CN111337546A - Two-phase flow pattern measuring method and falling film evaporation experimental device - Google Patents
Two-phase flow pattern measuring method and falling film evaporation experimental device Download PDFInfo
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- CN111337546A CN111337546A CN202010130240.9A CN202010130240A CN111337546A CN 111337546 A CN111337546 A CN 111337546A CN 202010130240 A CN202010130240 A CN 202010130240A CN 111337546 A CN111337546 A CN 111337546A
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- 230000005514 two-phase flow Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000011552 falling film Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/22—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance
- G01N27/223—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating capacitance for determining moisture content, e.g. humidity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D1/00—Evaporating
- B01D1/22—Evaporating by bringing a thin layer of the liquid into contact with a heated surface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D1/00—Evaporating
- B01D1/30—Accessories for evaporators ; Constructional details thereof
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M10/00—Hydrodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on ship-testing tanks or water tunnels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
- G01N9/36—Analysing materials by measuring the density or specific gravity, e.g. determining quantity of moisture
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
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Abstract
The invention discloses a measuring method of a two-phase flow pattern and a falling film evaporation experimental device, 1. measuring a capacitance value in the flowing process of a gas-liquid mixture, drawing a capacitance change characteristic curve, and capturing a two-phase flow picture; 2. extracting two-phase flow parameters in a two-phase flow picture; 3. merging data, wherein each group of data comprises a two-phase flow picture, a capacitance change characteristic curve and two-phase flow parameters; 4. carrying out operations from step one to step three on a plurality of known two-phase flow patterns, and carrying out calibration classification on each group of data and flow patterns; 5. and (3) performing the operations from the first step to the third step on the two-phase flow to be measured, classifying a plurality of groups of data of the two-phase flow to be measured by adopting a clustering algorithm, and corresponding the classification result to the calibration classification in the fourth step to obtain a flow pattern result. Different flow patterns under different influence factors can be obtained, a two-phase flow pattern map is drawn, and the measurement of the two-phase flow pattern is more accurate and reasonable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of two-phase flow pattern detection, and relates to a method for measuring a two-phase flow pattern and a falling film evaporation experimental device.
Background
The falling-film evaporator outside the horizontal pipe is a high-efficiency evaporation device, and has wide application in the fields of chemical industry, light industry, seawater desalination, food processing, sewage treatment, waste heat utilization and the like. The change of the two-phase flow pattern in the falling film evaporator has important influence on the heat exchange effect and the stable operation of equipment, so that the judgment of the flow pattern under different working conditions by a test method has important significance.
The method for measuring the gas content by using the capacitance method is widely applied to the research of two-phase flow, wherein the capacitance tomography technology can accurately obtain the flow pattern, but the image reconstruction is complex, the calculated amount is large, and the method is mainly used for the flow in the pipe. For the method of measuring the flow pattern by adopting the pressure difference signal, the pressure drop in the pipeline is not obvious, and an additional amplification means is also needed.
Unlike the two-phase flow inside the pipe, there is no clear and strict numerical definition for judging the flow pattern of the two-phase flow outside the horizontal pipe, so the classification of the flow pattern needs to be subjectively judged on the basis of taking certain flow characteristics and parameters thereof as references.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method for measuring a two-phase flow pattern and a falling film evaporation experimental device, which can obtain different flow patterns under different influence factors, draw a two-phase flow pattern map and measure the two-phase flow pattern more accurately and reasonably.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose:
a method for measuring a two-phase flow pattern, comprising the steps of;
measuring capacitance values at various moments within a period of time in the flowing process of a gas-liquid mixture, drawing a capacitance change characteristic curve, and capturing a two-phase flow picture at a certain moment within the period of time by using a high-speed camera;
extracting two-phase flow parameters in the two-phase flow picture;
combining the two-phase flow parameters and the capacitance change characteristic curve into a group of data, wherein each group of data comprises a two-phase flow picture, a capacitance change characteristic curve and two-phase flow parameters;
step four, carrying out the operations from step one to step three on various known two-phase flow patterns, and carrying out calibration classification on each group of data and flow patterns to be used as a judgment reference of the subsequent two-phase flow patterns;
and step five, performing the operations from the step one to the step three on the two-phase flow to be measured, classifying a plurality of groups of data of the two-phase flow to be measured by adopting a clustering algorithm, and corresponding the classification result to the calibration classification in the step four to obtain a flow pattern result.
