition of transition metal. In order to develop a wide temperature range lithium ion battery electrolyte, the diffusion rate of lithium ions is increased at low temperature by improving the interface between a positive electrode, a negative electrode and the electrolyte, and the polarization and interface impedance of the battery are reduced; decomposition of the electrolyte at high temperature and some side reactions with the electrode material are prevented.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte with good cycle stability and excellent high and low temperature performances and a preparation method thereof.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme for solving the technical problems, and the wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte is characterized by comprising a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent is a mixed solvent of Propylene Carbonate (PC), Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC), the additive comprises a phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive and a film-forming additive, and the phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive is a single compound with the following structural formula or a mixture consisting of a plurality of single compounds with the following structural formula:
wherein R is 1 -R 5 Are respectively selected from hydrogen atom, fluorine atom or alkoxyIn the alkoxy group, the alkyl group is C 1-4 An alkyl group;
the film forming additive is diphenyl methoxy phosphine (MDP).
More preferably, the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) 6 ) And lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate (lidbop).
Further preferably, the mass ratio of PC, EC and EMC in the non-aqueous organic solvent is 1:1: 8.
More preferably, the phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive is one or more of pentafluorophenyl methanesulfonate, phenyl methanesulfonate or 4-methoxyphenyl methanesulfonate.
More preferably, LiPF is contained in the lithium salt 6 The electrolyte comprises, by mass, 12.5% of the total mass of the electrolyte, 0.5-2% of LiDFBOP, 0.5-1.5% of phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive, 0.1-0.5% of film forming additive and the balance of non-aqueous organic solvent.
The preparation method of the wide temperature range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte is characterized by comprising the following specific steps: in a glove box filled with argon, PC, EC and EMC are uniformly mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1:8 to form a mixed solvent, 0.5 percent of phenyl methanesulfonate compound based on the total mass of the electrolyte, 0.3 percent of MDP based on the total mass of the electrolyte and 1 percent of LiDFBOP based on the total mass of the electrolyte are added into the mixed solvent, and 12.5 percent of LiPF based on the total mass of the electrolyte is added 6 Stirring until the lithium ion battery electrolyte is completely dissolved to obtain lithium ion battery electrolyte;
injecting the obtained lithium ion battery electrolyte into a positive electrode of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 In the ternary material, the negative electrode is the soft package lithium ion battery of the artificial graphite, the soft package lithium ion battery is subjected to shelving at 45 ℃, high-temperature clamp formation and secondary sealing, wherein LiDFBOP is used as a conductive lithium salt additive for forming high-quality interface films on the surfaces of a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and lithium ions are introduced into the interface films from the lithium salt to show stronger ionic conductivity, thereby being more beneficial to charge transfer; and LiPF 6 Can be used in combination to compensateLiPF 6 The electrolyte has the defects of poor high-temperature stability and easy decomposition when meeting water, and improves the ionic conductivity and the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte under the conditions of high temperature and low temperature; the composite additive formed by the phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive and the film forming additive is used for forming a layer of uniform, stable and low-impedance interphase film on the surfaces of the positive and negative electrode materials, and improves the compatibility of the electrolyte and the battery material, so that the normal temperature/high temperature cycling stability and the high temperature storage performance of the lithium ion battery are improved, the internal resistance increase rate of the lithium ion battery is reduced, and the capacity retention rate and the recovery rate of the lithium ion battery are improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages:
on one hand, the phenyl methane sulfonate compound additive can form a highly conductive, compact and firm passivation film (SEI) on the surface of a negative electrode, can inhibit the reductive decomposition of an organic solvent, reduces the interfacial resistance of the SEI, and is beneficial to improving the long-term stability and the low-temperature discharge performance of a battery; on the other hand, an ultrathin electrolyte interface film (CEI) can be formed on the surface of the positive electrode, hydrofluoric acid (HF) is effectively prevented from corroding the positive electrode material, and dissolution of transition metal ions is reduced, so that the high-temperature storage performance of the battery is improved.
The film forming additive MDP can be complexed with active sites with strong oxidizing property on the surface of the anode, and forms a stable CEI in situ in preference to solvent oxidation; in addition, phosphorus atoms in the MDP have lone-pair electrons and present certain alkalinity, the content of HF acid in the electrolyte can be effectively reduced, and the storage stability and the thermal stability of the electrolyte are improved.
The lithium-containing interface film formed by the novel conductive lithium salt LiDFBOP has high ionic conductivity and good charge transfer capacity, and can remarkably improve the electrochemical performance of the battery at low temperature. The LiDFBOP and the LiPF are combined 6 The mixed use can compensate LiPF 6 Poor high-temperature stability, easy decomposition when meeting water and the like.
