CN111296363B - Method for improving egg laying performance of hens in later period of egg laying - Google Patents
Method for improving egg laying performance of hens in later period of egg laying Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for improving egg laying performance of hens in the later period of egg laying, which comprises the following steps: adopting a dynamic feeding mode: feeding a daily ration formula for two times, wherein the daily material consumption is 1/3-2/5 in the morning and 3/5-2/3 in the afternoon. According to the method, daily feed consumption and calcium reduction formula daily ration are reduced in the later egg laying period of the hens, and the feeding process of dynamically feeding the total daily feed consumption in two times is combined, so that the daily feed consumption and the feed-egg ratio can be remarkably reduced, the shell weight ratio and the eggshell thickness are maintained, and the feed cost is effectively reduced on the basis of partially improving the egg laying performance and the egg quality; the application method of the invention reduces the intake and daily intake of the stone powder of the chicken, can reduce the burden of the gastrointestinal tract of animals and improve the welfare level of the animals.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of animal nutrition research, in particular to a method for saving feed cost of hens in the later period of egg laying, improving egg laying performance and improving eggshell quality.
Background
The late-stage laying syndrome of laying hens is an important problem troubling breeders of the laying hens, and is mainly characterized by sudden drop of laying rate of the laying hens, increase of feed-egg ratio, reduction of egg quality (particularly shown as reduction of eggshell quality), reduction of immunity, fatty liver, osteoporosis, deterioration of feather quality, reduction of hatching rate of eggs of broiler breeders and the like after the laying peak, and the phenomenon is particularly serious in local laying hen and breeding hen variety production, so that the breeding benefit is greatly influenced. It is proposed that elimination of layers and breeders (including broiler breeders and egg breeders) is prolonged from the traditional 72-week-old to 80-week-old, even to 100-week-old, which not only makes better use of chicken house equipment, but also reduces brooding costs. Therefore, researches on improving the laying rate in the period of 70-100 weeks, increasing the hatching rate in the later period of laying, improving the quality of eggs and the like become hot spots and also become scientific problems.
In the past decades, the biological evolution theory created by Darwinian and the genetic theory discovered by Mendelian lay the theoretical foundation for the breeding and improvement of poultry varieties, and the production performance of poultry is effectively improved. However, after long-time breeding, the improvement of the variety of the laying hens from the genetic perspective enters a bottleneck period, the problem of late laying syndrome of the laying hens cannot be solved through breeding due to the high development of the laying performance of the laying hens and the unique physiological characteristics of the laying hens, so that a new method and a new thought for solving the variety improvement are urgently needed to be found, and the improvement of the production performance of the existing variety from the nutritional perspective becomes possible.
At present, researchers or feed companies have conducted research around this problem, and most of them consider that this phenomenon is caused by the fact that hens have decreased ability to digest and absorb nutrients such as protein, amino acid, or calcium, and excessive energy intake as they age in days. Therefore, the regulation factors of the later egg laying performance and immunity of the laying hens and the like are usually regulated by increasing the feed intake, changing the nutritional formula ingredients of daily ration, increasing the calcium content, having multiple meals and the like. Particularly, specific novel nutrient substances and additive products are developed, such as probiotics, plant essential oil and the like are added to improve the gastrointestinal health, the feed absorption and conversion rate and the laying rate are improved by adding estrogen-like substances; according to the principle of dynamic balance of nutrient substances and the principle of high requirement of laying hens on daily ration energy, protein and calcium, the formula of the staged daily ration is changed according to the basic metabolism of the laying hens and the nutritional requirement of production maintenance (even daily multi-formula daily ration is adopted), fatty liver diseases and the like are relieved by properly increasing and decreasing the levels of crude protein, fat and the like, and the quality reduction of the eggshells is relieved by increasing the calcium content; the welfare of the laying hens is improved and the egg laying performance reduction speed is slowed down through feeding processes such as improving the environment, managing and the like, for example, a flat feeding mode is adopted, a sports field and a sports time period are provided, toys are provided and the like.
In the later period of laying, the laying hens are fed quantitatively (namely the periodic daily feed amount is relatively constant), on the basis of ensuring that animals obtain basic energy and nutrition supply, obesity, too high feed-egg ratio and the like caused by free ingestion are avoided, so that the general scholars can relieve the later-period syndrome of laying hens by adopting the modes of adding exogenous feed, adjusting the formula of daily ration, improving feeding management and the like. It is worth noting that the formula is prepared by eating more than one (more than 3 times of the existing laying hen production feed) and more than one daily diet (more than 3 times of the existing laying hen production feed) and is not suitable for laying hen production due to the artificial increase of the labor cost of the feed and the ingredient in human medicine for obesity, low immunity, old people and other patients.
The quality of the eggshell is one of the important indexes for measuring the quality of the eggs. Calcium is a main component of the eggshell, the formation and the quality of the eggshell are directly determined by the absorption and the utilization of the calcium by an organism, and the eggshell strength, the eggshell weight, the eggshell proportion and the like are important indexes for representing the eggshell quality and evaluating whether the calcium and phosphorus content in the feed of the laying (breeding) chicken is reasonable or not. In terms of research progress and public cognition at present, the calcium content in the feed plays an important role in the development of physiological functions and the development of bones of the hens, particularly in the development of good production performance. In the traditional production, the laying hens in the laying period are fed quantitatively, and calcium in the poultry feed mainly comes from stone powder, so measures such as improving the stone powder proportion in the feed, keeping higher feeding amount or increasing the feeding amount and the like are taken to prevent the hens from consuming insufficient calcium or losing excessive calcium, and then the production performance and the eggshell quality of the laying hens are improved.