Preferably, in step one, the capacitance value is measured at each time within three minutes.
Preferably, in the second step, the two-phase flow parameters include bubble size, bubble shape, bubble density, liquid film thickness, liquid film flow rate and gas-liquid mixing degree.
Preferably, under different factors influencing the flow pattern of the two-phase flow, a plurality of groups of data are obtained, two influencing factors are changed each time, and after a flow pattern result is obtained, the flow pattern result is drawn into a flow pattern diagram taking the two factors influencing the flow pattern of the two-phase flow, which are changed in the fourth step, as coordinate axes.
Further, the influencing factors include vapor outlet position, saturation temperature, liquid film flow rate and heat flux density.
A falling film evaporation experimental device comprises a test tube and a heat exchange tube;
the top end of the test tube is a liquid inlet, and the bottom end of the test tube is a liquid outlet; the heat exchange tubes are arranged side by side, each row comprises a plurality of heat exchange tubes, and each row of heat exchange tubes are arranged in the test tube in parallel and in a staggered manner and are vertical to the axis of the test tube;
the two adjacent heat exchange tubes in the same row are respectively provided with a capacitor electrode on the circumferential surface, the two capacitor electrodes are arranged oppositely, the two sides of each capacitor electrode of the heat exchange tubes are provided with shielding electrodes, and an insulating layer is arranged between each capacitor electrode and each shielding electrode.
Preferably, the connecting line of the two adjacent capacitor electrodes in the same row is perpendicular to the axis of the test tube.
Preferably, the angle between the connecting line of the shielding electrode and the capacitor electrode on each heat exchange tube and the circle center of the cross section of each heat exchange tube is 20-30 degrees.
Preferably, a liquid distributor is arranged above the top end of the test tube, a through hole is formed in the bottom of the liquid distributor, and the bottom of the liquid distributor and the top end of the test tube are arranged in a clearance mode.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention discloses a two-phase flow pattern measuring method, which calibrates the flow pattern reflected by capacitance change characteristics and the change characteristics thereof through a series of images provided by a high-speed camera, clearly defines the flow pattern by an objective calibration result, and reduces uncertain influence brought by subjective judgment; the capacitance change characteristic is utilized to quantitatively reflect the flow pattern change, the sensitivity is high in the measurement of the gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern, and the convection pattern division is detailed and accurate; different flow patterns are obtained by changing influence factors, a two-phase flow pattern map is drawn to obtain the flow patterns and the flow pattern change characteristics, a visual research sample is obtained while the capacitance signal change characteristics are obtained, and the flow patterns measured by a capacitance method are calibrated by combining objective reaction of gas content to the flow patterns and subjective supplement of visual research, so that the measurement of the two-phase flow patterns is more accurate and reasonable.
According to the falling film evaporation experimental device disclosed by the invention, the capacitor electrodes are arranged on the heat exchange tubes, so that the capacitance value of the two-phase flow flowing between the two heat exchange tubes can be detected, the shielding electrodes are arranged on the two sides of the capacitor electrodes, the interference of an external electric field on the capacitor electrodes can be avoided, and the capacitance value detection precision is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an experimental apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a capacitance measuring device according to the present invention.
Wherein: 1-a test tube; 2-heat exchange tube; 3-a liquid dispenser; 4-a capacitor electrode; 5-a shield electrode; 6-insulating layer.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
the method is suitable for measuring the two-phase flow pattern between the horizontal falling film evaporator tube bundle rows. The determination principle is based on the corresponding relation between the average capacitance and the gas content: when two-phase fluid flows through a capacitance measuring area, the measured capacitance is obviously fluctuated due to different relative amounts of gas-liquid phases in unit volume, namely different gas contents, so that the gas contents correspond to capacitance signals. Meanwhile, the gas content can reflect a two-phase flow pattern, so that the flow pattern can be measured by measuring a capacitance signal. And acquiring a visual research sample while acquiring the change characteristic of the capacitance signal, and calibrating the flow pattern measured by the capacitance method by combining the objective reaction of the gas content to the flow pattern and the subjective supplement of the visual research. The flow pattern of the two-phase flow outside the horizontal tube bundle changes along with the change of the number of the tube rows, and a plurality of groups of capacitors with different tube bundle depths are arranged to study the change rule. And (3) performing statistical classification on the two-phase flow under more flow conditions by adopting a clustering algorithm to obtain a flow pattern and flow pattern change characteristics.
