CN111283312B - Intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device and method for ship maintenance - Google Patents

Abstract

The application provides an intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device and a cutting method for ship maintenance, and belongs to the field of ship equipment. The plasma cutting apparatus includes: the rack comprises a base, a first guide rail, a first support column and a second support column, wherein the first guide rail is arranged on the base and extends along a first direction; the cutting head is in sliding fit with the second guide rail; the bearing surface of swivel mount is located the below of cutting head, and the swivel mount sets up rotatably relative to the cutting head. The application provides a boats and ships maintenance is with intelligent high accuracy plasma cutting device and cutting method not only can simplify plasma cutting device's structure and reduced plasma cutting device's volume, and the maintenance personal of being convenient for goes out to carry.

Description

Intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device and method for ship maintenance

Technical Field

The application belongs to the technical field of ship equipment, and relates to an intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device and a cutting method for ship maintenance.

Background

With the continuous development of the ship transportation industry, the number and the route of ships are obviously increased. The ship may have faults requiring quick maintenance during operation, and the maintenance points of the ship are distributed relatively dispersedly, so that the ship maintenance points need to dispatch corresponding maintenance personnel to carry maintenance equipment to maintain on the ship. The maintenance equipment generally comprises an intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device or a handheld plasma cutting device, and the plate is cut by the plasma cutting device to be cut into a patch plate with a required shape. The intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device has the advantages of controlling the cutting precision grade and the like so as to match different operation requirements.

However, the existing intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device is matched with a plate with a middle specification or a large specification, the size of the device is huge, and the device is difficult to carry, and the traditional handheld plasma cutting device is difficult to meet the use requirement because the cutting precision is relatively low due to the fact that an operator is not stable in hand.

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem to be solved

In view of the technical problem, the application provides a boats and ships maintenance is with intelligent high accuracy plasma cutting device and cutting method, through set up first support column and second support column on the base, the second support column is connected in the top of first support column, first support column is along the portable setting of first direction, the cutting head is along the portable setting on the second support column of second direction, the below of cutting head is provided with the swivel mount, the swivel mount sets up the cutting head rotatably, not only can simplify plasma cutting device's structure and reduced plasma cutting device's volume, the maintenance personal of being convenient for goes out to carry, still can ensure simultaneously that the cutting head can be stably and accurately cut the panel that is located on the loading end.

(II) technical scheme

In a first aspect, the present application provides an intelligent high accuracy plasma cutting device is used in boats and ships maintenance, includes:

the rack comprises a base, a first guide rail, a first support column and a second support column, wherein the first guide rail is arranged on the base and extends along a first direction;

the cutting head is in sliding fit with the second guide rail;

the swivel mount, the swivel mount is including the loading face that is used for bearing the weight of panel, and the loading face is located the below of cutting head, and the swivel mount is rotatable setting relatively the cutting head.

Further, the rotating frame is movably disposed in the second direction.

The rotary frame further comprises a base, a third guide rail extending along the second direction is arranged on the base, the rotary frame further comprises a mounting seat, a first sliding groove is formed in the bottom of the mounting seat, the third guide rail is movably inserted into the first sliding groove, the first sliding groove comprises two first side walls extending along the second direction and opposite to each other and a second side wall located between the two first side walls, the third guide rail comprises a first guide rail portion arranged horizontally and a second guide rail portion arranged vertically, the bottom of the second guide rail portion is fixedly connected with the base, and the top of the second guide rail portion is fixedly connected with the middle of the second guide rail portion;

a plurality of compensation assemblies are arranged in the first sliding groove at intervals in the second direction, each compensation assembly comprises a first roller, a second roller and a third roller which are matched with the second guide rail portion in a rolling mode, the axial directions of the first roller, the second roller and the third roller are all parallel to the first direction, the first roller and the second roller are arranged on the first side wall in a rotating mode respectively, the first roller and the second roller are located on two sides of the second guide rail portion, the third roller is connected to the second side wall in a rotating mode, the third roller is located on one side, away from the second supporting column, of the first guide rail portion, and the first roller and the second roller are located on one side, close to the second supporting column, of the first guide rail portion.