However, the digestion and absorption capacity of nutrient substances such as calcium of the domestic chicken is reduced in the later period of laying, which is not completely caused by insufficient nutrient content in the daily ration, but the gastrointestinal tract burden of the animals is increased by excessive stone powder and relatively high intake and feed intake in the daily ration, the gastrointestinal tract health of the animals is influenced for a long time, the calcium metabolism balance disorder is caused, the egg laying performance of the hens in the later period of laying is reduced, and the animal welfare is seriously influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to solve the problems and provide a method for saving feed cost of hens in the later period of laying, improving laying performance and improving eggshell quality.
In order to realize the aim, the technical scheme of the method for improving the egg laying performance of the hens in the later period of egg laying is as follows: wherein the hen is laying hen and breeding hen, the breeding hen includes broiler breeding hen and egg breeding hen,
the method comprises the following steps:
adopting a dynamic feeding mode: feeding a daily ration formula for two times, wherein the daily material consumption is 1/3-2/5 in the morning and 3/5-2/3 in the afternoon.
Preferably, in the dynamic feeding mode, the average daily feed consumption is reduced by 5.0-15.0% on the basis of the preset average daily feed consumption.
The preset average daily feed consumption corresponds to the characteristic requirements of the hen such as species, variety, strain and growth period, and the hen at the later period of laying is fed quantitatively in production, so the average daily feed consumption has inherent standards (including national standard, local standard or farm standard) according to the characteristic requirements of the hen such as species, variety, strain and growth period.
In the dynamic feeding mode, the calcium content is reduced by 8.0-16.0 percent on the basis of presetting the calcium content in the daily ration formula.
The preset calcium content corresponds to the species, variety, strain, growth period and other characteristic requirements of the hens. For a long time, the nutrition proportion of the daily ration has already formed certain standards (including national standards, local standards or farm standards) corresponding to the characteristic requirements of the species, the variety, the strain, the growth period and the like of the hens, so the calcium content in the daily ration of the hens at the later period of laying eggs also has certain standards. For convenience of explanation, the present invention provides a preferable example of the predetermined calcium content, which is 3.2% to 4.2%.
Preferably, the calcium content in the daily ration formula is reduced by reducing the addition amount of the stone powder.
Preferably, the reduced amount of stone powder is replenished with rice chaff.
Preferably, the time of feeding twice is 5-7 h within the illumination time.
The beneficial technical effects of the invention are as follows:
(1): on the basis of daily feed consumption of hens in the later period of egg laying in the traditional production, the average daily feed consumption of each hen is reduced by 5.0-15.0%.
(2): traditionally, daily ration is fed twice in a dynamic feeding mode in half the morning or in the morning, wherein 1/3-2/5 of the total daily consumption of the morning is fed in the morning, and 3/5-2/3 of the total daily consumption of the afternoon is fed in the afternoon.
(3): the feed additive is used for reducing daily feed consumption in the later egg laying period of the hens, and is combined with a feeding process of dynamically feeding the total daily feed consumption in two times, so that the daily feed consumption and the feed-egg ratio can be obviously reduced, the thickness of eggshells is improved, and the aims of saving the feed cost of laying hens and breeding hens in the later egg laying period and improving the quality of the eggshells are fulfilled. The application method disclosed by the invention only needs to prepare a corresponding daily ration formula, can be applied on the basis of not changing the daily ration formula, and does not add extra labor burden to the existing laying hen production line (batching and feeding).
(4) By reducing the stone powder, the calcium content in the daily ration formula of the hens in the later period of laying eggs adopted in the traditional production is reduced by 8.0-16.0%, non-nutrient carriers (without influencing the nutrition level and digestion) such as rice chaff and the like can be used for leveling the formula, and then the feed is prepared according to the nutrition proportion.
(5) In the later egg laying period of the hens, daily feed consumption and calcium-reducing formula daily ration are reduced, and a feeding process of dynamically feeding the total daily feed consumption in two times is combined, so that the daily feed consumption and the feed-egg ratio can be remarkably reduced, the shell-weight ratio and the eggshell thickness are maintained, and the feed cost is effectively reduced on the basis of partially improving the egg laying performance and the egg quality; the application method of the invention reduces the intake and daily intake of the stone powder of the chicken, can reduce the burden of gastrointestinal tracts of animals and improve the welfare level of the animals; the application method disclosed by the invention only needs to prepare a corresponding daily ration formula, can be applied on the basis of keeping the periodic daily ration formula of the hens at the later period of laying, and does not add extra labor burden to the conventional laying hen production line (batching and feeding).
Detailed Description
In order to clearly understand the technical contents of the present invention, the following examples are given in detail.
The invention provides an application method for saving feed cost of hens in the later period of egg laying and improving egg laying performance, the method is used by the hens in the later period of egg laying, the cost can be saved, the egg laying performance can be improved, and only a representative experiment is selected for explanation:
the first embodiment is as follows: dynamic feeding test
1, finishing basic daily ration preparation according to a formula table of the feed for the helan brown laying hens in the later period of egg laying (shown in the table 1), obtaining the daily ration with the calcium content of 3.444%, bagging, and storing in a dark and dry place for later use.