The method specifically comprises the following steps.
Step one, when the two-phase flow between the horizontal tube bundles has obvious flow pattern characteristics, measuring the capacitance value of each moment in a period of time in the flow process of the gas-liquid mixture, preferably three minutes in the embodiment, drawing a capacitance change characteristic curve, and capturing a two-phase flow picture at a certain moment in the period of time by using a high-speed camera.
Because the flow pattern is stable, the picture of the flow pattern at a certain moment collected by the high-speed camera can represent the flow pattern in the time period.
And step two, processing the high-precision static picture by adopting MATLAB, and extracting two-phase flow parameters in the two-phase flow picture, wherein the two-phase flow parameters comprise bubble size, bubble shape, bubble density degree, liquid film thickness, liquid film flow rate and gas-liquid mixing degree.
Combining the two-phase flow parameters and the capacitance change characteristic curve into a group of data, wherein each group of data comprises a two-phase flow picture, a capacitance change characteristic curve and two-phase flow parameters.
And step four, performing the operations from step one to step three on the known two-phase flow pattern, and calibrating and classifying the data and the flow pattern to be used as a reference for judging the subsequent two-phase flow pattern.
And step five, under different factors influencing the flow pattern of the two-phase flow, performing the steps from the first step to the third step to obtain a plurality of groups of data, and changing two influencing factors each time, wherein the factors influencing the flow pattern of the two-phase flow comprise the position of a steam outlet, the saturation temperature, the flow rate of a liquid film and the density of heat flow.
And step six, classifying the multiple groups of data by adopting a clustering algorithm, corresponding the classification result to the calibration classification in the step four to obtain a flow pattern result, and drawing the result into a flow pattern graph with the liquid film flow and the heat flow density as coordinate axes.
As shown in fig. 1, the falling film evaporation experimental apparatus of the present invention includes a test tube 1 and a heat exchange tube 2.
The test tube 1 both sides are quartz glass, and 1 top of test tube is the inlet, and 1 bottom of test tube is provided with liquid distributor 3 for the top on 1 top of liquid outlet test tube, and 3 bottoms of liquid distributor are provided with a plurality of through-holes, and 3 bottoms of liquid distributor set up with 1 top clearance of test tube.
The heat exchange tubes 2 are arranged side by side, each row comprises a plurality of heat exchange tubes 2, each row of heat exchange tubes 2 are arranged in the test tube 1 in parallel and in a staggered mode and are perpendicular to the axis of the test tube 1, quartz glass blind tubes are arranged on the inner wall of the test tube 1 and are parallel to the heat exchange tubes 2, and gaps between the heat exchange tubes 2 and the inner wall of the test tube 1 cannot be too large.
As shown in fig. 2, two adjacent heat exchange tubes 2 in the same row are respectively provided with a capacitor electrode 4 on the circumferential surface, the two capacitor electrodes 4 are arranged oppositely, the heat exchange tubes 2 are provided with shielding electrodes 5 on both sides of each capacitor electrode 4, and an insulating layer 6 is arranged between each capacitor electrode 4 and each shielding electrode 5. The connecting line of two adjacent capacitor electrodes 4 in the same row is vertical to the axis of the test tube 1. The angle between the shielding electrode 5 and the capacitor electrode 4 on each heat exchange tube 2 and the connecting line of the circle center of the section of the heat exchange tube 2 is 20-30 degrees.