Furthermore, the compensation assembly also comprises two hollow connecting columns, the two connecting columns are fixedly connected to the second side wall, the two connecting columns are respectively arranged on two sides of the third roller along the first direction, through grooves penetrating through the connecting columns along the first direction are formed in the connecting columns, the through grooves extend along the axial direction of the connecting columns, and the end parts of rotating shafts of the third rollers penetrate through the through grooves;

an elastic piece is arranged in the inner cavity of the connecting column, is positioned above the rotating shaft and is in butt fit with the rotating shaft.

Furthermore, the elastic part is a spring, a sliding block is arranged at one end, close to the rotating shaft, of the spring, the sliding block is in sliding fit with the inner cavity wall of the connecting column, a limiting protruding portion is arranged at one end, far away from the rotating shaft, of the sliding block, the spring is sleeved on the limiting protruding portion, and an arc surface is arranged at one end, close to the rotating shaft, of the sliding block.

Further, the frame is matched with the base in a positioning mode through a positioning structure.

Furthermore, the positioning structure comprises a positioning bulge positioned on the rack and a positioning groove positioned on the base, and the positioning bulge is matched with the positioning groove in a positioning manner.

In a second aspect, the present application further provides a cutting method based on the above intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance, where the cutting method includes:

rotating the rotating frame to rotate the plate on the bearing surface to a preset position;

the first supporting column is driven to move along the first direction, and the cutting head is driven to move along the second direction so as to cut the plate on the bearing surface.

(III) advantageous effects

According to the technical scheme, the method has at least one of the following beneficial effects:

(1) the utility model provides an intelligent high accuracy plasma cutting device and cutting method are used in boats and ships maintenance, through set up first support column and second support column on the base, the second support column is connected in the top of first support column, first support column is along the portable setting of first direction, the cutting head is along the portable setting on the second support column of second direction, the below of cutting head is provided with the swivel mount, the swivel mount is rotatable to the cutting head and is set up, not only can simplify plasma cutting device's structure and reduce plasma cutting device's volume, the maintenance personal of being convenient for is gone out and is carried, still can ensure simultaneously that the cutting head can be stably and accurately cut the panel that is located on the loading end.

(2) The application provides a boats and ships maintenance is with intelligent high accuracy plasma cutting device and cutting method bears the panel of waiting to cut through the swivel mount, and maintenance personal can realize adjusting the position of the panel of waiting to cut through rotatory swivel mount, and the operation that carries out position control for the panel of waiting to cut for maintenance personal has brought the facility.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a plasma cutting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the compensation assembly of the present embodiment engaged with a third rail;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the connection column and the rotation shaft according to the embodiment of the present application.

Reference numerals:

100. a frame; 101. a base; 102. a first guide rail; 103. a connecting plate;

110. a first support column; 120. a second support column; 121. a second guide rail; 200. a cutting head;

300. a rotating frame; 301. a bearing surface; 310. a base; 320. a third guide rail;

340. a mounting seat; 341. a first chute; 3411. a first side wall; 3412. a second side wall;

321. a first guide rail part; 322. a second guide rail part; 351. a first roller;

352. a second roller; 353. a third roller; 3531. a rotating shaft; 354. connecting columns;

3541. a through groove; 360. a slider; 361. a limiting bulge part; 370. a spring.

Detailed Description

The application provides a boats and ships maintenance is with intelligent high accuracy plasma cutting device and cutting method, through set up first support column 110 and second support column 120 on base 101, second support column 120 is connected in the top of first support column 110, first support column 110 is along the portable setting of first direction, cutting head 200 is along the portable setting on second support column 120 of second direction, the below of cutting head 200 is provided with swivel mount 300, swivel mount 300 sets up cutting head 200 rotatably, not only can simplify plasma cutting device's structure and reduced plasma cutting device's volume, be convenient for maintenance personal to go out to carry, still can ensure that cutting head 200 can be stable and accurately cut the panel that is located on loading face 301 simultaneously.