Table 1 feed formula table for helan brown laying hens in later period of laying
2 design of the experiment
2.1 test materials and subgroups
In the test, 70-week-old Hailan brown laying hens are selected as test animals, the average daily feed consumption is 120 g/egg, the test animals are fed at 8:00 am and 2:00 pm every day, and the daily feed consumption of each repetition is calculated according to the number of the chickens actually stored in the cage. 144 chickens with good health condition are selected and randomly divided into 2 groups, each group has 6 repetitions, and each repetition has 12 chickens, which are respectively: feeding basic daily ration to the control group, and feeding the feed consumption of the whole day by 2 times per each repetition every day; and (3) feeding the group with a dynamic feeding group, wherein the group is fed with basic daily ration, 1/3 daily ration of the total amount of the consumed materials of the whole day is fed in the morning and 2/3 daily ration of the total amount of the consumed materials of the whole day is fed in the afternoon are repeated every day. The test period is 8 weeks, the test period enters a formal test period, the average daily feed consumption per day is adjusted to 110 g/pig, and each group is fed according to the test design. And carrying out statistics on average laying rate, average daily feed consumption and average egg weight according to weeks. At 4 weeks (74 weeks old) and 8 weeks (78 weeks old), 4 eggs were randomly selected for each repeat of each group for egg quality testing.
2.2 Breeding management
Before the test is started, the body weight of each egg-laying hen and the egg-laying condition of one week are observed, the chicken group is correspondingly adjusted, and the formal test period is started after the average egg laying rate among 24 replicates is determined to be not different. Egg production was recorded daily. The experimental chicken is raised in a semi-open chicken house in a stepped cage, natural ventilation is adopted in the house, sunlight and artificial illumination can be fully utilized, the illumination is carried out for 15.5 hours every day, a nipple type automatic drinking fountain is adopted for drinking water, and artificial feeding is adopted. The feeding management conditions of each test group are kept consistent and all the test groups are fed according to a standardized feeding program. The test field was periodically disinfected and vaccinated according to a conventional immunization program.
Comparison of egg laying Performance
3.171W-74W egg laying performance
As shown in table 2, the 71W-74W ADFI of the dynamic feeding group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P <0.001), the 71W-74W feed-egg ratio of the dynamic feeding group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P ═ 0.043), and there was no difference between the groups in average egg weight and egg laying rate.
TABLE 2 influence of dynamic feeding mode on egg laying performance of Hailan brown laying hens 71W-74W
Note: n is 6. Indicates that the group fed dynamically differed significantly from the control group (P <0.05), and indicates that the group fed dynamically differed significantly from the control group (P < 0.01). ADFI denotes the average daily feed intake per chicken, feed-egg ratio ═ feed consumption/egg weight. The same applies below.
3.275W-78W egg laying performance
As shown in table 3, the 75W-78W ADFI of the group fed dynamically was significantly lower than that of the control group (P <0.001), the feed-egg ratio of the 75W-78W of the group fed dynamically tended to be lower than that of the control group (P ═ 0.085), and there was no difference between the groups in average egg weight and egg laying rate.
TABLE 3 influence of dynamic feeding mode on 75W-78W laying performance of Hailan brown laying hens
Note: n is 6.
3.371W-78W egg laying performance
As shown in table 4, the 71W-78W ADFI of the group fed dynamically was significantly lower than that of the control group (P <0.001), the 71W-78W feed-egg ratio of the group fed dynamically was significantly lower than that of the control group (P ═ 0.032), and there was no difference between the groups in average egg weight and egg laying rate.
TABLE 4 influence of dynamic feeding mode on egg laying performance of Hailan brown laying hens 71W-78W
Note: n is 6.
Comparison of egg quality
4.1 Eggshell quality
4.1.174W egg shell quality
As shown in table 5, there was no difference between the average egg weight, the eggshell weight, the shell weight ratio and the eggshell strength, except that the eggshell thickness of 74W in the dynamic feeding group tended to increase relative to the control group (P ═ 0.078).
TABLE 5 influence of dynamic feeding on the quality of 74-week-old eggshells of Hailan-brown laying hens
Note: n is 24. Shell weight ratio ═ eggshell weight/egg weight 100%. The same goes for
4.1.278W egg shell quality
As shown in table 6, the eggshell thickness of the dynamic feeding group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P ═ 0.049), and there was no significant difference in egg weight, eggshell weight, shell weight ratio, and eggshell strength between the two groups.
TABLE 6 influence of dynamic feeding on the quality of 78-week-old eggshells of Hailan-brown laying hens
Note: n is 24.
4.2 quality of yolk and albumen
4.2.174W yolk and albumen quality
As shown in table 7, there was no significant difference in egg weight, egg white height, egg yolk color, heuchen unit, egg shape index, egg yolk weight, egg yolk index, egg white weight, and egg white index between the two groups of helan brown laying hens 74W.
TABLE 7 Effect of dynamic feeding on the quality of egg yolk and egg white of Hailan-brown egg-laying hens 74W
Note: n is 24. Har unit 100 Log (protein height-1.7 egg weight + 7.57); yolk index ═ yolk weight/egg weight 100%; protein index ═ protein weight/egg weight 100%. Egg shape index is longitudinal diameter/transverse diameter. The same applies below.
4.2.278W yolk and albumen quality
As shown in table 8, the egg weight of the dynamic feeding group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P ═ 0.020), and there was no significant difference in the egg weight, egg height, egg yolk color, hough unit, egg shape index, egg yolk weight, egg yolk index and egg white index of the two groups of helan brown laying hens 74W.