According to the invention, the high-temperature and low-temperature performance of the electrolyte is improved by mutually influencing and matching phenyl methanesulfonate compounds, MDP and LiDFBOP in the electrolyte in an optimized manner.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to examples, but it should not be construed that the scope of the above subject matter of the present invention is limited to the following examples, and that all the technologies realized based on the above subject matter of the present invention belong to the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
In an argon-filled glove box (moisture < 1ppm, oxygen < 1ppm), PC, EC and EMC were uniformly mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1:8 to form a mixed solvent, 0.5% by mass of a phenyl methanesulfonate compound (consisting of pentafluorophenyl methanesulfonate, phenyl methanesulfonate and 4-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid) based on the total mass of the electrolyte, 0.3% by mass of MDP based on the total mass of the electrolyte and 1% by mass of LiDFBOP based on the total mass of the electrolyte were added to the mixed solvent, and LiPF in a mass fraction of 12.5% based on the total mass of the electrolyte was slowly added to the mixed solvent 6 And stirred until it was completely dissolved, to obtain the electrolyte for lithium ion battery of example 1.
Injecting the obtained lithium ion battery electrolyte into a positive electrode of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 In a soft package battery with a ternary material and an artificial graphite cathode, the battery is subjected to conventional capacity grading after standing at 45 ℃, high-temperature clamp formation and secondary sealing.
As shown in Table 1, examples 2 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were the same as example 1 except that the component ratios of the electrolyte were added as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Components and proportions of the electrolytes of examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 3
The lithium ion batteries prepared in the above examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 3 were subjected to the following relevant experiments:
(1) and (3) testing the normal-temperature cycle performance: and at 25 ℃, the soft package lithium ion battery after capacity grading is charged to 4.2V with a constant current of 0.5C and a constant voltage, the cut-off current is 0.05C, and then the battery is discharged to 3.0V with a constant current of 0.5C. The capacity retention rate at 500 th cycle was calculated after 500 cycles of charge/discharge. The calculation formula is as follows:
the 500 th cycle capacity retention ratio (%) (500 th cycle discharge capacity/1 st cycle discharge capacity) × 100%;
(2) high-temperature storage performance: the method comprises the following steps of (1) circularly charging and discharging the batteries after capacity grading for 3 times (4.2-3.0V) at normal temperature at 0.5C, recording the initial discharge capacity of the batteries before storage, then charging the batteries to a full state of 4.2V at constant current and constant voltage, measuring the initial internal resistance of the batteries, then placing the batteries in a 60 ℃ drying oven for storage for 7 days, and after the storage is finished, taking out the batteries, cooling the batteries to room temperature, and measuring the final internal resistance of the batteries; the remaining capacity and the recovered capacity of the battery were then measured by discharging to 3.0V at 0.5C. The calculation formula is as follows:
the increase rate (%) of the internal resistance of the battery is (final internal resistance-initial internal resistance)/initial internal resistance x 100%;
battery capacity retention (%) — retention capacity/initial capacity × 100%;
the battery capacity recovery ratio (%) — recovery capacity/initial capacity × 100%.
(3) And (3) testing high-temperature cycle performance: at 50 ℃, the battery after capacity grading is charged to 4.2V with a constant current and a constant voltage of 0.5C and the cut-off current is 0.05C, and then discharged to 3.0V with a constant current of 0.5C. The capacity retention rate at the 300 th cycle was calculated after 300 cycles of charge/discharge. The calculation formula is as follows:
the 300 th cycle capacity retention ratio (%) (300 th cycle discharge capacity/1 st cycle discharge capacity) × 100%.
(4) And (3) testing low-temperature discharge performance: the batteries after capacity grading are charged to 4.2V at normal temperature by using a constant current and a constant voltage of 0.5C and the cut-off current is 0.03C, and then discharged to 3.0V by using a constant current of 0.3C. This was repeated for 3 weeks, and the discharge capacity at room temperature in week 3 was recorded. Then the battery is charged to 4.2V with a constant current and a constant voltage of 0.5C and the cut-off current is 0.03C, then the battery is placed in a low-temperature box at-30 ℃ for 7 hours, then the battery is discharged to 3.0V with a constant current of 0.3C, the discharge capacity at-30 ℃ is recorded, and the low-temperature discharge efficiency is calculated according to the following formula.
Low-temperature discharge efficiency (%) - (discharge capacity at-30 ℃ C./discharge capacity at 3 rd time at normal temperature cycle) × 100%
The results of the above performance tests are shown in table 2.