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present application more apparent, the present application is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings in combination with specific embodiments.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, an intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device and a cutting method for ship maintenance are provided, and each component of the present embodiment is described in detail below:

in this embodiment of the present application:

referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present application provides an intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance, including a rack 100, where the rack 100 includes a base 101 and a first guide rail 102 disposed on the base 101 and extending along a first direction, the rack 100 further includes a first support column 110 vertically disposed and a second support column 120 horizontally disposed, the first support column 110 is in sliding fit with the first guide rail 102, the second support column 120 is connected with the first support column 110, the second support column 120 is provided with a second guide rail 121 extending along a second direction, and the first direction and the second direction are perpendicular;

a cutting head 200, the cutting head 200 being slidably fitted with the second guide rail 121;

the rotating frame 300, the rotating frame 300 includes a bearing surface 301 for bearing the plate material, the bearing surface 301 is located below the cutting head 200, and the rotating frame 300 is rotatably disposed relative to the cutting head 200.

In this embodiment, the frame 100 includes a base 101, and a mounting case is provided on the base 101, and is formed with a mounting cavity for mounting a general control device for controlling the cutting head 200 to perform a cutting operation. The base 101 is provided with a first guide rail 102 extending in a first direction, and one end of the first support column 110 close to the first guide rail 102 is provided with a second sliding groove in sliding fit with the first guide rail 102. The first support column 110 moves on the base 101 in the first direction by the cooperation of the first guide rail 102 and the second sliding groove. The first support column 110 is connected to the second support column 120, the second support column 120 is provided with a second guide rail 121 extending along the second direction, and the cutting head 200 is slidably engaged with the second guide rail 121 so that the cutting head 200 can move along the second direction. The first and second directions are arranged vertically such that the cutting head 200 can perform a two-dimensional cutting motion above the bearing surface 301. Wherein, be equipped with connecting plate 103 between cutting head 200 and the second guide rail 121, connecting plate 103 includes the first linkage segment of vertical setting and the second linkage segment of level setting, is equipped with the third spout with second guide rail 121 sliding fit on the second linkage segment. The cutting head 200 is removably fixedly attached to the first coupling section. The plasma cutting device further comprises a rotating frame 300, the rotating frame 300 comprises a bearing surface 301 for bearing the plate, the bearing surface 301 is located below the cutting head 200, the rotating frame 300 is rotatably arranged relative to the cutting head 200, and a maintenance person can adjust the position of the plate located on the bearing surface 301 by rotating the rotating frame 300.

In this embodiment, by providing the first supporting column 110 and the second supporting column 120 on the base 101, the second supporting column 120 is connected to the first supporting column 110, the first supporting column 110 is movably disposed along the first direction, the cutting head 200 is movably disposed on the second supporting column 120 along the second direction, the rotating frame 300 is disposed below the cutting head 200, and the rotating frame 300 rotatably sets the cutting head 200, which not only simplifies the structure of the plasma cutting device and reduces the volume of the plasma cutting device, thereby facilitating the carrying of maintenance personnel, but also ensures that the cutting head 200 can stably and accurately cut the plate on the bearing surface 301. In addition, bear the weight of the panel of waiting to cut through swivel mount 300, maintenance personal through swivel mount 300 alright realize adjusting the position of the panel of waiting to cut, the operation of carrying out position control for the panel of waiting to cut for maintenance personal has brought the facility.

In some preferred embodiments, the rotating frame 300 is movably disposed along the second direction, which not only increases the size of the plate material on the carrying surface 301, but also facilitates 360 ° circumferential rotation of the rectangular plate material.