TABLE 8 Effect of dynamic feeding on the quality of egg yolk and egg white of 78W Hailan-Brown egg laying hens
5 conclusion
The experiment proves that the ADFI and the feed-egg ratio of the Hailan brown laying hens at the later period of laying can be obviously reduced by the dynamic feeding mode, namely the production cost is reduced; the eggshell thickness can be obviously improved by a dynamic feeding mode, namely, the eggshell quality is improved; the dynamic feeding mode has no influence on the quality of the egg yolk and the egg white basically.
Example two: daily ration calcium reduction test
1 preparing calcium-reducing daily ration
1.1, reducing stone powder in feed of the late laying period of the Hailan brown laying hens from 8.50% to 7.30% according to the standard of reducing the total calcium content of 3.44% to 3.01% (namely reducing by 12.5%);
1.2 the proportion of the stone powder is reduced by filling with 1.20 percent of rice chaff.
Mixing 1.1 and 1.2 with daily feed raw materials (shown in Table 9) to obtain daily feed with calcium content of 3.0%, bagging, and storing in dark dry place.
TABLE 9 feed formula table for Hailan brown laying hens in later period of egg laying
2 design of the experiment
2.1 test materials and subgroups
In the test, 70-week-old Hailan brown laying hens are selected as test animals, the average daily feed consumption is 120 g/egg, the test animals are fed at 8:00 am and 2:00 pm every day, and the daily feed consumption of each repetition is calculated according to the number of the chickens actually stored in the cage. 144 chickens with good health condition are selected and randomly divided into 2 groups, each group has 6 repetitions, and each repetition has 12 chickens, which are respectively: feeding high-calcium daily ration, and feeding the feed with the feed consumption of the whole day by 2 times per each repetition every day; and feeding the low-calcium group with low-calcium daily ration, and feeding the low-calcium daily ration with the average feed consumption of the whole day by 2 times every day in each repetition. The test period is 8 weeks, the test period enters a formal test period, the average daily feed consumption per day is adjusted to 110 g/pig, and each group is fed according to the test design. And carrying out statistics on average laying rate, average daily feed consumption and average egg weight according to weeks. At 4 weeks (74 weeks old) and 8 weeks (78 weeks old), 4 eggs were randomly selected for each repeat of each group for egg quality testing.
2.2 Breeding management
Before the test is started, the body weight of each egg-laying hen and the egg-laying condition of one week are observed, the chicken group is correspondingly adjusted, and the formal test period is started after the average egg laying rate among 24 replicates is determined to be not different. Egg production was recorded daily. The experimental chicken is raised in a semi-open chicken house in a stepped cage, natural ventilation is adopted in the house, sunlight and artificial illumination can be fully utilized, the illumination is carried out for 15.5 hours every day, a nipple type automatic drinking fountain is adopted for drinking water, and artificial feeding is adopted. The feeding management conditions of each test group are kept consistent and all the test groups are fed according to a standardized feeding program. The test field was periodically disinfected and vaccinated according to a conventional immunization program.
Comparison of egg laying Performance
3.171W-74W egg laying performance
As shown in Table 10, there was no difference between the high calcium group and the low calcium group in 71W-74W ADFI, average egg weight and egg laying rate; the feed-egg ratio of the high-calcium group tends to be lower than that of the low-calcium group (P ═ 0.064).
TABLE 10 influence of reducing calcium content in feed on egg laying performance of Hailan brown layer chicken 71W-74W
Note: n is 6. Indicates that the low calcium group was significantly different from the high calcium group (P <0.05), and indicates that the low calcium group was significantly different from the high calcium group (P < 0.01). ADFI denotes the average daily feed intake per chicken, feed-egg ratio ═ feed consumption/egg weight. The same applies below.
3.275W-78W egg laying performance
As shown in Table 11, the ADFI, feed-egg ratio, average egg weight and egg production rate of the high calcium group and the low calcium group were not different from each other at 75W-78W.
TABLE 11 influence of reducing calcium content in feed on egg laying performance of Hailan brown layer chicken 75W-78W
3.371W-78W egg laying performance
As shown in Table 12, the ADFI, feed-egg ratio, average egg weight and egg production rate of the high calcium group and the low calcium group were not different from each other at 71W to 78W.
TABLE 12 influence of reducing calcium content in feed on egg laying performance of Hailan brown layer chicken 71W-78W
4. Comparison of egg quality
4.1 Eggshell quality
4.1.174W egg shell quality
As shown in table 13, there was no difference in average egg weight, eggshell weight, shell weight ratio, eggshell thickness, and eggshell strength between the high calcium group and the low calcium group of layer chicken 74W.
TABLE 13 reduction of calcium content in feed influence on quality of 74-week-old eggshells of Hailan brown laying hens
Note: n is 24. Shell weight ratio ═ eggshell weight/egg weight 100%. The same goes for
4.1.278W egg shell quality
As shown in table 14, there was no significant difference in average egg weight, eggshell weight, and eggshell strength of 78W between the high calcium group and the low calcium group. The shell-to-weight ratio of the high calcium group was significantly higher than that of the low calcium group (P < 0.001); the eggshell thickness of the high calcium group tended to be higher than that of the low calcium group (P ═ 0.072).