When the device is used, liquid-phase working media uniformly flow through the first row of heat exchange tubes 2 under the action of the liquid distributor 3 and carry out heat and mass transfer, and continuously flow downwards along the tube bundle under the action of gravity and present a two-phase flow state; the flow pattern is calibrated according to a two-phase flow picture shot by a high-speed camera: digitally processing the collected photos, extracting key parameters for describing flow patterns, dividing the two-phase flow patterns such as bubble flow, large bubble flow, stirring flow, intermittent flow and annular flow by taking the size, density and distribution of bubbles, the mixing degree of gas and liquid phases, the flow characteristics of a liquid film and the like as references, and then matching different capacitance signals with the flow patterns in corresponding time periods; the two-phase flow pattern can be changed along with the continuous increase of the number of the tube rows, and different flow patterns are obtained between the upper row of tube bundles and the lower row of tube bundles; and (3) changing factors and parameters such as saturation temperature of the two-phase flow, steam outlet position, liquid film flow, heat flow density and the like, repeating the test to obtain capacitance change characteristics under various operating conditions, classifying the data by adopting a clustering algorithm, and drawing a flow chart in a reference system taking the heat flow density and the liquid film flow as coordinates.
The above-mentioned contents are only for illustrating the technical idea of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby, and any modification made on the basis of the technical idea of the present invention falls within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for measuring a two-phase flow pattern, comprising the steps of;
measuring capacitance values at various moments within a period of time in the flowing process of a gas-liquid mixture, drawing a capacitance change characteristic curve, and capturing a two-phase flow picture at a certain moment within the period of time by using a high-speed camera;
extracting two-phase flow parameters in the two-phase flow picture;
combining the two-phase flow parameters and the capacitance change characteristic curve into a group of data, wherein each group of data comprises a two-phase flow picture, a capacitance change characteristic curve and two-phase flow parameters;
step four, carrying out the operations from step one to step three on various known two-phase flow patterns, and carrying out calibration classification on each group of data and flow patterns to be used as a judgment reference of the subsequent two-phase flow patterns;
and step five, performing the operations from the step one to the step three on the two-phase flow to be measured, classifying a plurality of groups of data of the two-phase flow to be measured by adopting a clustering algorithm, and corresponding the classification result to the calibration classification in the step four to obtain a flow pattern result.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein in step one, the capacitance is measured at each time within three minutes.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the two-phase flow parameters in step two include bubble size, bubble shape, bubble density, liquid film thickness, liquid film flow rate, and gas-liquid mixing degree.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of sets of data are obtained under different factors affecting the flow pattern of the two-phase flow, and after the flow pattern result is obtained by changing two factors each time, the flow pattern result is plotted as a flow pattern diagram having the two factors affecting the flow pattern of the two-phase flow changed in the fourth step as coordinate axes.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the influencing factors include vapor outlet location, saturation temperature, liquid film flow rate, and heat flux density.
6. A falling film evaporation experimental device is characterized by comprising a test tube (1) and a heat exchange tube (2);
the top end of the test tube (1) is a liquid inlet, and the bottom end of the test tube (1) is a liquid outlet; the heat exchange tubes (2) are arranged side by side, each row comprises a plurality of heat exchange tubes (2), and each row of heat exchange tubes (2) are arranged in the test tube (1) in parallel and in a staggered manner and are vertical to the axis of the test tube (1);
the two adjacent heat exchange tubes (2) in the same row are respectively provided with a capacitor electrode (4) on the circumferential surface, the two capacitor electrodes (4) are arranged oppositely, the two sides of each capacitor electrode (4) of the heat exchange tubes (2) are respectively provided with a shielding electrode (5), and an insulating layer (6) is arranged between each capacitor electrode (4) and the shielding electrode (5).
7. The falling film evaporation experimental device according to claim 6, wherein the connecting line of two adjacent capacitor electrodes (4) in the same row is perpendicular to the axis of the test tube (1).
8. The falling film evaporation experimental device according to claim 6, wherein the shielding electrode (5) and the capacitor electrode (4) on each heat exchange tube (2) are at an angle of 20-30 degrees with the connection line of the circle center of the cross section of the heat exchange tube (2).
9. The falling film evaporation experimental device according to claim 6, wherein a liquid distributor (3) is arranged above the top end of the test tube (1), a through hole is formed in the bottom of the liquid distributor (3), and the bottom of the liquid distributor (3) is arranged in a clearance with the top end of the test tube (1).
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