Table 2 results of performance test of lithium ion batteries corresponding to examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 3
As can be seen from the test results of examples 1-3 and comparative example 1 in Table 2, the phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive can significantly improve the cycling stability of the battery and give consideration to high and low temperature performances, probably because the additive can preferentially form an excellent interface protective film on the surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode by a solvent, reduce the reaction activity of the electrode material and the electrolyte, shorten the lithium ion diffusion path, and reduce the interface impedance of the battery.
The test results of examples 2, 4, 5 and 2 show that the MDP additive can improve the high temperature performance of the battery, on one hand, because the MDP is about 3.75V vs. Li/Li + A thin and stable CEI film is formed on the surface of the positive electrode under the potential, so that the decomposition of the electrolyte can be effectively inhibited, the metal ions are prevented from dissolving out to damage the lattice structure of the positive electrode, the interface impedance of the electrode is stabilized, and the thermal stability of the battery is improved; on the other hand, the MDP has certain alkalinity and can moderate or weaken LiPF in the electrolyte 6 Acidic substances brought by decomposition improve the high-temperature storage performance of the battery.
The test results of example 2, example 6, example 7 and comparative example 3 show that the addition of the novel conductive lithium salt LiDFBOP improves the low-temperature discharge efficiency and electrochemical stability of the battery, because LiDFBOP can form high-quality interfacial films on the surfaces of positive and negative electrodes at the same time, and lithium ions are introduced into the interfacial films from the lithium salt to show stronger ionic conductivity, which is more favorable for charge transfer; and LiPF 6 The mixed use can compensate LiPF 6 Poor high-temperature stability, easy decomposition in water and the like.
The test results of examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 3 show that: according to the invention, by adding the novel conductive lithium salt additive, the ionic conductivity and the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte under the conditions of high and low temperature can be improved; the composite additive can form a layer of uniform, stable and low-impedance interphase film on the surfaces of the positive and negative electrode materials, and improves the compatibility of the electrolyte and the battery materials, thereby improving the normal-temperature/high-temperature cycling stability and the high-temperature storage performance of the lithium ion battery, and reducing the internal resistance increase rate and improving the capacity retention rate and the recovery rate.
While the foregoing embodiments have described the general principles, features and advantages of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited thereto, and that the foregoing embodiments and descriptions are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention, and various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the principles of the present invention, and these changes and modifications are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. The wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery non-aqueous electrolyte is characterized by comprising a lithium salt, a non-aqueous organic solvent and an additive, wherein the non-aqueous organic solvent is a mixed solvent of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, the additive comprises a phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive and a film forming additive, and the phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive is a single compound with the following structural general formula or a mixture consisting of a plurality of single compounds with the following structural general formula:
wherein R is 1 -R 5 Are respectively selected from any one of hydrogen atom, fluorine atom or alkoxy, and the alkyl in the alkoxy is C 1-4 An alkyl group;
the film forming additive is diphenyl methoxy phosphine;
the lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium difluorobis (oxalato) phosphate;
the mass ratio of the propylene carbonate, the ethylene carbonate and the ethyl methyl carbonate in the non-aqueous organic solvent is 1:1: 8;
the phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive is one or more of pentafluorophenyl methanesulfonate and phenyl methanesulfonate;
the mass of lithium hexafluorophosphate in the lithium salt accounts for 12.5% of the total mass of the electrolyte, the mass of lithium difluorobis (oxalate) phosphate accounts for 0.5-2% of the total mass of the electrolyte, the mass of a phenyl methanesulfonate compound additive accounts for 0.5-1.5% of the total mass of the electrolyte, the mass of a film forming additive accounts for 0.1-0.5% of the total mass of the electrolyte, and the balance is a nonaqueous organic solvent.
2. The preparation method of the wide-temperature-range lithium ion battery nonaqueous electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following specific steps: in a glove box filled with argon, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate are uniformly mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:1:8 to form a mixed solvent, 0.5% of phenyl methanesulfonate compound based on the total mass of the electrolyte, 0.3% of diphenyl methoxy phosphine based on the total mass of the electrolyte and 1% of lithium difluorobis (oxalate) phosphate based on the total mass of the electrolyte are added into the mixed solvent, 12.5% of lithium hexafluorophosphate based on the total mass of the electrolyte is added, and the mixed solvent is stirred until the lithium hexafluorophosphate, the lithium hexafluorophosphate and the lithium difluorobis (oxalate) phosphate are completely dissolved to obtain the lithium ion battery electrolyte;
injecting the obtained lithium ion battery electrolyte into a positive electrode of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 The negative electrode of the ternary material is a soft package lithium ion battery made of artificial graphite, and the soft package lithium ion battery is placed at 45 ℃, formed by a high-temperature clamp and sealed for the second time.
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