TABLE 14 reduction of calcium content in feed influence on eggshell quality of 78 weeks old Hailan brown laying hens
4.2 quality of yolk and albumen
4.2.174W yolk and albumen quality
As shown in table 15, the egg weight, egg white height, hards unit, egg shape index, egg yolk weight, egg yolk specific gravity, egg white weight, egg white ratio weight of 74W laying hens in the high calcium group and the low calcium group were not significantly different between the groups. The color of the yolk of the high-calcium group is obviously darker than that of the yolk of the low-calcium group (P is 0.023).
TABLE 15 reduction of calcium content in feed influence on quality of yolk and egg white of Hailan brown layer chicken 74W
Note: note: n is 24. Har unit 100 Log (protein height-1.7 egg weight + 7.57); yolk index ═ yolk weight/egg weight 100%; protein index ═ protein weight/egg weight 100%. Egg shape index is 100% of longitudinal diameter/transverse diameter. The same applies below.
4.2.278W yolk and albumen quality
As shown in table 16, there was no significant difference between the high-calcium group and the low-calcium group in terms of egg weight, egg white height, yolk color, hough unit, egg shape index, yolk weight, yolk specific gravity, egg white weight, and egg white ratio weight average of 74W. The hards unit of the low calcium group is significantly higher than that of the high calcium group (P is 0.011); the protein weight of the low calcium group was significantly higher than that of the high calcium group (P ═ 0.003).
TABLE 16 reduction of calcium content in feed effects on yolk and egg white quality of 78W Hailan-brown layer chickens
5 conclusion
The experiment proves that the reduction of the Ca content in the feed has no influence on ADFI, feed-egg ratio, average egg weight and laying rate of the Hailan brown laying hens at the later period of laying, can reduce the shell-weight ratio (harmful), and improve the Hazen unit (favorable) and the protein weight; the Ca content in the feed is reduced, the quality of egg yolk and egg white is not affected basically, but the gastrointestinal tract burden of the edible animals is reduced, and the welfare level of the animals is improved.
Example three: daily ration calcium reduction and dynamic feeding two-factor test
1 preparing calcium-reducing daily ration
1.1, reducing stone powder in feed of the late laying period of the Hailan brown laying hens from 8.50% to 7.30% according to the standard of reducing the total calcium content of 3.44% to 3.01% (namely reducing by 12.5%);
1.2 the proportion of the stone powder is reduced by filling with 1.20 percent of rice chaff.
Mixing 1.1 and 1.2 with daily feed raw materials (shown in Table 9) to obtain daily feed with calcium content of 3.0%, bagging, and storing in dark dry place.
2 design of the experiment
2.1 test materials and subgroups
In the test, 70-week-old Hailan brown laying hens are selected as test animals, the average daily feed consumption is 120 g/egg, the test animals are fed at 8:00 am and 2:00 pm every day, and the daily feed consumption of each repetition is calculated according to the number of the chickens actually stored in the cage. 288 chickens with good health condition are selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, each group has 6 repetitions, and each repetition has 12 chickens, which are respectively: feeding high calcium control group (HCA) with high calcium daily ration, and feeding the feed consumption of the whole day by 2 times per each repetition; feeding high calcium diet by high calcium dynamic feeding group (HCDN), wherein 1/3 diet of total consumption of the whole day is fed in the morning and 2/3 diet of the total consumption of the whole day is fed in the afternoon; feeding low calcium control group (LCA) with low calcium daily ration, and feeding the feed consumption of the whole day by 2 times per each repetition; and feeding a low-calcium dynamic feeding group (HCDN) with low-calcium daily ration, wherein 1/3 daily ration of the total consumption of the whole day is fed in the morning and 2/3 daily ration of the total consumption of the whole day is fed in the afternoon. The test period is 8 weeks, the test period enters a formal test period, the average daily feed consumption per day is adjusted to 110 g/pig, and each group is fed according to the test design. And carrying out statistics on average laying rate, average daily feed consumption and average egg weight according to weeks. At 4 weeks (74 weeks old) and 8 weeks (78 weeks old), 4 eggs were randomly selected for each repeat of each group for egg quality testing.
2.2 Breeding management
Before the test is started, the body weight of each egg-laying hen and the egg-laying condition of one week are observed, the chicken group is correspondingly adjusted, and the formal test period is started after the average egg laying rate among 24 replicates is determined to be not different. Egg production was recorded daily. The experimental chicken is raised in a semi-open chicken house in a stepped cage, natural ventilation is adopted in the house, sunlight and artificial illumination can be fully utilized, the illumination is carried out for 15.5 hours every day, a nipple type automatic drinking fountain is adopted for drinking water, and artificial feeding is adopted. The feeding management conditions of each test group are kept consistent and all the test groups are fed according to a standardized feeding program. The test field was periodically disinfected and vaccinated according to a conventional immunization program.
Comparison of egg laying Performance
3.171W-74W egg laying performance
As shown in table 17, the HCDN groups 71W to 74W ADFI were significantly lower than the HCA group (P <0.001), significantly lower than the LCA group (P <0.001), and no difference between the HCDN groups; ADFI of LCDN group was very much lower than HCA group (P <0.001), very much lower than LCA group (P < 0.001); there was no difference between the HCA group and the LCA group. The feed-egg ratio of 71W to 74W of the HCDN group is obviously lower than that of the HCA group (P is 0.043), and is extremely obviously lower than that of the LCA group (P is less than 0.001), and the feed-egg ratio is not different from that of the LCDN group; the egg-feed ratio of the LCDN group is extremely lower than that of the HCA group (P <0.001), and extremely lower than that of the LCA group (P < 0.001); there was a trend between HCA and LCA groups (P ═ 0.064). There were no differences between groups in average egg weight and egg production rate for each group 71W-74W.