Referring to fig. 2, in some preferred embodiments, the rotating frame 300 further includes a base 310, a third guide rail 320 is disposed on the base 310 and extends along the second direction, the rotating frame 300 further includes a mounting base 340, a first sliding groove 341 is disposed at a bottom of the mounting base 340, the third guide rail 320 is movably inserted into the first sliding groove 341, the first sliding groove 341 includes two first side walls 3411 extending along the second direction and opposite to each other and a second side wall 3412 located between the two first side walls 3411, the third guide rail 320 includes a first guide rail portion 321 horizontally disposed and a second guide rail portion 322 vertically disposed, a bottom of the second guide rail portion 322 is fixedly connected to the base 310, and a top of the second guide rail portion 322 is fixedly connected to a middle portion of the second guide rail portion 322;

a plurality of compensation assemblies are arranged in the first sliding groove 341 at intervals along the second direction, each compensation assembly includes a first roller 351, a second roller 352 and a third roller 353 which are all in rolling fit with the second guide rail portion 322, the axial directions of the first roller 351, the second roller 352 and the third roller 353 are all parallel to the first direction, the first roller 351 and the second roller 352 are respectively rotatably arranged on the first side wall 3411, the first roller 351 and the second roller 352 are located on two sides of the second guide rail portion 322, the third roller 353 is rotatably connected to the second side wall 3412, the third roller 353 is located on one side of the first guide rail portion 321 away from the second support column 341120, and the first roller 351 and the second roller 352 are located on one side of the first guide rail portion 321 close to the second support column 341120.

In the present embodiment, the base 310 is disposed adjacent to the base 101. The base 310 is provided with a third guide rail 320, and the third guide rail 320 extends along the second direction. The rotating frame 300 includes a mounting seat 340, a first sliding groove 341 is disposed on the bottom of the mounting seat 340, and the first sliding groove 341 and the third guiding rail 320 are disposed correspondingly. The third guide rail 320 is movably inserted into the first sliding groove 341 and moves in the first sliding groove 341 in the second direction. The top of mount pad 340 rotates and is connected with the first rotation axis 3531 of vertical setting, and swivel mount 300 includes the support body, is equipped with the bearing on the support body, and first rotation axis 3531 assembles in the bearing to make the support body rotatory relatively mount pad 340. The first runner 341 has an opening portion, the second side wall 3412 is provided facing the opening portion, and the two first side walls 3411 are located on both sides of the opening portion. The third guide rail 320 is a T-shaped guide rail, and specifically includes a first guide rail portion 321 horizontally disposed and a second guide rail portion 322 vertically disposed, the bottom of the second guide rail portion 322 is fixedly connected to the base 310, and the top of the second guide rail portion 322 is fixedly connected to the middle of the second guide rail portion 322. A plurality of compensation assemblies are arranged in the first sliding groove 341 at intervals in the second direction, each compensation assembly includes a first roller 351, a second roller 352 and a third roller 353 which are all in rolling fit with the second guide rail portion 322, the axial directions of the first roller 351, the second roller 352 and the third roller 353 are all parallel to the first direction, the first roller 351 and the second roller 352 are respectively rotatably arranged on the first side wall 3411, and the first roller 351 and the second roller 352 are located on two sides of the second guide rail portion 322 and are all in rolling fit with the side surface of the first guide rail portion 321 close to the opening portion. The third roller 353 is rotatably connected to the second side wall 3412 and is in contact with the side of the first rail portion 321 away from the opening.

It should be noted that the first guide rail portion 321 is in limit fit with the two first side walls 3411 at two ends in the first direction, respectively, so as to prevent the first sliding groove 341 from swaying on the third guide rail 320 in the first direction.

In this embodiment, the rotating frame 300 moves on the third guide rail 320 by the rolling of the rollers, so that the abrasion between the first sliding groove 341 and the third guide rail 320 can be reduced, the moving accuracy of the rotating frame 300 on the third guide rail 320 is ensured, and the cutting accuracy of the cutting device is further ensured.

Referring to fig. 3, in some preferred embodiments, the compensating assembly further includes two hollow connecting columns 354, the two connecting columns 354 are both fixedly connected to the second side wall 3412, the two connecting columns 354 are respectively disposed on two sides of the third roller 353 along the first direction, a through groove 3541 is disposed on the connecting column 354 and penetrates through the first direction, the through groove 3541 extends along the axial direction of the connecting column 354, and the end of the rotating shaft 3531 of the third roller 353 penetrates through the through groove 3541;

the inner cavity of the connecting column 354 is further provided with an elastic element, and the elastic element is positioned above the rotating shaft 3531 and is in butt fit with the rotating shaft 3531.