The analysis result of the univariate linear model shows that the calcium content in the feed is reduced, and the ADFI, the average egg weight, the feed-egg ratio and the laying rate of the Hailan brown laying hens 71W-74W at the later period of laying are not influenced (P is more than 0.05). The ADFI (P <0.001) and the feed-egg ratio (P <0.001) of the Hailan brown laying hens 71W-74W can be remarkably reduced by a dynamic feeding mode. The influence of the mode of reducing the calcium content in the feed and dynamically feeding on the feed-egg ratio of the Hailan brown laying hens 71W-74W in the later period of laying may have an interactive effect (P is 0.108).
TABLE 17 reduction of calcium content in feed and influence of dynamic feeding mode on egg laying performance of Hailan brown layer chicken 71W-74W
Note: n is 6. HCA represents a high calcium control group, HCDN represents a high calcium dynamic feeding group, LCA represents a low calcium control group, and LCDN represents a low calcium dynamic feeding group. In the same row, letters different indicate that all possible inter-group differences are significant (P <0.05 or P < 0.01). Indicates that the dynamic group with the same calcium content in the same row is significantly different (P <0.05) from the control non-dynamic group, and indicates that the dynamic group with the same calcium content in the same row is significantly different (P <0.01) from the control non-dynamic group. ADFI denotes the average daily feed intake per chicken, feed-egg ratio ═ feed consumption/egg weight. The same applies below.
3.275W-78W egg laying performance
As shown in table 18, the 75W-78W ADFI of the HCDN group was significantly lower than the HCA group (P <0.001), significantly lower than the LCA group (P <0.001), and no difference between the HCDN groups; the ADFI of the LCDN group was very significantly lower than that of the HCA group (P <0.001), with no difference from the LCA group; there was no difference between the HCA group and the LCA group. On the feed-egg ratio of 75W to 78W, no difference exists among the groups except the HCDN group which has a tendency lower than that of the HCA group (P is 0.085). There were no differences between groups in average egg weight and egg production rate for each group.
The analysis result of the univariate linear model shows that the calcium content in the feed is reduced, and the feed has no influence on ADFI, average egg weight, feed-egg ratio and laying rate of 75-78W Hailan brown laying hens at the later period of laying (P is more than 0.05). The dynamic feeding mode can remarkably reduce ADFI (P <0.001) of 75W-78W of the Hailan brown laying hens, and has a remarkable interaction effect (P is 0.048) on the ADFI and the ADFI, and the P has a remarkable interaction effect on reducing the calcium content in the feed. The dynamic feeding mode may have a certain influence on the reduction of the feed-egg ratio of 75W-78W Hailan brown laying hens in the later period of laying (P is 0.138).
TABLE 18 reduction of calcium content in feed and influence of dynamic feeding mode on 75W-78W egg laying performance of Hailan brown laying hens
3.371W-78W egg laying performance
As shown in table 19, the HCDN groups 71W to 78W ADFI were significantly lower than the HCA group (P <0.001), significantly lower than the LCA group (P <0.001), and no difference between the HCDN groups; ADFI of LCDN group was very much lower than HCA group (P <0.001), very much lower than LCA group (P < 0.001); there was no difference between the HCA group and the LCA group. The feed-egg ratio of 71W to 78W in the HCDN group is obviously lower than that in the HCA group (P is 0.032) and is obviously lower than that in the LCA group (P is 0.016), and the difference between the feed-egg ratio and the LCDN group is avoided; the feed-egg ratio of the LCDN group is obviously lower than that of the HCA group (P is 0.021) and is obviously lower than that of the LCA group (P is 0.010); there was no difference between the HCA group and the LCA group. There was no difference between the groups in the average egg weight of 71W to 78W and the egg production rate of each group.
The analysis result of the univariate linear model shows that the calcium content in the feed is reduced, and the feed has no influence on ADFI, average egg weight, feed-egg ratio and laying rate of the Hailan brown laying hens from 71W to 78W at the later period of laying (P is more than 0.05). The dynamic feeding mode can remarkably reduce ADFI (P <0.001) and feed-egg ratio (P <0.001) of the Hailan brown laying hens from 71W to 78W.
TABLE 19 reduction of calcium content in feed and influence of dynamic feeding mode on egg laying performance of Hailan brown layer chicken 71W-78W
4. Comparison of egg quality
4.1 Eggshell quality
4.1.174W egg shell quality
As shown in table 20, there was no difference between the average egg weight and eggshell weight of each group. The shell weight ratio of the HCDN group is remarkably higher than that of the LCA group (P is 0.007), and the shell weight ratio of the HCDN group is remarkably higher than that of the LCA group (P is 0.011); the shell weight ratio of the HCA group tended to be higher than that of the LCA (P ═ 0.075), with no significant difference between the remaining groups. The thickness of the eggshell of the HCDN group is increased relative to the HCA group (P0.078), is significantly higher than the LCA group (P0.036), and is very significantly higher than the LCDN group (P0.007), and there is no significant difference between the other groups. The eggshell strength of the HCDN group was significantly higher than that of the LCDN group (P ═ 0.041), with no significant difference between the remaining groups.
The results of the univariate linear model analysis show that the calcium content in the feed can significantly reduce the shell weight ratio (P <0.001), the eggshell thickness (P ═ 0.025) and the eggshell strength (P ═ 0.046) of the Hailan brown laying hens 74W in the later period of laying, and the calcium content in the feed can have an interactive effect on the eggshell thickness (P ═ 0.093) of the Hailan brown laying hens 74W in a dynamic feeding mode. The calcium content in the feed is reduced, and the average egg weight and the eggshell weight are not obviously influenced (P is more than 0.05). The dynamic feeding mode has no influence on the average egg weight, the eggshell weight, the shell weight ratio, the eggshell thickness and the eggshell strength of the Hailan brown laying hens 74W at the later period of laying (P is more than 0.05).
TABLE 20 reduction of calcium content in feed and influence of dynamic feeding on quality of 74-week-old eggshells of Hailan brown laying hens
Note: n is 24. Shell weight ratio ═ eggshell weight/egg weight 100%. The same goes for
4.1.278W egg shell quality
As shown in table 21, the average egg weight of LCDN group 78W was significantly higher than that of HCA group (P ═ 0.032), and there was no significant difference in egg weight among the remaining groups. The eggshell weight of the HCDN group 78W was significantly higher than that of the LCA group (P ═ 0.034), and there was no significant difference in eggshell weight between the remaining groups. The shell weight ratio of the HCDN group 78W is significantly higher than that of the LCA group (P is less than 0.001), and the shell weight ratio is not significantly different from that of the HCA group and the LCDN group; the LCDN group is obviously higher than the LCA group (P is 0.011); the HCA group was significantly higher than the LCA group (P < 0.001); shell-to-weight ratios were not significantly different between the remaining groups. The eggshell thickness of the HCDN group is obviously higher than that of the HCA group (P is 0.049), is extremely obviously higher than that of the LCA group (P is 0.001), and is obviously higher than that of the LCDN group (P is 0.031); the shell thickness of the HCA group tends to be higher than that of the LCA group (P ═ 0.072); the eggshell thickness of the LCDN group was significantly higher than the LCA group (P ═ 0.045). The eggshell strength of the HCDN group is obviously higher than that of the LCA group (P is 0.028) and is obviously higher than that of the LCDN group (P is 0.019); there was no significant difference in eggshell strength between the remaining groups.
The result of univariate linear model analysis shows that the calcium content in the feed is reduced, the calcium content has a very significant influence on the eggshell thickness of 78W of the Hailan brown laying hens at the later stage of laying (P <0.001), the shell weight ratio (P ═ 0.012) and the eggshell strength (P ═ 0.018), and the calcium content has no significant influence on the average eggshell weight and the eggshell weight. The dynamic feeding mode has obvious influence on the eggshell weight (P is 0.025), the shell weight ratio (P is 0.045) and the eggshell thickness (P is 0.010) of 78W of the Hailan brown laying hens in the later period of laying, has no obvious influence on the eggshell strength (P is more than 0.05), and has certain influence on the average egg weight (P is 0.094). The way of reducing calcium content in the feed and dynamic feeding may have an interactive effect on the shell-to-weight ratio of 78W (P ═ 0.101).
TABLE 21 reduction of calcium content in feed and influence of dynamic feeding on quality of 78-week-old eggshells of Hailan brown laying hens
4.2 quality of yolk and albumen
4.2.174W yolk and albumen quality
As shown in table 22, there was no significant difference between the egg weight, protein height, harderian unit, egg shape index, protein weight, and protein ratio weight average of 74W for each group of helan-brown laying hens. The color of the egg yolk of the HCA group is obviously darker than that of the LCA group (P is 0.023), and the egg yolk tends to be darker than that of the LCDN group; the yolk color between the other groups has no obvious difference. The yolk weight of the LCDN group is obviously higher than that of the HCA group (P is 0.010), is extremely obviously higher than that of the HCDN group (P is 0.001), and is obviously higher than that of the LCA group (P is 0.025); there was no significant difference in egg yolk weight between the HCA and HCDN groups. The specific gravity of the yolk in the LCDN group is obviously higher than that in the HCA group (P ═ 0.021), is obviously higher than that in the HCDN group (P ═ 0.001), is obviously higher than that in the LCA group (P ═ 0.013), and the specific gravity of the yolk in the other groups is not obviously different.
The results of univariate linear model analysis show that decreasing calcium content in the feed has a very significant effect on the 74W egg yolk weight (P ═ 0.006), on the egg yolk colour (P ═ 0.035) and on the egg yolk specific gravity (P ═ 0.027), and has no significant effect on the egg weight, egg white height, haugh units, egg shape index, egg white weight and egg white specific gravity (P > 0.05). The dynamic feeding mode has no significant influence on the weight of 74W egg, the height of egg white, the color of egg yolk, the Haw unit, the egg shape index, the weight of egg yolk, the specific gravity of egg yolk, the weight of egg white and the weight average of egg white ratio (P is more than 0.05). Reducing calcium content in feed and dynamic feeding had an interactive effect on egg yolk weight (P ═ 0.020) and egg yolk specific gravity (P ═ 0.014).
TABLE 22 reduction of calcium content in feed and influence of dynamic feeding on quality of yolk and albumen of Hailan brown layer chicken 74W
Note: note: n is 24. Har unit 100 Log (protein height-1.7 egg weight + 7.57); yolk index ═ yolk weight/egg weight 100%; protein index ═ protein weight/egg weight 100%. Egg shape index is longitudinal diameter/transverse diameter. The same applies below.