In this embodiment, the connection column 354 is provided with a through slot 3541 penetrating along the first direction, and two ends of the rotation shaft 3531 of the third roller 353 respectively penetrate through the corresponding through slots 3541. Since the through groove 3541 extends along the axial direction of the connecting column 354, that is, the through groove 3541 has a certain length along the axial direction of the connecting column 354, the rotating shaft 3531 of the third roller 353 can move up and down in the through groove 3541. The inner cavity of the connecting column 354 is further provided with an elastic element, and the elastic element is positioned above the rotating shaft 3531 and is in butt fit with the rotating shaft 3531. When the rotating table is in an idle state, one end of the elastic element is abutted and matched with the rotating shaft 3531 so that the rotating shaft 3531 is located at the bottom of the through groove 3541; in a state where the rotary table has a load, the rotary shaft 3531 may be moved to the middle and the top of the through groove 3541 according to the load value. When the plasma cutting apparatus is used for a long time, the rollers and the third guide rail 320 are worn, so that a gap exists between the first sliding groove 341 and the third guide rail 320 in the height direction, which affects the moving accuracy of the rotating frame 300 on the third guide rail 320. With the structure of this embodiment, when there is a gap between the first sliding groove 341 and the third guiding rail 320 in the height direction, the elastic member drives the sliding groove to move upward relative to the third guiding rail 320 to compensate the gap, so as to eliminate the gap.

In some preferred embodiments, the elastic member is a spring 370, a slider 360 is disposed at one end of the spring 370 close to the rotating shaft 3531, the slider 360 is in sliding fit with the inner cavity wall of the connecting post 354, a limiting protrusion 361 is disposed at one end of the slider 360 away from the rotating shaft 3531, the spring 370 is sleeved on the limiting protrusion 361, and an arc surface is disposed at one end of the slider 360 close to the rotating shaft 3531.

In this embodiment, the connecting column 354 may be cylindrical or prismatic, and the shape of the slider 360 matches the shape of the inner cavity of the connecting column 354. The slider 360 slides axially within the connecting post 354. The one end that slider 360 kept away from pivot 3531 is equipped with spacing bellying 361, and on spacing bellying 361 was located to spring 370 cover, the one end that slider 360 is close to pivot 3531 was equipped with the arc surface, contacts with pivot 3531 through slider 360, can avoid spring 370 direct and pivot 3531 contact. In addition, one end of the slider 360 close to the rotating shaft 3531 is provided with an arc surface, the arc surface is matched with the outer peripheral surface of the rotating shaft 3531 in shape, and the surface of the arc surface is smooth, so that the friction between the slider 360 and the rotating shaft 3531 can be reduced.

When the rotating shaft 3531 is inserted into the through slot 3541, the rotating shaft 3531 may further block the sliding block 360 to prevent the sliding block 360 from being separated from the sliding slot.

In some preferred embodiments, the positioning fit between the frame 100 and the base 310 through the positioning structure can enable the frame 100 and the rotating frame 300 to be quickly positioned and installed, and the position between the two is relatively fixed to ensure the fitting accuracy between the cutting head 200 and the bearing surface 301. The positioning structure includes a positioning groove and a positioning protrusion, the positioning protrusion is located on the rack 100, the positioning groove is located on the base 310, and the positioning protrusion is in positioning fit with the positioning groove.

It should be noted that the second support column 120 is slidably attached to the first support column 110 in the height direction in the present application. Specifically, the two are in sliding fit through the sliding groove and the sliding rail.

The application also provides a cutting method based on the intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance, and the cutting method comprises the following steps:

rotating the rotating frame 300 to rotate the plate on the bearing surface 301 to a predetermined position;

the first support column 110 is driven to move along a first direction and the cutting head 200 is driven to move along a second direction to cut the plate on the carrying surface 301.

Up to this point, the present embodiment has been described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. From the above description, one skilled in the art should clearly recognize the present application.

It is to be noted that, in the attached drawings or in the description, the implementation modes not shown or described are all the modes known by the ordinary skilled person in the field of technology, and are not described in detail. Furthermore, the above definitions of the various elements and methods are not limited to the specific structures, shapes, or configurations shown in the examples.