4.2.278W yolk and albumen quality
As shown in table 23, the egg weight of LCDN group 78W was significantly higher than that of HCA group (P ═ 0.032), and there was no significant difference in egg weight among the remaining groups. The hards unit is significantly higher in LCA group than in HCA group (P is 0.011), and the hards unit is not significantly different among the rest groups. The egg-shaped index of the LCA group is obviously higher than that of the LCDN group (P is 0.031), and the rest groups have no difference. The weight of HCDN histone is obviously higher than that of HCA group (P is 0.020), LCA group is obviously higher than that of HCA group (P is 0.003), and LCDN group is obviously higher than that of HCA group (P is 0.002); the weight of protein between the rest groups has no significant difference; the height of egg white, the color and luster of egg yolk, the weight of the egg yolk, the specific gravity of the egg yolk and the weight average of the egg white ratio among the groups have no obvious difference.
The result of analysis by a univariate linear model shows that the reduction of the calcium content in the feed has a very significant influence on the egg weight of 78W of the Hailan brown laying hens (P is 0.006), and has no significant influence on the weight of eggs, the height of egg white, the color of egg yolk, the Hawthorn unit, the egg shape index, the weight of egg yolk, the specific gravity of egg yolk and the weight average of egg white ratio (P is more than 0.05). The dynamic feeding mode has the possible influence on the weight of egg white (P is 0.066), and has no significant influence on the weight of egg, the height of egg white, the color of egg yolk, the Ha's unit, the egg shape index, the weight of egg yolk, the specific gravity of egg yolk and the weight average of egg white ratio (P is more than 0.05). Reducing calcium levels in feed and dynamic feeding may have an interactive effect on egg shape index (P0.104) and protein weight (P0.122).
TABLE 23 reduction of calcium content in feed and influence of dynamic feeding on quality of yolk and albumen of 78W Hailan brown layer chicken
5 conclusion
5.1 the ADFI and the feed-egg ratio of the helenium brown laying hens at the later period of laying can be remarkably reduced by a dynamic feeding mode, namely the production cost is reduced;
5.2 the Ca content in the feed has no influence on the laying performance of the halan brown laying hens in the later period of laying, and the reduction of the stone powder in the feed can reduce the gastrointestinal tract burden of edible animals and improve the welfare level of the animals. (ii) a
5.3 under the condition of the same Ca content in the feed, the eggshell quality can be improved by a dynamic feeding mode, and the dynamic feeding mode has obvious positive influence on the eggshell weight, the shell weight ratio and the eggshell thickness of the Hailan brown laying hens at the later period of laying;
5.4 the Ca content in the feed has obvious influence on the thickness, the shell-weight ratio and the strength of the eggshell of the Hailan brown laying hens at the later period of laying, and the Ca content in the feed is simply reduced, so that the shell-weight ratio is reduced (harmful), and the Hazen unit is improved (favorable); however, in the experiment, the low-calcium feed and the dynamic feeding mode are combined, and the eggshell quality of the Hailan brown laying hens at the later period of laying is lower than that of the laying hens combined with the high-calcium feed and the dynamic feeding mode, but is not different from that of the laying hens which are only applied with the high-calcium daily ration.
Therefore, the ADFI and the feed-egg ratio of the helenium brown laying hens at the later period of laying can be remarkably reduced by a dynamic feeding mode, namely the production cost is reduced; the shell weight ratio and the eggshell thickness can be obviously improved by a dynamic feeding mode, namely, the eggshell quality is improved; the dynamic feeding mode has no influence on the quality of the egg yolk and the egg white basically. The Ca content in the feed has no influence on the egg laying performance of the Hailan brown laying hens in the later period of egg laying, and the feed is supported in a dynamic feeding mode, so that the calcium content in the feed is reduced in the later period of egg laying of the Hailan brown laying hens, the eggshell quality is not influenced, the gastrointestinal tract burden of edible animals is reduced, and the animal welfare level is improved.
In this specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.
Claims (7)
1. A method for improving laying performance of hens in a later period of laying, which comprises the following steps:
adopting a dynamic feeding mode: feeding a daily ration formula twice, wherein the daily ration formula comprises 1/3-2/5 of average daily material consumption in the morning and 3/5-2/3 of average daily material consumption in the afternoon, and in a dynamic feeding mode, the average daily material consumption is reduced by 5.0% -15.0% on the basis of presetting the average daily material consumption.
2. The method for improving laying performance of hens in the later period of laying according to claim 1, wherein the preset average daily feed consumption is 90 g/hen to 125 g/hen.
3. The method for improving the egg laying performance of hens in the later period of laying eggs according to claim 1, wherein in a dynamic feeding mode, the calcium content is reduced by 8.0-16.0% on the basis of the preset calcium content in a daily ration formula.
4. The method for improving the laying performance of hens in the later period of laying eggs, according to claim 3, wherein the preset calcium content is 3.2% -4.2%.
5. The method for improving the laying performance of hens in the later period of laying, according to claim 3, wherein the content of calcium in the ration formula is reduced by reducing the addition amount of stone powder.
6. The method for improving egg laying performance of hens at the later stage of laying eggs, according to claim 5, wherein the reduced amount of stone powder is supplemented with rice chaff.
7. The method for improving the egg laying performance of the hens in the later period of laying is characterized in that the time of feeding the hens twice is 5-7 hours within the illumination time.
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