It is also noted that the illustrations herein may provide examples of parameters that include particular values, but that these parameters need not be exactly equal to the corresponding values, but may be approximated to the corresponding values within acceptable error tolerances or design constraints. Directional phrases used in the embodiments, such as those referring to "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", etc., refer only to the orientation of the attached drawings and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application. In addition, unless steps are specifically described or must occur in sequence, the order of the steps is not limited to that listed above and may be changed or rearranged as desired by the desired design. The embodiments described above may be mixed and matched with each other or with other embodiments based on design and reliability considerations, i.e., technical features in different embodiments may be freely combined to form further embodiments.

The above embodiments are further described in detail for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and it should be understood that the above embodiments are only for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention, and any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims (6)

1. The utility model provides a boats and ships maintenance is with intelligent high accuracy plasma cutting device which characterized in that includes:

the rack comprises a base, a first guide rail, a first support column and a second support column, wherein the first guide rail is arranged on the base and extends along a first direction;

a cutting head in sliding fit with the second guide rail;

the rotating frame comprises a bearing surface for bearing the plate, the bearing surface is positioned below the cutting head, the rotating frame is rotatably arranged relative to the cutting head, and the rotating frame is movably arranged along the second direction;

the rotary frame further comprises a base, a third guide rail extending along the second direction is arranged on the base, the rotary frame further comprises a mounting seat, a first sliding groove is formed in the bottom of the mounting seat, the third guide rail is movably inserted into the first sliding groove, the first sliding groove comprises two first side walls extending along the second direction and opposite to each other and a second side wall located between the two first side walls, the third guide rail comprises a first guide rail portion arranged horizontally and a second guide rail portion arranged vertically, the bottom of the second guide rail portion is fixedly connected with the base, and the top of the second guide rail portion is fixedly connected with the middle of the second guide rail portion;

follow in the first spout the interval is equipped with a plurality of compensation assembly in the second direction, compensation assembly include all with second guide rail portion roll complex first gyro wheel, second gyro wheel and third gyro wheel, first gyro wheel, the second gyro wheel with the axial of third gyro wheel all is on a parallel with first direction, first gyro wheel with the second gyro wheel rotate respectively set up in on the first lateral wall, first gyro wheel with the second gyro wheel is located the both sides of second guide rail portion, the third gyro wheel rotate connect in on the second lateral wall, the third gyro wheel is located first guide rail portion keeps away from one side of second support column, first gyro wheel with the second gyro wheel is located first guide rail portion is close to one side of second support column.

2. The intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance according to claim 1, wherein the compensation assembly further comprises two hollow connecting columns, the two connecting columns are fixedly connected to the second side wall, the two connecting columns are respectively arranged on two sides of the third roller along the first direction, the connecting columns are provided with through grooves penetrating along the first direction, the through grooves extend along the axial direction of the connecting columns, and the end portions of rotating shafts of the third rollers penetrate through the through groove;

still be equipped with the elastic component in the inner chamber of spliced pole, the elastic component is located pivot top and with the pivot butt cooperation.

3. The intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance according to claim 2, wherein the elastic member is a spring, a slider is arranged at one end of the spring close to the rotating shaft, the slider is in sliding fit with the inner cavity wall of the connecting column, a limiting protruding portion is arranged at one end of the slider far away from the rotating shaft, the spring is sleeved on the limiting protruding portion, and an arc surface is arranged at one end of the slider close to the rotating shaft.

4. The intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance according to claim 1, wherein the frame and the base are in positioning fit through a positioning structure.

5. The intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance according to claim 4, wherein the positioning structure comprises a positioning protrusion located on the rack and a positioning groove located on the base, and the positioning protrusion is in positioning fit with the positioning groove.

6. A cutting method based on the intelligent high-precision plasma cutting device for ship maintenance of any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the cutting method comprises the following steps:

rotating the rotating frame to rotate the plate on the bearing surface to a preset position;

and driving the first supporting column to move along the first direction and driving the cutting head to move along the second direction so as to cut the plate on the bearing surface.

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